EVISED  AND  ENLARGED,  1916 


THE  POCKET 
CYCLOPEDIA 

==~  of*  I — ^ ' = 

TEMPERANCE 


Published  by  the  Tem  lerwAce  Society  of  the 
Methodist  Epi  fi'^opal  Church 
Shawnee  Buildin'|:,  Topeka,  Kansas 
Twenty-  ve  Cents 


THE  PEOHIBITION  SITTJATiOK  ON  JANTXAET  1,  1916 


If  you  want  information 
that  is  not  in  this  book 
call  on  the 

Research  Department 

Temperance  Society  of  the 
Methodist  Episcopal  Church 
Shawnee  Bldg.,  Topeka,  Kansas 


The  Temperzuice  Society 
works  every  doll€U‘ 
to  death — 

But  it  always  dies 
happy! 


/^//f/3  / 


/^•^.Cir.*na.>iREVISED*AND  ENLARGED.  1916 

The  Pocket  Cyclopedia 
of  Temperance 


CLARENCE  TRUE  WILSON,  D.D.,  Editor 
DEETS  PICKETT,  Managing  Editor 
HARRY  G.  McCain,  Associate  Editor 


Copyright  1916,  by  the  Temperance  Society  of  the  M.  E.  Church 
Shawnee  Building,  Topeka,  Kansas 

First  printing,  20,000  copies  PRICE  25  CENTS 


i 


THE  BOARD  OF  MANAGERS  OF  THE 
TEMPERANCE  SOCIETY 

Bishop  W.  O.  Shepard,  LL.D.,  President,  Kan- 
sas City;  Hon.  James  M.  Miller,  Vice-President, 
Council  Grove,  Kansas;  Edwin  Locke,  D.D.,  Be- 
cording  Secretary,  Topeka,  Kansas;  E.  H.  An- 
derson, Treasurer,  Topeka,  Kansas;  Hon.  Man- 
ford  Schoonover;  John  MacLean,  B.D.;  Hon. 
Alonzo  E.  Wilson;  Claudius  B.  Spencer,  DJ5.; 
H.  E.  Wolfe,  D.D.;  J.  A.  Stavely,  D.D.;  Ex- 
Governor  E.  W.  Hoch;  Hon.  Jacob  C.  Eup- 
penthal;  Wm.  H.  Anderson;  L.  0.  Jones;  Hon. 
H.  A.  Larson;  Chas.  M.  Shepherd,  D.D.;  J. 
E.  Lankard;  Chas.  Strader;  W.  A.  Eankin;  S. 
K.  Warrick;  Dr.  John  Punton. 


THE  PROHIBITION  SITUATION  UP  TO  r 
JANUARY  1,  1916 


Prohibition  states  prior  to  September  1,  1914:  Maine,  Kan- 
sas, Georgia,  Mississippi,  North  Carolina,  North  Dakota,  Okla- 
homa, Tennessee,  West  Virginia. 

Prohibition  advance  since  September  1,  1914: 

Virginia — September  22,  1914,  Virginia  voted  for  state-wide 
Prohibition,  effective  November  1,  1916. 

Colorado — November  3,  1914,  Colorado  voters  adopted  state- 
wide constitutional  Prohibition,  effective  January  1,  1916. 

Arizona — November  3,  1914,  Arizona  voters  adopted  state- 
wide constitutional  Prohibition,  effective  January  1,  1915. 

Washington — November  3,  1914,  Washington  voters  adopted 
state-wide  constitutional  Prohibition,  effective  January  1,  1916. 

Oregon — November  3,  1914,  Oregon  voted  for  Prohibition; 
the  law  to  become  effective  January  1,  1916. 

Alabama — January  21,  1915,  the  legislature  of  Alabama  en- 
acted a state-wide  Prohibition  measure,  effective  July  1,  1915. 

Arkansas — February  5,  1915,  the  Arkansas  legislature  en- 
acted a state-wide  Prohibition  law,  effective  July  1,  1915,  but 
the  law  was  later  amended  to  become  effective  Jan.  1,  1916. 

Iowa — In  February,  1915,  the  Iowa  legislature  voted  to 
submit  to  the  people  a constitutional  state-wide  Prohibition 
amendment,  to  be  voted  on  at  the  general  election  in  1917, 
provided  the  legislature  of  1917  ratifies;  Prohibition  to  be- 
come effective  January  1,  1918.  Then  the  legislature  repealed 
the  - Mulct  law,  effective  January  1,  1916,  thereby  making 
Iowa  dry  under  statute  after  that  date. 

Idaho — In  February,  1915,  the  Idaho  legislature  passed  a 
statutory  Prohibition  law,  making  the  state  dry  January  1, 
1916.  It  also  voted  to  submit  to  popular  vote,  to  be  taken  at 
the  election  in  November,  1916,  on  the  question  of  constitu- 
tional amendment,  effective  January  1,  1917. 

Montana — In  February,  1915,  the  Montana  legislature  voted 
to  submit  to  the  people  at  the  November,  1916,  election,  a 
statutory  measure,  which,  if  adopted,  makes  Montana  a Pro- 
hibition state  December  31,  1918. 

South  Carolina — On  September  14,  1915,  South  Carolina 
voted  for  state-wide  Prohibition  by  41,735  votes  to  16,809. 
The  law  becomes  effective  December  31,  1915. 

New  Jersey — On  March  2,  1915,  the  senate  of  New  Jersey 
passed  a bill  granting  to  municipalities  the  right  to  vote  on 
the  liquor  question. 

Utah — In  March,  1915,  the  legislature  of  Utah  passed  the 
Wootten  bill  providing  statutory  prohibition  for  Utah  after 
June  1,  1916.  The  bill  was  vetoed  by  the  Governor  after 
holding  for  many  days.  The  sentiment  of  the  state  very 
strongly  disapproved  the  veto. 

Vermont — In  February,  1915,  the  Vermont  legislature  voted 
to  submit  to  popular  vote  on  March  7,  1916,  the  question  of 
statutory  prohibition  to  go  into  effect  May  1,  1916. 

Minnesota — On  February  25,  1915,  the  legislature  of  Minne- 
sota passed  a county  option  law,  effective  immediately.  Under 
this  law,  fifty-six  county  elections  were  held  in  eight  months. 
Forty-five  were  dry  victories. 


3 


South  Dakota — On  March  2,  1915,  the  legislature  of  South 
Dakota  voted  to  submit  to  popular  vote  at  the  election  in 
November,  1916,  a constitutional  amendment,  effective  Janu- 
ary 1,  1917. 

Florida — In  the  spring  of  1915  the  legislature  passed  the 
Davis  package  law,  abolishing  the  treating  system  and  free 
lunch,  closing  saloons  at  6 p.  m.  until  7 a.  m.,  and  imposing 
other  restrictions  so  drastic  that  the  character  of  the  saloon 
in  Florida  is  totally  altered.  The  act  closed  over  200  saloons, 
leaving  only  about  seventy-five  wholesale,  mail-order  and  retail 
liquor  houses. 

Georgia — In  the  fall  of  1915  a special  session  of  the  legis- 
lature passed  new  laws  for  rigid  Prohibition  and  strict  law 
enforcement.  Before  the  passage  of  these  laws,  which  will  go 
into  effect  May  1,  1916,  Prohibition  in  Georgia  was  very  lax, 
but  it  now  bids  fair  to  be  as  strict  as  that  of  any  other  state 
in  the  Union. 

Nebraska — This  state  will  vote  on  state-wide  prohibition  in 
1916. 

In  various  states  laws  prohibiting  liquor  advertising  and 
otherwise  increasing  the  strictness  of  liquor  regulation  have 
been  numerous.  Full  detailed  information  of  the  exact  situation 
in  each  state  is  given  in  this  book  under  state  subject-heads. 


★ 


4 


HOW  TO  USE  THIS  BOOK 

This  book  has  been  prepared  with  selection  rather 
than  collection  in  mind.  There  is  a vast  deal  that  isn’t 
here,  but  it  can  be  truthfully  said  that  there  is  a vast 
deal  that  is  here.  Doubtless  there  are  errors,  but  we 
have  tried  to  make  the  book  more  reliable  than  any- 
thing else  now  in  print. 

Where  comparisons  are  involved,  for  instance,  as 
regards  “Pauperism,”  “Insanity,”  etc.,  the  figures  used 
are  from  the  census  of  1910.  Later  figures  would  be 
available  in  the  case  of  some  states,  but  if  these  were 
used  it  would  not  be  possible  to  make  a comparison 
which  would  embrace  all  of  the  states.  It  is  a favorite 
trick  of  the  liquor  interests  to  challenge  authentic  state 
figures  by  referring  to  the  last  previous  federal  figures, 
and  this  frequently  confuses  our  own  people.  The 
figures  in  regard  to  the  drink  bill  are  from  the  pre- 
liminary report  of  the  Commissioner  of  Internal  Rev- 
enue. 

Great  help  has  been  derived  from  the  publications  of 
scores  of  writers  of  former  days  and  of  such  con- 
temporary writers  as  Mr.  Fred  D.  L.  Squires,  Mr.  W. 
E.  Johnson,  Mr.  Finley  Hendrickson,  Mr.  Wm.  P.  F. 
Ferguson,  Mr.  Henry  Carter  of  England,  and  others. 

This  revised  and  enlarged  edition  published  for  the 
year  1916  has  a large  number  of  corrections,  elimina- 
tions, and  additions.  The  following  subjects  have  been 
added,  revised  to  bring  them  down  to  date,  cut,  or  en- 
larged : 

Advertising  Liquor  in  Magazines;  Advertising 
Liquor  in  Newspapers;  Alabama;  Alcohol,  Effects  of; 
Amendments,  Constitutional ; Anti-Prohibition ; Ari- 
zona ; Arkansas ; Army ; Arrests  for  Drunkenness ; Asia ; 
Austria-Hungary;  Balkan  Countries;  Beer;  Belgium; 
Blind  Pigs;  Blue  Laws;  Booze;  Brewers;  Bryan,  Wil- 
liam Jennings;  Bulgaria;  California;  Canada;  Child 
Welfare;  Cities;  Colorado;  Compensation;  Connecti- 
cut; Consumption  of  Liquors;  Crime;  Delaware;  Den- 
mark; District  of  Columbia;  Divorce;  Drinking  Cus- 
toms; Drugs;  England;  Epworth  League;  Europe; 
Finland;  Florida;  Flying  Squadron  of  America; 
France;  Georgia;  Germany;  Great  Britain;  Heredity; 
Heroes  and  Martyrs ; Holland ; Idaho ; Illicit  Distil- 
leries; Illinois;  Indiana;  Industry;  Iowa;  Ireland; 
Italy;  Juvenile  Delinquency;  Kansas;  Kentucky; 
5 

2G0478 


Koran;  Labor;  Legislative  History  of  Prohibition; 
Lincoln,  Abraham;  Louisiana;  Maine;  Maryland; 
Massachusetts;  Medical  Practice;  Michigan;  Minne- 
sota ; Mississippi ; Missouri ; Montana ; Montenegro ; 
Moonshine  Whisky;  Navy;  Nebraska;  New  Hampshire; 
New  Jersey;  New  Mexico;  New  York;  North  Caro- 
lina; North  Dakota;  Norway;  Objections  to  Prohibi- 
tion; Ohio;  Oklahoma;  Oregon;  Pauperism;  Pennsyl- 
vania ; Pledges ; Political  Action ; Portugal ; Prohibition, 
General  Principles  of;  Revenue;  Rhode  Island;  Roose- 
velt, Theodore;  Roumania;  Scotland;  South  Carolina; 
South  Dakota;  Statutory  Prohibition;  Sumptuarj- 
Laws;  Sunday  Schools;  Sweden;  Switzerland;  Taxes 
as  Affected  by  Prohibition;  Temperance  Society  of  the 
Methodist  Episcopal  Church;  Tennessee;  Texas;  Tur- 
key; Utah;  Vermont;  Virginia;  War;  Washington; 
West  Virginia;  Whisky;  Willard,  Frances  E. ; Wine; 
Wisconsin;  Wyoming. 

The  index  has  been  constructed  to  serve  as  a guide 
to  the  student.  Each  subject  has  cross-references  to 
many  other  related  subjects  in  the  book. 

The  credit  for  the  editorial  work  and  the  writing  of 
nine  tenths  of  the  sections  of  this  book  belongs  to  my 
colleague,  Mr.  Deets  Pickett,  who  is  a walking  en- 
cyclopedia of  all  that  pertains  to  the  temperance  reform 
and  kindred  issues.  Mr.  McCain  and  I contributed 
what  we  could  as  we  rushed  hither  and  yon  making 
between  us  an  average  of  more  than  100,000  miles  a 
year  in  our  broad  field,  and  two  or  three  valuable  con- 
tributions have  been  made  by  Mr.  E.  H.  Anderson  of 
Topeka,  Kansas,  who  from  a busy  life  in  his  own  pro- 
fession takes  time  to  serve  the  Temperance  Society  of 
the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church  as  its  treasurer  and  to 
do  anything  else  that  will  promote  the  work  which  is 
committed  to  our  care. 


★ 


6 


If  you  want  speakers — 

Consult  the  Temperance  Society. 

[You’ll  get  the  best] 


If  you  want  the  best  books  on  the 
liquor  problem — 

Write  to  the  Temperance  Society’s 
Book  Store. 


If  you  want  information— 

Ask  the  Temperance  Society. 

[That’s  what  the  Research  Department  is  for] 


If  you  want  leaflets — 

Order  from  the  Temperance 
Society. 

[The  Society  is  the  greatest  leaflet  distributing 
agency] 


Printed  by 

THE  ABINGDON  PRESS 
CHICAGO 


for  the 

TEMPERANCE  SOCIETY  OF 
THE  METHODIST  EPISCOPAL  CHURCH 
TOPEKA.  KANSAS 


The  Pocket  Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 

ABSINTHE — A liqueur  brought  from  North  Africa 
to  France  in  1847  and  widely  used  in  that  country  until 
prohibited  by  the  government  upon  the  outbreak  of 
war  with  Germany.  Its  consumption  in  contiguous 
countries  rapidly  spread.  Belgium  prohibited  its  sale 
in  1905,  Switzerland  in  1908,  and  Holland  in  1910. 
Introduction  into  the  United  States  is  prohibited  by 
law.  Absinthe  is  derived  from  wormwood  (artemisia 
absinthium).  Aromatics  and  poisonous  drugs  of  vari- 
ous kinds  are  usually  added.  The  liqueur  is  green  in 
color  and  is  the  most  poisonous  of  all  alcoholic  bever- 
ages. 

ABSTINENCE — The  principle  of  total  abstinence 
from  alcoholic  drinks  has  been  of  gradual  growth  in 
Great  Britain  and  America.  (See  Pledges.)  In  the 
United  States  the  agitation  which  resulted  in  the  pres- 
ent total  abstinence  movement  began  about  1785. 

The  doctrine  has  been  advanced  by  societies  or  lead- 
ing individuals  of  practically  every  period  of  the  world’s 
history.  It  was  a cardinal  teaching  of  Mohammed 
and  of  the  founders  of  the  Buddhist  religion.  At  the 
present  time  it  has  become  practically  synonymous  with 
“temperance.” 

As  the  great  German  scholar,  Ford,  has  made  clear, 
the  man  who  takes  an  occasional  glass  of  wine  or  beer 
becomes  inevitably  a defender  of  the  whole  drink  sys- 
tem, a part  of  the  bulwark  of  the  saloon,  a defender 
and  abettor  of  the  whole  infamous  liquor  traffic  sys- 
tem which  curses  America.  There  are  no  two  sides 
to  the  question.  A national  enemy  should  be  faced  by 
the  hostility  of  every  patriotic  citizen. 

ACCIDENTS—See  Industry. 

ADULTERATION — Nothing  prepared  for  internal 
consumption  is  more  subject  to  adulteration  than  alco- 
holic beverages.  “The  use  of  coloring  matter  and  pre- 
servatives (in  the  preparation  of  beer)  is  rapidly  and 
steadily  increasing,”  recently  said  the  National  Food 
Magazine,  while  the  National  Consumers’  League  de- 
clared that  “beer  is  often  made  of  glucose,  sugar,  rice, 
9 


10 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 


rotten  corn,  starch,  preservatives,  beer  color,  etc.” 
The  American  Society  of  Equity,  composed  of  three 
million  farmers,  in  a resolution  denounced  the  prepar- 
ing of  beer  from  “deleterious  ingredients,”  asserting 
that  such  beer  was  sold  as  a pure  barley  and  hops 
product.  The  Committee  on  Food  Standards  at  the 
Mackinac  Island  Convention  of  the  Association  of 


State  and  National  Food  and  Dairy  Departments  de- 
clared : “Malt  beer  has  become  extinct  in  America.” 
Mr.  J.  R.  Mauff  of  the  American  Society  of  Equity 
charges  that  one  of  the  leading  American  corn  roasters 
came  into  his  office  inquiring  where  he  could  buy 
some  “rotten  corn”  which  he  admitted  was  to  be  used 
as  a malt  substitute.  Among  the  popular  substitutes 
for  malt  in  the  preparation  of  beer  are  “Quick  Malt.” 
“Frumentum,”  “Beer  Color,”  “Porterine,”  etc.  “Lager” 
beer  is  supposed  to  be  beer  stored  or  aged  until 
“ripened.”  As  a matter  of  fact,  the  ripening  is  often 
done  with  a dose  of  chemicals.  Champagne,  Port, 
Madeira,  Sherry,  Tokay,  Rhine  Wine,  Sauterne,  Moselle, 
and  other  wines  are  frequently  prepared  in  America 
with  the  aid  of  chemicals. 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 


11 


No  Government  Guarantee 

There  is  no  government  guarantee  of  the  purity  of 
whisky.  Practically  anything  may  be  sold  as  whisky 
now.  Four,  ten,  or  fifteen-year-old  whisky  may  be 
made  in  a day  by  being  treated  with  different  chemi- 
cals, and  much  of  the  “Bourbon”  and  “Rye”  which  is 
supposed  to  come  from  Kentucky  is  prepared  in  Peoria, 
111. 

The  liquor  press  makes  no  secret  of  the  truth  of 
this.  For  instance.  Barrels  and  Bottles  recently  said: 

“What,  ah  what,  will  happen  to  our  Louisville  and 
Cincinnati  rectifiers  if  the  day  ever  comes  when  the 
United  States  pure  food  regulations  are  tuned  up  to 
the  Venezuelan  standard  of  requiring  labels  indicating 
the  actual  ingredients  of  alcoholic  beverages?” 

This  is  not  an  American  trouble  alone.  Dr.  O’Gor- 
man, before  the  British  Medical  Association,  in  1900, 
said:  “The  markets  of  the  world  are  incredibly  flooded 
with  imitations,  adulterations,  and  chemical  trade  mix- 
tures (particularly  in  wines),  so  much  so  that  even 
eminent  wine  merchants  have  declared  the  impossibility 
of  the  large  majority  of  drinkers,  especially  outside 
the  countries  of  their  manufacture,  ever  tasting  even 
tolerably  pure  liquor.” 

And  Dr.  Lethaby,  in  the  Encyclopedia  Brittanica, 
says : “A  great  part  of  the  wine  of  France  and  Ger- 
many has  ceased  to  be  the  juice  of  the  grape  at  all.  It 
is  hardly  possible  to  obtain  a sample  of  genuine  wine, 
even  at  first  hand.” 

ADVERTISING  LIQUOR  IN  MAGAZINES— 
In  accordance  with  the  action  of  the  Board  of  Man- 
agers of  the  Temperance  Society  in  recommending  that 
Methodist  pastors  call  upon  publishers  of  periodicals 
which  Come  to  their  homes  to  eliminate  liquor  adver- 
tising, a letter  was  sent  to  every  magazine  listed  in  the 
American  Newspaper  Directory,  excepting  publications 
for  women,  which  it  was  presumed  are  all  dry.  Those 
not  replying  received  a second  letter.  The  number  of 
magazines  queried  was  120,  the  number  replying  eighty- 
three,  and  the  number  which  say  they  decline  liquor 
advertising,  sixty-three. 

In  the  autumn  of  1908  the  Sunday  School  Times  pub- 
lished a list  of  forty  magazines  declining  liquor  adver- 
tising, but  this  included  a number  of  ladies’  periodicals. 
The  list  now  published  is  greater  by  twenty-three. 


12 


Cyclopedia  oi  Temperance 


In  addition  to  the  magazines  given  below,  Outing  and 
Golfers  announce  that  they  will  not  continue  to  carry 
liquor  advertising  after  current  contracts  expire,  and 
the  advertising  manager  of  the  Strand  Magazine  says, 
“If  I get  my  way  we  will  have  no  more  liquor  adver- 
tising in  the  future.” 

Later,  Scribner's  wrote  that  they  canceled  all  liquor 
advertising. 

Below  we  give  the  names  of  the  magazines  whose 
columns  are  clean: 

Argosy,  New  York  City. 

All-Story  Magazine,  New  York  City. 

Associated  Sunday  Magazine,  New  York  City. 
American  Boy,  Detroit,  Midi. 

American  Homes  and  Gardens,  New  York  City. 
American  Review  of  Reviews,  New  York  City. 

Arts  and  Decoration,  New  York  City. 

American  Magazine,  New  York  City. 

American  Sunday  Monthly  Magazine,  New  York  City. 
All  Outdoors,  New  York  City. 

Black  Cat,  Salem,  Mass. 

Boys’  Magazine,  Smithport,  Pa. 

Book  News  Monthly,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 

Business,  Detroit,  Mich. 

Countryside  Magazine,  New  York  City. 

Cavalier,  New  York  City. 

Christian  Herald,  New  York  City. 

Century,  New  York  City. 

Collier’s  Weekly,  New  York  City. 

Current  Opinion,  New  York  City. 

Country  Life  in  America,  Garden  City,  N.  Y. 
Country  Gentleman,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 

Everybody’s  Magazine,  New  York  City. 

Fra,  East  Aurora,  N.  Y. 

Garden  Magazine,  Garden  City,  N.  Y. 

Good  Health,  Battle  Creek,  Mich. 

House  and  Garden,  New  York  City. 

Harper’s  Magazine,  New  York  City. 

Hearst’s  Magazine,  New  York  City.  (Beer  not  an- 
swered.) 

Independent,  New  York  City.  (No  cigarettes  either.) 
Illustrated  Sunday  Magazine,  New  York  City. 
Lippincott’s,  New  York  City. 

Little  Folks  Magazine,  Salem,  Mass. 

Leslie’s  Weekly,  New  York  City. 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 


13 


Literary  Digest,  New  York  City. 

Munsey’s  Magazine,  New  York  City. 

Metropolitan  Magazine,  New  York  City. 

McClure’s  Magazine,  New  York  City.  (Accepts  ad- 
vertising of  malt  tonics.) 

Physical  Culture,  New  York  City. 

Philistine,  East  Aurora,  N.  Y. 

Popular  Science  Monthly,  Garrison,  N.  Y. 

Railroad  Man’s  Magazine,  New  York  City. 

St.  Nicholas,  New  York  City. 

Scientific  American,  New  York  City. 

Suburban  Life,  New  York  City. 

Saturday  Evening  Post,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 

Sunset  Magazine,  San  Francisco,  Cal. 

Short  Stories,  Garden  City,  N.  Y. 

System,  Chicago,  111. 

Technical  World,  Chicago,  111. 

10  Story  Book,  Chicago,  111. 

Watson’s  Magazine,  Thomson,  Ga. 

Wide-World  Magazine,  New  York  City. 

World’s  Work,  &rden  City,  N.  Y. 

World’s  Advance,  New  York  City. 

West  Coast  Magazine,  Los  Angeles,  Cal. 

Youth’s  Companion,  Boston,  Mass. 

Yachting  Magazine,  New  York  City. 

This  investigation  was  made  early  in  1915.  In  Janu- 
ary, 1916,  another  query  will  be  sent  out  and  the  list 
will  probably  be  supplemented. 

ADVERTISING  LIQUOR  IN  NEWSPAPERS 

— The  present  attitude  of  the  daily  newspapers  of  the 
United  States  toward  liquor  advertising  and  prohibi- 
tion, as  revealed  by  an  inquiry  of  the  Temperance 
Society  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church,  is  inspiring. 
The  investigation  conducted  by  the  Temperance 
Society  was  made  on  January  1,  1915,  and  reached  every 
daily  newspaper  in  the  United  States.  Six  hundred 
and  seventy-nine  replies  were  received  to  2,160  letters. 
Five  hundred  and  twenty  of  the  daily  newspapers  reply- 
ing reported  that  they  accept  no  liquor  advertising. 
Three  hundred  and  sixty  of  them  announced  that  they 
advocate  national  prohibition  in  their  editorial  columns, 
while  of  the  remainder  only  two  hundred  are  willing 
to  say  that  they  oppose.  Three  hundred  and  sixty-nine 
favor  state  prohibition,  with  only  193  opposing;  397 
favor  local  prohibition,  with  only  176  in  opposition. 


14 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 


Ten  years  ago  no  one  could  name  a half  dozen  daily 
newspapers  in  the  United  States  which  favored  national 
prohibition.  Generally,  they  treated  it  as  a joke,  and 
it  was  a common  plaint  of  the  temperance  people,  “If 
we  only  had  one  great  newspaper !”  To-day,  such 
great  dailies  as  the  Republican  of  Springfield,  Mass.; 
the  Philadelphia  North  American,  the  Chicago  Herald, 
the  Tennessean  and  Banner  of  Nashville,  the  Times  of 
Detroit,  the  Times  of  Indianapolis,  the  Journal  of 
Lincoln,  the  Gazette-Times  of  Pittsburgh,  the  Intelli- 
gencer of  Wheeling,  and  scores  of  other  papers  that 
are  representative  of  power  and  influence  absolutely 
decline  liquor  advertising  on  any  terms. 

The  letters  to  the  Society  from  the  daily  papers  con- 
tained some  most  interesting  statements.  One  New 
York  paper  says,  “We  are  constantly  being  offered 
liquor  propaganda  matter  to  be  run  as  straight  editorial 
or  news  stuff,  but  we  always  decline  it.”  The  Grand 
Rapids  Press  declares,  “There  is  an  erroneous  impres- 
sion on  the  part  of  temperance  people  regarding  the 
amount  of  money  the  newspapers  receive  for  liquor 
advertisements.  The  total  amount  of  money  received 
by  this  paper  for  the  year  1914  from  all  liquor  adver- 
tisements was  six  tenths  of  one  per  cent  of  the  whole 
amount  received  for  advertising.” 

The  letter  from  this  paper  is  illuminating,  especially 
to  Methodist  pastors  who  are  sometimes  inclined  to 
judge  quickly  and  deal  harshly  instead  of  using  methods 
of  sweet  suasion.  The  Press  further  says : “If  the 
immediate  monetary  gain  were  the  only  consideration 
in  accepting  beer  advertising,  we  would  wipe  out  the 
whole  business  without  a qualm.  Taken  altogether,  it 
does  not  represent  the  value  to  us  of  the  advertising 
for  one  year  of  one  good  retail  drygoods  house.  But 
if  the  Press  were  a prohibition  organ  its  standing  and 
influence  would  be  curtailed.  In  following  the  course 
that  it  believes  to  be  fair  and  sane  on  the  liquor 
problem  its  influence  for  good  on  all  other  questions  is 
better  than  it  would  be  otherwise” 

“We  Await  Sentiment” 

Still  another  paper  which  accepts  beer  advertise- 
ments says:  “We  feel  very  keenly  that  liquor  is  the 
greatest  single  evil  in  the  world,  but  in  this  city  as  a 
practical  policy  to  be  applied  in  an  effective  way  there 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance  15 

does  not  appear  even  a possibility  of  enforcing  prohi- 
bition.” 

These  quotations  are  given  to  show  how  many  papers 
need  only  a little  encouragement,  a little  friendly  in- 
sistence, to  induce  them  to  come  out  for  the  right. 

A very  large  number  of  newspapers  had  recently 
taken  their  stand  against  liquor  advertisements  when 
this  inquiry  was  made.  Quite  a number  say  that  they 
are  taking  no  new  liquor  advertising,  but  are  filling 
old  contracts.  Many  others  declare  that  they  never 
solicit  whisky  or  beer  advertising,  but  accept  it  if  the 


A surprising  number  of  these  editors  declare  that 
while  they  are  at  present  unfriendly  to  prohibition  and 
are  recipients  of  liquor  advertising,  they  are  only  wait- 
ing until  local  sentiment  will  back  them  up  to  take 
the  other  side. 

There  is  no  doubt  that  papers  can  be  brought  to  see 
the  good  in  an  antiliquor  policy.  When  the  Pittsburgh 
Gazette-Times  announced  that  it  would  accept  no  more 
liquor  advertising  one  issue  of  the  paper  had  two  entire 
pages  filled  with  fine  print  paragraphic  expressions  of 


16 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 


approval,  and  it  announced  that  it  was  literally  over- 
whelmed with  its  laudatory  mail.  The  Chicago  Herald 
added  three  thousand  columns  of  advertising  within  a 
short  time  after  taking  its  stand.  The  Coshocton  (O.) 
Tribune  gives  a detailed  report  of  wonderful  prosperity 
under  its  dry  policy,  although  they  were  “dead  enough 
to  drag  out”  when  they  were  wet.  A cheering  feature 
of  the  correspondence  elicited  by  this  inquiry  was  the 
practically  unanimous  sentiment  of  the  papers  that  pro- 
hibition is  coming. 

“What  are  you  worrying  about?  You’ll  get  your  pro- 
hibition even  if  we  do  get  our  liquor  advertising,” 
writes  one  paper. 

Only  forty-six  of  the  papers  replying  were  located 
south  of  Mason  and  Dixon’s  line.  The  rest  were  all 
Northern  papers,  and  in  view  of  the  fact  that  a large 
majority  of  the  Southern  papers  are  known  to  be  dry, 
the  showing  made  is  all  the  more  imposing. 

The  American  press  is  no  longer  a guardian  angel, 
but  is  a specter  to  the  liquor  interests. 

• A Diabolical  Brand  of  Advertising 

The  kind  of  advertising  Methodists  are  protesting 
against  is  typified  by  the  ad  quoted  below : 

“For  All  Folks  Who  Want  To  Stay  Young. 

“No  Home  Should  Be  Without  This  Wonderful 
Youth  and  Health-Preserving  Stimulant. 

“ ’s  Pure  Malt  Whisky  is  a wonderful 

health-preserving  stimulant,  strengthening  the  liver,  kid- 
neys and  bladder,  enriching  the  blood,  toning  and 
upbuilding  the  entire  system,  promoting  a good  appe- 
tite, keeping  you  young  and  vigorous.  INVALUABLE 
FOR  OVERWORKED  MEN,  NERVOUS.  ‘RUN- 
DOWN’ WOMEN,  AND  DELICATE,  UNDEVEL- 
OPED CHILDREN.” 

Notice  that  this  “ad”  especially  recommends  this 
whisky  for  “run-down  women  and  delicate  children !” 

Another  advertisement  which  appears  in  many  differ- 
ent newspapers  says  that  “Beer  is  Liquid  Bread.”  and 
expands  the  statement  by  many  deliberate  falsehoods. 
This  advertisement,  appearing  over  no  name,  is  not 
inserted  by  boards  of  health  or  the  Bureau  of  Pure 
Foods,  or  by  philanthropists  or  physicians.  Dr.  Alfred 
Gordon,  one  of  Philadelphia’s  best-known  scientists 
and  physicians,  says: 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 


17 


“Such  advertisements  are  a national  calamity.” 

Dr.  Chas.  B.  Davenport  of  Washington,  another  emi- 
nent scientist  and  author,  says: 

“Such  advertising  is  obviously  fraudulent.” 

The  Board  of  Managers  of  the  Temperance  Society, 
in  its  meeting  at  Lincoln,  Neb.,  directed  the  General 
Secretary  to  call  upon  every  Methodist  pastor  to  do 
his  utmost  to  encourage  newspapers  and  magazines  to 
come  out  against  liquor  advertising  and  in  favor  of 
prohibition,  and  if  this  suggestion  is  followed,  much 
can  be  done  during  1915  and  1916  to  clean  up  American 
columns. 

The  states  of  Georgia,  Maine,  Oklahoma,  Alabama, 
and  West  Virginia  prohibit  such  advertising,  and  there 
is  a tendency  shown  to  extend  this  kind  of  legislation. 

(See,  also,  Advertising,  Magazine,  and  Publicity.) 

In  January,  1916,  the  society  will  send  out  another 
query.  Undoubtedly  the  list  of  “abstaining  newspapers” 
will  be  greatly  lengthened. 

On  January  1,  1916,  all  advertisements  of  liquor  will 
be  eliminated  from  the  billboards  of  the  United  States 
and  Canada.  The  board  of  directors  of  the  Poster  Ad- 
vertising Association,  which  controls  the  boards  in 
4,000  towns,  has  so  decided.  No  liquor  contracts  will 
be  accepted  after  May  1,  1915,  and  all  contracts  now  in 
existence  must  terminate  by  December  31,  1915. 

AFRICA — In  1890  Sir  George  Goldie,  founder  of 
Nigeria,  stated  that  only  absolute  prohibition  could 
prevent  the  ultimate  necessity  of  abandoning  vast 
regions  of  tropical  Africa.  The  previous  year  an  inter- 
national conference  had  been  held  at  Brussels,  at  which 
representatives  of  seventeen  countries,  including  the 
United  States,  had  effected  an  international  agreement 
to  check  the  liquor  evil  in  the  territory  lying  between 
South  and  North  Africa.  The  articles  agreed  upon 
at  that  conference  were  ratified  by  all  the  governments 
and  came  into  force  in  1901.  These  provisions  estab- 
lished prohibition  in  territory  where  “religious  belief 
or  other  motives”  had  not  permitted  the  development 
of  a liquor  trade  at  that  time.  In  all  other  territory, 
excise  and  tariff  duties  were  provided. 

Notwithstanding  this,  so  vigorous  has  been  the  greed 
of  European  and  American  manufacturers  of  liquor, 


18  Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 

and  so  complicating  has  been  the  development  of  Africa 
by  railroads,  that  in  Nigeria  the  consumption  of  liquors 
in  the  years  1909-11  was  sixty-one  per  cent  greater 
than  the  consumption  in  1900-02. 

Despite  the  sentiment  manifested  by  the  international 
agreement,  various  civilized  countries  have  disgraced 
themselves  repeatedly  by  their  attitude  toward  the  Afri- 
can liquor  trade.  Representatives  of  the  United  States 
Government  were  responsible  at  one  time  for  the  reduc- 
tion of  the  tariff  on  importations  of  liquor  into  Mada- 
gascar, and  in  North  Africa  those  countries  under 
French  control  have  been  exploited  by  wine  and  spirit 
makers  to  a lamentable  degree. 

Entire  prohibition  has  been  favored  by  various  native 
rulers  and  by  leading  African  authorities.  Sir  H.  H. 
Johnston,  the  famous  African  traveler,  says : “I  should 
like  to  see  a prohibition  policy  similar  to  that  in  force 
over  such  a large  proportion  of  the  United  States 
applied  to  the  whole  of  Africa.”  The  Emperor  Mene- 
lik,  ruler  of  Abyssinia,  at  one  time  prohibited  the 
importation  of  alcoholic  beverages. 

In  South  Africa  absolute  prohibition  is  being  urged 
as  the  only  guarantee  of  safety  for  women  against  what 
is  known  as  “the  black  peril.”  The  Johannesburg  Star 
of  May  11,  1912,  asserted  that  “ninety  per  cent  of  seri- 
ous native  crime  is  traceable  to  the  illicit  liquor  traffic.” 
The  sale  of  liquor  to  natives  is  already  prohibited,  but 
the  presence  of  the  traffic  among  the  whites  has  pre- 
vented that  prohibition  from  having  anything  like  a 
full  effect. 

ALABAMA — Under  state-wide  prohibition,  enacted 
in  January,  1915.  The  law  went  into  effect  July  1, 
1915.  The  advertising  of  liquor  in  newspapers  or  on 
billboards  within  the  state  is  prohibited.  An  antiship- 
ping law  prohibits  the  importation  of  liquor  except  for 
personal  use. 

ALASKA — In  1887  President  Cleveland,  through  the 
Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  imposed  what  practically 
amounted  to  prohibition  upon  the  territo^  of  Alaska. 
At  the  present  time,  however,  it  has  practically  no  pro- 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 


19 


hibition  territory.  In  1914  Sitka,  a pioneer  Alaskan 
town,  went  dry  by  twenty-five  votes.  “It  is  the  most 
amazing  news,”  said  the  Seattle  Times,  “which  ever 
came  out  of  the  Northern  territory.” 

ALCOHOL — A habit-forming,  irritant,  narcotic 
drug.  Ethyl  alcohol  is  that  found  in  the  ordinary  intox- 
icating beverages,  such  as  beer,  wine,  and  whisky.  Other 
alcohols,  which  are  not  suitable  for  beverage  purposes, 
are  methyl,  or  wood  alcohol,  propylic,  butylic,  and 
amylic.  Ethyl  alcohol  contains  52.67  parts  of  carbon, 
12.90  parts  of  hydrogen,  and  32.43  parts  of  oxygen.  It 
can  only  be  procured  by  the  decomposition  of  vegetable 
or  animal  matter.  When  the  proportion  of  pure  alcohol 
in  fermented  liquors  becomes  13.5  per  cent,  its  poison- 
ous quality  kills  the  yeast  plant  which  produces  it  and 
stronger  liquors  must  be  produced  by  distillation.  (See 
Fermentation;  also  Distillation.) 

Ethyl  alcohol  is  colorless  and  has  a burning  taste. 
The  word  “alcohol”  is  derived  from  the  Arabic  al  ghole, 
meaning  the  “evil  spirit.” 

History  of  Alcohol 

The  date  of  the  discovery  of  alcohol,  obtained  by 
distillation  from  grain,  is  unknown,  but  the  popularity 
of  distilled  liquors  in  Great  Britain  did  not  begin  until 
in  the  reign  of  William  and  Mary.  Paul  Richter,  in  a 
recent  number  of  the  Berliner  Klinische  Wochenschrift, 
shows  that  a knowledge  of  aqua  ardens,  that  is,  “strong 
water,”  may  be  traced  back  as  far  as  the  second  cen- 
tury, anno  Domini,  to  Hippolytus.  The  New  York 
Medical  Record  says  the  ancients  knew  of  this  strong 
spirit,  but  met  with  but  little  success  in  extracting  it. 
There  is  assurance  that  some  of  the  ancient  wines 
could  be  ignited,  but  it  was  to  the  ancients  a mystery 
that  they  should  respond  to  the  flame.  It  has  been 
taught  that  distillation  began  with  the  Arabians  in  the 
tenth  century,  but  it  is  now  known  that  the  process  was. 
known  somewhat  earlier  by  the  Italians. 

ALCOHOL,  EFFECTS  OF— This  poison  has  a 
peculiar  affinity  for  the  more  important  cells  of  the 
body.  In  all  of  its  effects  it  is  the  direct  negation  of' 
water.  While  both  are  colorless,  it  will  be  noticed  thatt 


20 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 


Water 

Will  not  burn. 

Has  no  taste. 

Cools  and  refreshes  the 
skin. 

Necessary  to  healthy  life. 

Makes  a seed  grow. 

Softens  all  foods. 

Is  itself  a food. 

Will  not  dissolve  resin. 

Does  not  intoxicate. 

Benefits  the  body. 

A constituent  of  every 
living  body  cell. 

Aids  decomposition. 

Quenches  thirst. 

Alcohol  is  not  a food.  . 

in  its  nature  from  foods : 

Food 

1.  The  same  quantity  pro- 
duces the  same  effect. 

2.  Its  habitual  use  does 
not  produce  a desire 
for  more  in  ever-in- 
creasing  amounts. 

3.  All  foods  are  oxidized 
slowly. 

4.  All  foods  are  stored  in 
the  body. 

5.  Foods  are  wholesome 
and  beneficial  to  the 
healthy  body;  they  may 
injure  the  body  in  cer- 
tain phases  of  disease. 


Alcohol 

Burns  easily. 

Has  burning  taste. 

Burns  and  inflames  the 
skin. 

Unnecessary  to  healthy 
life. 

Kills  the  seed. 

Hardens  all  foods. 

Is  a poison. 

Easily  dissolves  resin. 

Intoxicates. 

Injures  the  bodv. 

Is  not  a constituent  of  any 
living  body  cell. 

Prevents  decomposition. 

Creates  thirst. 

; every  point  it  is  different 
Alcohol 

1.  More  and  more  re- 
quired to  produce  a 
given  effect  on  a per- 
son. 

2.  Its  habitual  use  is  likely 
to  induce  an  uncon- 
trollable desire  for 
more  in  ever-increasing 
quantities. 

3.  Alcohol  is  oxidized 
rapidly. 

4.  Alcohol  is  not  stored  in 
the  body. 

5.  Alcohol  is  a poisonous 
excretion  which  may 
be  beneficial  in  certain 
cases  of  diseases 
(though  physicians  use 
it  far  less  than  for- 
merly and  many  do  not 
use  it  at  all),  but  is 
never  beneficial  to  the 
healthy  body. 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 


21 


6.  The  young  are  advised 
to  take  plentifully  of 
food. 

7.  The  use  of  foods  is  not 
followed  by  reaction. 


8.  The  use  of  foods  is 
followed  by  an  increase 
in  the  activity  of  the 
muscles  and  brain  cells. 


6.  The  young  are  always 
advised  to  abstain  from 
alcohol. 

7.  The  use  of  alcohol,  as 
with  narcotics  in  gen- 
eral, is  followed  by  a 
reaction. 

8.  The  use  of  alcohol  is 
followed  by  a decrease 
in  the  activity  of  the 
muscles  and  brain  cells. 


Upon  entering  the  body,  alcohol  affects  deleteriously 
the  functioning  power  of  every  organ.  It  inflames  the 
throat,  hinders  digestion  by  its  power  to  coagulate 
foods  and  to  precipitate  solutions;  it  dilates  the  blood 
vessels,  inflames  the  connective  tissues  of  the  liver, 
causing  “hob-nail  liver,”  directly  poisons  the  muscles 
of  the  heart,  causing  them  to  swell  and  permitting  the 
accumulation  of  fatty  particles  between  the  fibrous 
tissue,  prevents  the  proper  nourishment  of  the  muscles 
by  interfering  with  the  carrying  of  oxygen  to  them 
and  the  removal  of  waste  matter,  hinders  the  various 
functions  of  mind  and  paralyzes  the  delicate  nerve 
and  brain  cells,  thickens  the  speech  and  blunts  the 
senses.  Perhaps  its  most  serious  effect,  however,  is 
upon  the  defensive  org^ization  of  the  body. 

If  ordinary  air,  containing  twenty  per  cent  oxygen, 
is  mixed  with  pure  blood,  ten  per  cent  of  the  oxygen 
will  disappear,  but  with  five  per  cent  of  alcohol  added 
only  four  per  cent  of  the  oxygen  will  be  taken  up. 
The  blood  is  the  home  of  the  red  and  white  corpuscles. 
The  red  corpuscles,  little,  flattened  disks,  only  one- 
thirty-two  hundredths  of  an  inch  in  diameter,  cause 
waste  matter  in  the  blood  to  be  burned  up,  producing 
heat.  The  white  corpuscles,  or  leucocytes,  one-twenty- 
five  hundredth  of  an  inch  in  diameter,  clean  the  body 
of  waste  matter  and  disease  germs.  If  a pneumonia 
germ  enters  the  body,  the  white  blood  corpuscles  sur- 
round it  and  swallow  it.  Hence,  they  are  called  phago- 
cytes, or  cells  which  devour.  They  are  assisted  in 
fighting  disease  by  substances  in  the  blood  which  are 
poisonous  to  disease  microbes.  These  substances  are 
called  opsonins.  The  amount  of  opsonins  grows  less 
in  bad  health.  If  the  finger  is  cut,  the  “matter”  which 
appears  in  time  is  composed  of  the  dead  bodies  of  the 


22 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 


white  blood  corpuscles  which  have  been  destroyed  in 
fighting  the  germs  of  infection.  The  white  blood  cor- 
puscles do  not  like  poison,  and  when  even  small  quan- 
tities of  alcohol  are  taken,  they  are  repelled,  driven  out 
of  the  blood  vessels,  and  if  the  finger  is  cut,  they  are 
unable  to  make  their  way  through  the  flesh  quickly, 
and  if  they  make  their  way  into  the  blood  vessels  again 
to  fight  disease  germs,  they  are  sluggish,  unable  to 
succeed,  and  sickness  follows. 

What  We  Are  Learning  About  Alcohol 
Experiments  are  constantly  being  carried  forward  by 
scientific  and  medical  men  in  America  and  Europe  to 
determine  the  effects  of  alcohol  upon  the  body.  This 
kind  of  work  is  largely  increasing,  and  the  result  is 
that  the  people  are  being  warned  against  alcohol  from 
many  different  sources.  Not  long  since  in  a copyrighted 
article  appearing  in  a large  number  of  daily  news- 
papers Lillian  Russell,  whose  name  has  long  been  a 
synonym  for  good  looks,  declares  that  drink  will  dis- 
figure the  face  with  pimples  and  blotches,  glaze  the 
eyes  with  a criss-cross  of  fiery  blood  vessels,  paint  the 
nose  an  unlovely  hue,  make  your  cheeks  pallid,  write 
dark  circles  under  the  eyes,  and  will  do  a few  other 
things  besides  inflicting  upon  the  guilty  ones  such  unim- 
portant consequences  as  indigestion,  headaches,  bilious- 
ness, Bright’s  disease,  nervousness,  bad  temper,  loss  of 
common  sense,  loss  of  power  to  work  efficiently,  loss 
of  friends,  family,  and  happiness. 

We  suggest  that  Miss  Russell  be  employed  to  write 
the  advertisements  of  the  brewing  concerns  who  are 
decorating  the  pages  of  certain  newspapers  with  pic- 
tures of  fair  young  women  guzzling  beer. 

Miss  Russell’s  warning  is  really  based  upon  scientific 
investigations. 

A great  many  of  the  experiments  mentioned  above 
disclose  the  effect  of  alcohol  upon  elementary  life 
forms. 

Effect  of  Alcohol  Upon  Jelly-Fish 
For  instance.  Dr.  Sir  B.  W.  Richardson,  F.R.S.,  tried 
a long  series  of  interesting  experiments  on  the  little 
fresh-water  medusae,  or  jelly  fish,  with  the  following 
results : He  took  two  tubes,  one  containing  tank  water, 
the  other  alcohol  in  the  proportion  of  one  part  in 
1,000.  Into  each  he  placed  a medusa,  and  observed  the 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 


23 


results.  Within  two  minutes  the  movements  of  the  one 
in  the  tube  containing  alcohol  were  entirely  stopped 
(though  prior  to  immersion  the  movements  were  sev- 
enty-four per  minute),  and  it  began  to  sink  to  the 
bottom.  At  the  end  of  five  minutes  it  lay  at  the  bot- 
tom of  the  tube  a mere  speck  of  matter.  It  was  then 
put  into  plain  tank  water  of  the  same  temperature  and 
left  for  two  hours,  but  it  showed  no  signs  of  life. 
The  one  in  the  other  tube  moved  about  unaffected.  An- 
other was  put  into  a tube  containing  one  part  alcohol 
in  2,000.  It  remained  for  about  four  minutes  as  though 
little  affected,  but  at  the  end  of  another  minute,  sank  to 
the  bottom  motionless.  It  was  taken  out  and  placed 
in  tank  water  but  did  not  recover.  The  same  thing 
also  occurred  in  a liquid  made  up  of  one  part  alcohol 
in  4,000  water. 

These  experiments  were  made  to  determine  the  extent 
of  alcohol’s  poisoning  power  upon  the  physical  struc- 
ture. Similar  experiments  were  carried  forward  by 
Dr.  J.  J.  Ridge  of  England  to  ascertain  the  effect  of 
alcohol  upon  water  fleas. 

He  enclosed  them  in  bottles  containing  alcohol  in 
water  varying  from  one  part  in  100  to  one  part  in 
20,000,  and  others  in  plain  water,  with  the  result  that 
those  placed  in  water  containing  alcohol  died  sooner 
or  later,  while  those  in  plain  water  remained  alive. 

It  has  been  found  that  alcohol  has  a similar  effect 
upon  the  constituent  elements  of  human  life. 

How  Alcohol  Prevents  Recuperation 

The  late  Dr.  George  Harley,  in  order  to  determine 
whether  alcohol  assisted  or  hindered  the  work  of  the 
red  corpuscles,  carried  out  a series  of  experiments,  the 
results  of  which  he  presented  to  the  Royal  Society.  He 
mixed  fresh  blood  with  varying  amounts  of  alcohol, 
and  then  determined  whether  its  absorbing  or  giving 
off  power  was  impaired  or  increased,  as  compared  with 
a portion  of  the  blood  of  the  same  animal  without 
alcohol.  He  says:  “When  ordinary  air  containing 
twenty  per  cent  of  oxygen  was  mixed  with  pure  blood 
and  shaken  with  it,  ten  per  cent  of  the  oxygen  disap- 
peared, but  with  five  per  cent  of  alcohol  added  only 
four  per  cent  of  oxygen  disappeared.  In  pure  blood 
there  was  3.3  per  cent  of  carbon  dioxide  formed;  with 
blood  plus  five  per  cent  of  alcohol  added,  there  was 


24 


Cyclopedia  of  Tempezance 


2.3  per  cent  of  carbon  dioxide  formed.  The  alcohol 
changed  the  blood’s  color  to  a pale  brick,  and  when 
added  in  the  proportion  of  ten  per  cent  it  entirely  lost 
its  power  of  becoming  oxidized.”  That  is,  it  was  abso- 
lutely useless  for  the  purpose  of  life. 

Alcohol’s  Effect  Upon  Physical  and  Mental 
Efficiency 

The  effect  of  the  consumption  of  alcoholic  beverages 
upon  physical  and  mental  efficiency  has  been  absolutely 
determined  by  numerous  experiments  in  Europe  and 
America.  Indeed,  the  Heidelberg  experiments  were  the 
foundation  for  the  antialcohol  movement  in  Europe, 
and  widening  acquaintance  with  scientifically  determined 
facts  has  influenced  the  attitude  of  the  railroads  and 
industrial  corporations  in  America,  and,  indeed,  may 
properly  be  said  to  have  affected  the  progress  of  the 
prohibition  movement. 

Some  of  the  most  famous  of  the  European  experi- 
ments are  given  below : 

Walking — In  Germany  a walking  contest  was  con- 
ducted over  a course  of  sixty-two  miles.  Eighty-one 
men  entered  the  contest,  of  whom  only  twent>--four 
were  abstainers,  but  the  first  four  men  who  crossed  the 
line  were  abstainers.  Of  the  ten  prize  winners  six 
were  teetotalers  and  two  had  been  abstaining  for  some 
time  while  in  training.  More  than  half  of  the  nonab- 
stainers fell  out  by  the  way,  but  only  two  of  the  twenty- 
four  abstainers. 

Endurance — During  a campaign  the  late  Field  Mar- 
shal Wolseley  tested  the  effect  of  alcohol  upon  en- 
durance. To  some  of  the  troops  alcohol  was  given,  to 
others  none.  The  abstaining  troops  showed  decidedly 
better  endurance,  better  marching  powers,  were  fresher 
and  more  alert. 

Mountain  Climbing — Professor  Durig.  a famous 
mountain  climber,  conducted  experiments  upon  himself, 
climbing  in  each  case  8.000  feet  to  the  top  of  !Mount 
Bilkencrat  in  the  Alps.  He  recorded  the  height  climbed, 
his  personal  weight  and  that  of  his  pack,  and  carried 
instruments  to  measure  exactly  the  bodily  energj'  put 
forth,  the  amount  of  muscle  work  done,  and  the  length 
of  time  required.  On  certain  daj's  he  took  alcoholic 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 


25 


drink  equivalent  to  two  glasses  of  beer,  and  found  that, 
while  his  instruments  showed  that  he  expended  fifteen 
per  cent  more  energy  than  on  the  days  of  abstinence,  he 
took  21.7  per  cent  longer  to  reach  the  top  of  the  moun- 
tain. 

Marksmanship — In  Sweden  three  corporals  and 
three  privates  were  used  in  a test  to  determine  the  effect 
of  alcohol  upo.n  precision.  During  the  days  of  the 
first  test  the  men  were  entirely  abstaining,  while  during 
the  second  series  of  tests  they  were  allowed  two  thirds 
of  a wine  glass  of  brandy  a short  time  before  the  firing 
and  an  equal  amount  of  alcohol  in  punch  on  the  evening 
before.  In  the  quick-firing  tests,  on  the  alcohol  days, 
they  hit  the  target  on  the  average  only  three  times  out 
of  thirty  shots,  but  on  the  abstinent  days  the  average 
was  twenty-three  and  twenty-six  hits.  The  men  were 
found  to  be  similarly  affected  by  alcohol  during  tests 
for  endurance  of  sustained  firing. 

Typesetting  and  Typewriting — Four  typesetters  in 
a printing  office  in  Heidelberg,  Germany,  were  tested 
in  their  work  to  find  out  if  alcohol  helped  or  hindered 
them.  The  trials  were  carried  on  for  an  hour  a day 
for  four  successive  days.  The  first  and  third  days  no 
alcohol  was  taken;  on  the  second  and  fourth  days  the 
work  was  done  after  drinking  about  three  quarters  of 
a tumbler  of  Greek  wine  (eighteen  per  cent  alcohol). 

Alcohol,  used  in  these  amounts  to  which  the  men 
were  accustomed,  decreased  the  amount  of  work  done 
about  nine  per  cent  on  the  average.  This  means  that  if 
the  same  loss  held  for  a whole  day’s  work,  if  a man 
were  capable  of  earning  $15  a week  when  not  drinking, 
he  would  only  earn  $13.65  if  he  drank  as  much  alcohol 
daily  as  would  be  contained  in  a quart  of  beer. 

This  typesetting  test  showed  that  the  amount  of 
skilled  work  done  was  diminished  by  alcohol.  In  a test 
by  typewriting  it  was  found  that  alcohol  increased  the 
number  of  errors  from  fourteen  per  cent  to  thirty-one 
per  dent,  although  fatigue  only  increased  the  average  of 
errors  by  two  per  cent. 

Memory  and  Scholarship — -Professor  Vogt  of  the 
University  of  Christiania  made  tests  upon  himself  to 
determine  the  effects  of  alcohol  upon  memory.  He 
daily  committed  to  memory  twenty-five  lines  of  Greek 


26 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 


poetry  and  recorded  the  number  of  minutes  required 
to  learn  them.  On  the  days  when  he  took  as  much 
alcohol  as  one  would  get  in  from  one  and  one  half  to 
three  glasses  of  beer,  it  took  him  on  the  average 
eighteen  per  cent  longer  to  learn  the  lines  than  when  no 
alcohol  was  taken.  Six  months  later,  when  he  reviewed 
and  relearned  the  same  lines,  he  found  that  the  lines 
learned  on  the  alcohol  days  required  more  time  for 
relearning. 

A school  director  in  Vienna,  E.  Bayer,  conducted  an 
investigation  among  abstaining  and  drinking  children  to 
determine  the  effect  upon  scholarship.  Almost  half  of 
the  134  abstaining  children  had  “good”  marks.  Only 
twelve  of  them  had  poor  marks.  With  the  drinking 
children,  the  more  frequently  they  used  wine  or  beer, 
the  more  the  good  marks  fell  off  and  the  poor  marks 
increased. 

Four  thousand  Italian  children  in  Brescia,  Italy,  were 
studied  as  to  their  use  of  alcohol.  The  following  facts 
were  discovered  about  their  scholarship : 

462  Abstainers.  1,516  Drink  Wine  2,021  Drink 
Occasionally  Wine  Daily. 

Per  cent  Per  cent  Per  cent 


Good  Marks  42.66  30.5  29.8 

Fair  53.49  41.8  39.7 

Poor 3.85  27.  30.3 


Tests  to  determine  brain  alertness  of  persons  who 
had  taken  small  quantities  of  alcohol  as  compared  to 
the  brain  alertness  of  abstainers  have  also  been  con- 
ducted frequently  under  different  circumstances. 

Professor  Kraepelin,  the  eminent  German  scientist, 
found  a person  less  able  to  perceive  letters,  syllables, 
etc.,  passed  rapidly  before  his  eyes  after  he  had  been 
given  a very  small  quantity  of  alcohol,  less  able  to  read 
quickly  and  correctly,  slower  to  determine  the  nature 
of  signals,  and  much  more  given  to  making  mistakes 
in  determining  colors  shown  him  at  rapid  intervals. 
This  is  one  reason  railroads  are  especially  averse  to  the 
use  of  even  slight  quantities  of  alcohol  by  their  employ- 
ees, as  it  makes  them  much  more  likely  to  mistake  sig- 
nals. 

Alcohol  and  the  Touch  Sense 
Another  most  interesting  experiment  made  for  the 
purpose  of  determining  the  effect  of  alcohol  upon  the 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance  27 

sense  perceptions  is  reported  by  Dr.  J.  J.  Ridge  of 
England  in  these  words : 

“Some  years  ago  I constructed  instruments  to  test 
the  effect  of  small  doses  of  alcohol  on  the  sense  of 
touch  and  muscular  sense.  The  instrument  for  test- 
ing consisted  of  two  fixed  upright  points,  about  half  an 
inch  apart,  and  between  these  a third  point,  which  could 
be  moved  so  as  to  approximate  to  one  or  the  other. 
The  individual  tested  was  unable  to  see  the  points,  but 
placed  one  finger  upon  them,  and  then  moved  the  cen- 
ter point  until  he  considered  that  it  was  midway  between 
the  two.  The  movement  of  the  point  was  registered 
on  a dial,  also  invisible.  I adopted  this  plan  in  prefer- 
ence to  the  ordinary  assthesiometer,  because  it  is  more 
easy  to  deceive  one’s  self  with  the  assthesiometer  and 
to  imagine  that  one  feels  two  points  before  one  actually 
does  so.  The  degrees  on  the  dial  were  arbitrary,  but 
fourteen  experiments  on  five  persons  showed  that, 
whereas  the  average  divergence  from  the  actual  center, 
before  taking  alcohol,  was  represented  by  115  degrees 
on  the  dial,  after  taking  alcohol  there  were  189.8 
degrees,  and  in  no  case  was  there  any  improvement. 
Hence  the  sensitiveness  of  the  touch  is  clearly  deteri- 
orated by  small  doses  of  alcohol,  although  the  persons 
experimented  on  were  quite  unconscious  of  any  altera- 
tion. The  nature  of  the  experiment  is  also  to  some 
extent  a test  of  the  judgment  or  power  of  perception, 
and  it  does  not  show  which  link  or  links  in  the  chain 
of  sensation  were  chiefly  affected.” 

Alcohol  is  a food  for  the  ferment  of  acetic  acid  or 
vinegar,  and  a poison  for  everything  else.  There  is 
very  little  scientific  opposition  to  this  statement  at 
the  present  time. 

Sickness  and  accident  insurance  companies  are  unani- 
mous in  saying  that  the  rates  of  sickness  and  accident 
are  greatly  increased  by  the  most  moderate  use  of 
alcohol.  (Also  in  this  connection  see  Diseases  Caused 
by  Drink,  Mortality  from  Alcohol,  Medical  Practice, 
etc.) 

ALCOHOLIC  BEVERAGES — The  alcoholic  bev- 
erages most  commonly  used  in  the  United  States  are 


28 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 


beer,  wine,  and  whisky.  (See  Brewing,  Distillation, 
and  Wine.)  The  percentage  of  alcohol  usually  con- 
tained in  the  various  kinds  of  these  drinks  are  as  fol- 
lows : 


Beer  

4.0 

Lisbon  

18.5 

Porter  

4.5 

Canary  

19.0 

Ale  

7.0 

Sherry  

19.0 

Cider  

9.0 

Vermouth  

19.0 

Moselle  

10.0 

Cape  

19.0 

Tokay  

10.0 

Malmsey  

20.0 

Rhine  

11.0 

Madeira  

21.0 

Bordeaux  

11.5 

Port  

23.0 

Hock  

12.0 

Chartreuse  

43.0 

Champagne 

12.0 

Gin  

52.0 

Claret  

13.0 

Brandy  

53.0 

Burgundy  

14.0 

Rum  

54.0 

Malaga  

17.0 

Whisky  

54.0 

ALCOHOLISM — The  deaths  from  alcoholism  in 
the  federal  registration  area  (eighteen  states)  in  1912 
numbered  3,183.  Alcoholism  is  acute  alcoholic  poison- 
ing. It  usually  occurs  from  large  overdoses  of  alco- 
hol taken  by  habitual  drunkards.  Death  is  due  to  a 
paralysis  of  the  nerve  centers. 

The  liquor  press  very  frequently  quotes  the  federal 
report  of  the  number  of  deaths  from  alcoholism  in  the 
registration  area  as  proof  that  the  prohibitionists  are 
incorrect  in  saying  that  alcoholic  liquors  cause  the 
death  of  66,000  adults  annually.  The  drinking  of  alco- 
holic beverages  is  a factor  in  a verj'  large  number  of 
diseases  and  causes  of  death  of  which  alcoholism  is 
only  one.  It  should  also  be  noticed  that  the  federal 
registration  area  does  not  cover  the  entire  United 
States. 

The  federal  reports  do  not  include  all  deaths  from 
alcoholism  even  in  the  registration  area.  A family 
physician  is  frequently  very  loath  to  ascribe  the  death 
of  his  patient  to  alcoholism,  especially  when  that  patient 
has  been  a personal  friend,  as  there  is  a taint  of  dis- 
grace fixed  upon  the  family  by  such  a report.  Conse- 
quently, he  frequently  reports  that  death  was  due  to 
“heart  failure,”  or  some  similar  cause.  (See  Mortality 
of  Alcohol.) 

Reputable  physicians  now  recognize  a distinct  disease 
called  “subacute”  alcoholism.  The  man  who  has  become 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 


29 


careless  of  dress,  to  whom  affection  for  his  family 
means  little,  whose  habits,  desires,  welfare,  are  all 
subordinated  to  a craving  for  drink  induced  by  the 
habitual  taking  of  “moderate”  doses  of  alcoholic  bever- 
ages, is  suffering  from  subacute  alcoholism.  Such  a 
man  will  frequently  lie  or  even  steal  to  secure  liquor, 
although  he  may  be  struggling  against  his  slavery  for 
the  greater  part  of  the  time. 

Understanding  the  Alcoholic 

Alcohol  reaches  beyond  the  physical  into  the  moral 
and  mental  nature  for  its  grip  upon  a man.  “Getting 
alcohol  out  of  one’s  system  is  an  easy  matter,”  writes 
Dr.  Evans,  in  the  Rocky  Mountain  News.  “Cure  up  to 
that  point  is  easily  possible.  Drunkards  are  usually 
poor,  weak-willed  neurasthenics,  neurotics,  or  irregu- 
lars of  one  sort  or  another.  To  make  matters  worse 
they  usually  think  themselves  very  strong.  Keeping 
them  cured  will  depend  on  the  amount  of  help  they 
get  from  religion,  sympathetic  friends,  good  home  life, 
occupation,  etc.” 

Lady  Henry  Somerset,  writing  in  the  British  Journal 
of  Inebriety,  points  out  how  the  cure  for  the  alcoholic 
must  involve  both  physical  and  spiritual  treatment  in 
this  way:  “The  reclamation  of  the  inebriate  is,  to  my 
mind,  an  absolutely  hopeless  task  if  it  is  undertaken 
without  belief  in  the  power  of  God,  the  love  of  God 
and  the  guidance  of  God.” 

The  whole  theory  of  the  attitude  of  our  city  govern- 
ments toward  the  alcoholic  is  undoubtedly  wrong. 

Is  Smith  a Criminal  or  a Victim? 

Smith  is  dragged  into  court,  charged  with  public 
drunkenness.  He  is  shame-faced  but  well  dressed  and 
efficient  after  his  debauch. 

“Since  this  is  your  first  offense,  Mr.  Smith,”  says  the 
Judge,  “I  will  only  fine  you  $5.00.” 

In  a month  Smith  is  back  and  is  fined  $10.  Soon 
he  is  back  again,  then  again  and  again.  His  punish- 
ment is  steadily  increased  until  finally,  red-nosed,  blear- 
eyed,  filthy,  he  goes  to  the  workhouse. 

Society  proceeds  upon  a false  understanding  of 
Smith’s  guilt  in  the  several  cases. 

Smith’s  first  intoxication  deserved  severe  punishment, 
for  he  was  entirely  responsible  for  his  condition,  and 


30 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 


when  he  deliberately  surrendered  his  will  and  intelli- 
gence to  alcohol,  the  fool  and  murderer,  he  accepted 
the  chance  of  grave  crimes.  But  his  culpability  de- 
creases with  each  offense.  He  is  more  and  more  pos- 
sessed by  the  false  ego  of  alcoholism  and  his  power  to 
determine  whether  or  not  he  shall  drink  deteriorates 
rapidly.  In  the  end  his  own  responsibility  vanishes — 
he  is  a victim  of  license  and  of  the  man  who  was  lightly 
fined  because  of  drinking  at  the  dictation  of  his  own 
healthy  will. 

Justice  might  be  better  served,  indeed,  if  the  real 
offender — the  license  system — were  punished  once  for 
all,  but  until  that  is  done  our  courts  should  recognize 
the  undoubted  fact  that  the  man  who  takes  his  first 
glass  of  beer  is  much  more  deserving  of  punishment 
than  the  poor  drunken  wretch  who  is  dragged  into 
court  after  years  of  progressive  alcoholism  under  state 
sanction. 

Prohibition  has  uniformly  had  a good  effect  upon 
the  death  showing  as  relates  to  alcoholism.  The  pro- 
hibition state  of  North  Carolina  in  1912  had  only  six- 
teen such  deaths.  The  license  state  of  Massachusetts, 
with  only  one  third  more  population,  had  296,  and  sim- 
ilar figures  are  available  from  other  sources. 

ALE — A malt  liquor  very  similar  to  beer,  but  pro- 
duced with  a smaller  percentage  of  hops  and  having  a 
somewhat  different  flavor.  It  contains,  on  the  average, 
nearly  twice  as  much  alcohol  as  the  beers  ordinarily 
consumed  in  America.  But  little  is  produced  in  this 
country,  most  of  it  being  secured  from  Great  Britain. 

AMENDMENTS.  CONSTITUTIONAL— (S  t e 
also  National  Prohibition,  Hobson-Sheppard  Bill  and 
Constitutional  Prohibition.) 

The  constitution  is  the  only  safe  abiding  place  for 
a reform  so  fundamental  as  prohibition.  The  con- 
trol of  the  liquor  traffic  belongs  to  the  unit  of  govern- 
ment possessing  the  powers  of  controlling  it.  and  if 
that  control  is  not  recognized  by  constitutional  law,  the 
question  is  never  considered  settled,  and  there  is  small 
possibility  of  a consistent  and  peaceful  policy.  The 
Constitution  is  the  people’s  law,  beyond  the  reach  of 
professional  lobbies  and  peanut  politics.  Statutory  leg- 
islation is  almost  always  partisan,  and  therefore  tern- 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance  31 

porary,  for  a law  that  is  passed  by  one  party  is  prac- 
tically always  opposed  by  the  other. 

AMERICAN  TEMPERANCE  UNIONS  e e 
American  Temperance  Society. 

AMERICAN  TEMPERANCE  SOCIETY  AND 
UNION — The  American  Society  for  the  Promotion  of 
Temperance,  the  name  by  which  it  was  first  known, 
was  organized  at  Boston,  Mass.,  February  13,  1826.  The 
promoters  of  this  organization  believed  in  total  ab- 
stinence from  all  intoxicants,  but  were  afraid  to  push 
such  a propaganda  because  they  thought  it  too  far  ahead 
of  the  prevailing  sentiment.  Their  active  propaganda 
consisted  in  teaching  total  abstinence  from  distilled 
liquors  and  extreme  moderation  in  the  use  of  light 
liquors.  No  pledge  was  used  in  connection  with  their 
work.  There  was  at  first  only  a state  organization,  but 
similar  societies  were  soon  established  in  other  states, 
and  at  the  first  national  convention,  held  at  Philadel- 
phia in  1833,  these  state  organizations  effected  organic 
union  as  “The  United  States  Temperance  Union,” 
which  existed  until  it  became  the  “American  Temper- 
ance Union”  at  the  second  national  convention  held  at 
Saratoga,  N.  Y.,  in  1836.  The  American  Temperance 
Union  had  an  existence  and  did  a tremendous  work 
down  to  1861  when  all  antiliquor  work  was  temporarily 
suspended. 

The  work  of  this  Society  consisted  mainly  in  the 
publication  and  circulation  of  standard  temperance  lit- 
erature. In  1865  the  scattered  ends  of  the  work  of 
this  Society  were  gathered  up  and  carried  forward  by 
the  National  Temperance  Society  and  Publication 
House. 

ANTI-PROHIBITION — The  opposition  to  prohibi- 
tion shifts  so  rapidly  as  to  lay  it  open  to  the  charge 
that  it  is  based  upon  policy,  not  principle.  If  it  is 
a question  of  national  prohibition  it  is  said  that  the 
states  should  control  the  traffic;  if  it  is  state  prohibition, 
local  option  is  valiantly  defended  by  the  liquor  people; 
if  it  is  a question  of  local  option,  high  license  is  the 
remedy;  if  the  reformers  propose  high  license,  Sunday 
closing,  and  fewer  saloons,  the  saloons  defy  the  law 


32  Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 

and  keep  open  on  Sunday,  sell  to  minors,  and  do  as 
they  please. 

Just  at  present  the  opposition  to  prohibition  is  on 
three  general  lines ; “It  is  a state  question,”  “Prohibi- 
tion does  not  prohibit,”  “Strong  liquors  should  be  for- 
bidden, but  beer  and  wine  should  be  encouraged.”  (See 
Objections  to  Prohibition.) 

(Dther  arguments  advanced  by  opponents  of  prohibi- 
tion are  that:  (a)  It  has  been  a failure,  (b)  The  use 
of  wine  is  sanctioned  by  the  Bible,  (c)  It  is  contrary 
to  liberty,  (d)  It  is  a matter  for  moral  suasion  only, 
(e)  The  evil  lies  only  in  excesses  of  the  traffic  or  the 
drinker,  (f)  Only  regulation  allows  control  of  the 
traffic,  (g)  Prohibition  has  never  resulted  in  the  bene- 
fits attributed  to  it  by  its  friends. 

There  is  a strong  tendency  at  the  present  time  among 
the  brewing  interests  to  cut  loose  from  the  distilling 
interests  and  to  promote  the  sale  of  beer  among  women 
and  children  as  well  as  men  under  the  contention  that 
it  is  a “temperance  beverage.”  (See  Beer,  Brewers, 
Child  Welfare,  Heredity,  and  Women.) 

How  They  Fight 

The  methods  adopted  by  the  liquor  interests  to  fight 
the  prohibition  movement  are  unscrupulous  to  the  high- 
est degree. 

“The  whisky  and  beer  trade  ought  to  be  on  its  knees 
begging  for  life.  Instead,  it  is  strutting  around  with 
a club  in  its  hand,  threatening  decent  people,  trjdng  to 
bulldoze  the  church  and  the  home,  and  to  dictate  to 
politics  and  business,”  said  the  Kansas  City  Star. 

Bonfort’s  Wine  and  Spirit  Circular  candidly  set  forth 
one  of  these  infamous  methods  when  it  said: 

“It  may  be  well  to  consider,  in  passing,  the  actual 
strength  of  the  opposition  to  the  prohibition  movement, 
as  represented  by  Americans  of  foreign  birth.” 

“According  to  the  last  census,  the  number  of  foreign- 
born  males  of  voting  age  in  the  United  States  was 
6,646,817.  Of  this  number,  3,034,117  or  45.6  per  cent 
were  naturalized  and  entitled  to  vote. 

“We  commend  the  movement  now  so  rapidly  shaping 
itself  among  our  foreign-born  citizens  in  organizing 
into  a powerful  body  to  assert  their  rights  and  preserve 
their  constitutional  freedom  and  individual  liberty.” 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 


33 


There  is  no  man  living  who  can  foresee  the  deplora- 
ble consequences  of  this  effort  to  array  against  their 
best  friends  the  men  and  women  who  have  come  to 
this  country  to  realize  better  conditions  of  living. 

Wolves  in  Sheep’s  Clothing 

Where  their  businesses  attacked  the  last  thing  the 
liquor  interests  would  ever  think  of  would  be  to  make 
a frank  defense  over  their  own  signatures  or  through 
statements  issued  by  their  own  trade  organizations. 
Instead,  they  realize  their  only  hope  of  even  temporary 
preservation  lies  in  masking  their  interests  behind 
respectable  names  and  legitimate  business. 

By  every  unscrupulous  means  known  to  the  expert 
in  hypocrisy,  the  brewer  now  wages  his  hazardous 
defense  under  cover  of  made-to-order  “Business  Men’s 
Leagues,”  “Commercial  Associations,”  “United  Societies 
for  Local  Self-Government,”  “Tax  Payers’  Unions,” 
“Personal  Liberty  Alliances,”  and  “Manufacturers  and 
Dealers’  Clubs.” 

Masquerading  in  this  plausible  and  frequently  pseudo- 
patriotic  garb,  the  beer  makers  and  their  allies  are 
fighting  with  desperation  borne  of  despair  in  every 
one  of  the  thousand  local  and  state  battles  from  one 
end  of  the  country  to  the  other. 

One  singular  development  in  this  connection  is  the 
metamorphosis  by  which  the  Liquor  Trade  Press  is 
being  transformed  in  name. 

Instead  of  the  Barroom  Herald,  the  Dramshop  Cour- 
ier, the  Beer-Makers’  Review,  the  Whisky  Exponent, 
the  Cocktail  News,  the  Alcohol  World,  the  Fire  Water 
Disseminator,  the  High  License  Advocate,  the  official 
organs  of  the  traffic  now  include  such  journals  as  the 
Liberal  Advocate,  formerly  the  Wine  and  Spirit  News; 
Liberty,  formerly  the  Texas  Liquor  Dealer;  the  Amer- 
ican Beverage  and  Food  Journal,  formerly  Bar  and 
Buffet;  Truth,  the  Patriot,  Both  Sides,  Champion  of 
Fair  Play,  the  Free  Press,  and  the  Protector. 

In  characterizing  just  exactly  this  sort  of  thing  Col- 
lier’s some  time  ago  remarked: 

“How  extravagant,  how  footless — ^and  how  headless ! 
The  great,  stupid  creature  is  hurt — he  knows  not  which 
way  to  turn.  For  two  generations  the  liquor  interests 
have  rested  secure  in  the  belief  that  they  could  beat 


34  Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 

down  all  opposition,  break  all  ordinances,  through  their 
alliance  with  bad  politics,  through  the  use  of  tainted 
money.  And  now  that  political  alliance  is  struck  from 
under  their  feet,  they  know  no  other  way  of  fighting; 
they  are  both  pathetic  and  comic  in  their  futility.” 

“Watch  Out  for  These  Tricks” 

The  propaganda  matter  of  the  liquor  interests  is 
usually  prepared  (1)  with  an  absolute  disregard  of 
facts;  (2)  with  a view  to  producing  a wrong  impres- 
sion while  stating  the  truth;  (3)  by  comparisons  which 
are  correct  in  the  figures  used,  but  which  are  utterly 
unfair  and  misleading. 

For  instance,  the  wholesale  liquor  dealers  have 
recently  been  making  a great  deal  of  use  of  the  “fact” 
that  Tennessee  is  “bankrupt,”  “faced  with  an  enormous 
deficit,”  etc.  The  simple  fact  is  that  Tennessee  has 
no  deficit  and  is  in  no  sense  bankrupt,  but  this  flagrant 
falsehood  is  used  to  convince  some  people  that  prohibi- 
tion is  ruinous  to  a state’s  finances. 

But  the  most  freely  used  method  of  combatting  the 
prohibition  movement  is  to  compare  prohibition  states 
with  liquor  states  to  the  apparent  disadvantage  of  the 
former.  By  turning  to  the  subjects,  “Pauperism,” 
“Crime,”  “Divorce,”  “Juvenile  Delinquency,”  etc.,  the 
reader  may  get  some  true  comparisons  that  are  exceed- 
ingly enlightening. 

Take  the  matter  of  comparing  Kansas  and  Nebraska, 
for  instance.  Nebraska  is  a state  of  the  highest  class 
and  in  spite  of  the  liquor  traffic  it  may  be  compared 
to  its  own  advantage  in  many  particulars  with  almost 
any  other  state  in  the  Union.  The  document  issued  by 
the  liquor  dealers  which  compares  these  two  states 
calls  attention  to  the  fact  that  Kansas  had  on  January 
I,  IQ 10,  882  inmates  of  the  state  penitentiary^  while 
Nebraska  had  on  that  date  only  481,  which,  if  an 
allowance  were  made  for  the  difference  in  population, 
would  be  673.  In  1910,  and  most  comparisons  must  be 
of  that  date  as  that  was  the  last  census  year,  Kansas 
was  only  just  entering  upon  its  present  era  of  strict 
enforcement.  This  alone  makes  the  comparison  very- 
nearly  valueless,  but  during  1910.  when  the  prohibitory' 
law  in  Kansas  had  begun  to  be  well  enforced,  Kansas 
committed  to  her  state  penitentiary  262  prisoners,  while 
Nebraska,  with  forty  per  cent  less  population,  committed 
197.  This  gives  a rate  of  fifteen  per  100,000  for  Kan- 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 


35 


sas  and  sixteen  for  Nebraska.  But,  according  to  Bul- 
letin 121  of  the  Census  Bureau,  Kansas,  during  1910, 
sent  to  all  of  her  penitentiaries,  reformatories,  jails, 
industrial  schools,  etc.,  3,598  people,  while  Nebraska 
sent  to  similar  institutions  5,888.  This  is  a prison  rate 
per  100,000  for  Kansas  of  212  and  for  Nebraska  490. 

These  few  facts  alone  reveal  the  unfairness  of  these 
numerous  comparisons.  They  carefully  avoid  going 
to  the  bottom  for  all  of  the  facts.  Let  us  take  the 
Nebraska- Kansas  comparison  a little  further. 

In  this  same  document  it  is  said  that  Kansas,  on 
January  1,  1910,  had  461  native  white  paupers,  while 
Nebraska  had  only  263,  which,  even  allowing  for  the 
difference  in  population,  would  give  Nebraska  a lower 
rate.  As  a matter  of  fact,  the  rate  per  100,000  for  all 
paupers  in  Nebraska  was  46.2,  while  it  was  in  Kansas 
only  forty-three.  The  number  of  native  white  paupers 
in  Kansas  was  larger  simply  because  Kansas  has  a 
much  larger  population  of  native  white  people.  The 
rate  for  native  white  people  was  thirty  per  100,000  in 
Nebraska  and  only  twenty-six  in  Kansas.  It  might 
also  be  said  that  on  January  1,  1910,  Kansas  had  only 
196  foreign-born  white  paupers,  while  in  Nebraska  there 
were  258. 

But  again  taking  the  commitment  rate  of  1910  to 
show  the  benefits  of  prohibition  in  Kansas  after  it 
began  to  be  well  enforced,  we  find,  by  Bulletin  120,  that 
Kansas  committed  only  490  prisoners  to  asylums,  while 
Nebraska  sent  1,101,  a rate  of  twenty-four  to  the  100,- 
000  for  Kansas  and  ninety-two  for  Nebraska.  But  if 
we  go  back  to  the  “native  white”  idea  injected  into  the 
comparison  by  the  liquor  people,  we  find  that  the  rate 
per  100,000  of  native  whites  committed  in  1910  was 
fifty-nine  in  Nebraska,  while  in  Kansas  during  the  same 
year  it  was  only  eighteen. 

This  is  typical  of  this  whole  comparison,  which  we 
select  because  of  the  fact  that  Nebraska  and  Kansas  are 
the  two  states  in  the  same  territory  which  the  liquor 
people  can  compare  with  the  greatest  advantage  to 
themselves. 

Another  Instance  of  Unfairness 

Dr.  Huntington  Williams  prepared  for  the  liquor 
interests  a comparison  of  prohibition  and  license  states 
which  was  widely  used  by  them.  The  doctor’s  compari- 


36 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 


son  bore  largely  upon  the  use  of  drugs,  etc.  Beginning 
by  showing  his  ignorance  of  the  actual  number  of 
prohibition  states  at  the  time  at  which  he  writes,  he 
ignores  the  fact  that  in  most  of  the  prohibition  states 
he  uses  for  his  comparison  the  policy  had  been  in  force 
such  a very  short  time  that  it  was  impossible  to  draw 
fair  conclusions.  He  asserted  that  in  Maine  the  rate 
of  admissions  to  hospitals  for  the  insane  increased  21.4 
per  100,000  between  1904  and  1910,  but  he  failed  to 
call  attention  to  the  fact  that  Maine  had  the  lowest 
rate  of  admission  into  insane  asylums  in  all  New  Eng- 
land, the  rate  in  New  Hampshire  being  75.8;  Vermont, 
70.7;  Massachusetts,  125.8;  Rhode  Island,  90.4;  Con- 
necticut, 103.6;  and  Maine,  68.5.  This  case  of  flagrant 
dishonesty  is  typical  of  Dr.  Williams’  statement 
throughout.  (See  also  Drugs,  Kansas,  etc.) 

ANTI-SALOON  LEAGUE — This  organization  has 
its  headquarters  at  Westerville,  O.  Its  general  superin- 
tendent is  Mr.  Purley  A.  Baker.  Mr.  E.  H.  Cherring- 
ton  and  Mr.  Wm.  E.  Johnson  are  in  charge  of  its  lit- 
erary work. 

The  man  who  laid  the  corner  stone  of  the  mighty 
organization  now  called  the  Anti-Saloon  League  was 
Dr.  Alpha  J.  Kynett,  who  was  also  the  founder  of  the 
Church  Extension  work  of  the  Alethodist  Church.  Dr. 
Kynett  had  been  prominent  in  prohibition  movements 
in  Iowa  and  Pennsylvania  and  his  experience  had  con- 
vinced him  that  there  must  be  an  organization  of  men 
from  everj'  church  and  every  partj',  bound  together 
only  by  their  hostility  to  the  liquor  traffic  and  meeting 
it  with  united  forces  on  every  political  battlefield.  He 
urged  this  upon  the  National  Temperance  Convention 
in  Saratoga  in  1891  and  in  the  Methodist  General  Con- 
ference of  1892,  secured  the  appointment  of  a Perma- 
nent Committee  on  Temperance. 

Dr.  K5mett  and  Rev.  Howard  H.  Russell  were  promi- 
nent in  the  organization  of  the  Ohio  Anti-Saloon 
League,  of-  which  Dr.  Russell  was  named  as  head. 
There  had  been  previous  organizations  of  more  or 
less  local  character  in  both  Ohio  and  Pennsjdvania. 

After  its  organization  in  Ohio  the  Anti-Saloon  League 
entered  the  District  of  Columbia.  A call  for  a conven- 
tion to  effect  a national  organization  was  made  Octo- 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 


37 


ber  18,  1895,  from  Washington,  where  the  convention 
was  held  December  17,  18,  1895. 

The  call  drafted  by  Mr.  Ewin,  a Washington  leader, 
and  sent  out  from  his  office  was  finally  issued  on  Octo- 
ber 18,  1895,  and  the  convention  met  in  Calvary  Baptist 
Sunday  School  house  in  Washington,  D.  C.,  on  Tuesday, 
December  17.  On  Wednesday,  October  18,  1895,  the 
American  Anti-Saloon  League  was  formed  by  _the_  coali- 
tion of  the  Anti-Saloon  League  of  the  District  of 
Columbia,  the  Anti-Saloon  League  of  Ohio,  and  forty- 
five  other  state,  national,  and  local  temperance  organ- 
izations. Hon.  Hiram  Price  of  Washington,  D.  C.,  was 
elected  president;  Rev.  Luther  B.  Wilson,  D.D..  LL.D. 
(Bishop  Wilson),  first  vice-president;  Archbishop  John 
Ireland  of  Minnesota,  second  vice-president ; Rev.  John 
J.  Beacom  of  Pennsylvania,  third  vice-president;  Mr. 
James  L.  Ewin,  recording  secretary;  Mr.  F.  W.  Walsh, 
Jr.,  of  Massachusetts,  treasurer;  Rev.  Howard  H.  Rus- 
sell, superintendent  of  the  Ohio  League,  was  made 
national  superintendent;  and  an  executive  committee 
was  elected,  consisting  of  the  following  members,  in 
addition  to  the  officers:  Hon.  Elijah  A.  Morse,  M.C., 
of  Massachusetts;  Rev.  A.  J.  Kynett,  D.D.,  LL.D..  of 
Pennsylvania;  Bishop  C.  B.  Galloway  of  Mississippi, 
Rev.  Harry  B.  White  of  Ohio,  Bishop  E.  B.  Kephart  of 
Maryland,  Mrs.  Annie  Wittenmyer  of  Pennsylvania, 
Rev.  F.  N.  Lynch  of  West  Virginia,  and  Rev.  F.  M.  Ed- 
wards of  Virginia.  Dr.  Kynett  was  elected  president, 
and  Rev.  Alford  Noon.  Ph.D..  of  Massachusetts  secre- 
tary of  the  National  Board  of  Direction. 

The  death  of  Hon.  Hiram  Price  in  May,  1901,  left 
the  presidency  of  the  National  League  vacant  until  the 
time  of  the  National  Convention,  in  December  of  the 
same  year.  At  this  convention,  Rev.  Luther  B.  Wilson, 
D.D.  (Bishop  Wilson),  was  elected  to  succeed  Mr. 
Price  as  president,  and  has  remained  at  the  head  of 
the  League  from  that  time. 

As  early  as  1892  an  “Anti-Saloon  League”  had  been 
formed  in  Massachusetts,  but  it  was  not  successful. 
When,  however,  the  national  organization  was  per- 
fected, forty-seven  similar  organizations  entered  into 
the  union  for  national  work. 

The  work  of  the  Anti-Saloon  League  at  the  present 
time  is  peculiarly  political,  although  omnipartisan.  It 


38 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 


deals  with  Legislatures  and  legislators  rather  than  with 
the  people  themselves,  going  to  the  people  not  to  advo- 
cate total  abstinence  so  much  as  the  election  of  officials 
who  will  favor  dry  laws.  The  work  of  the  Anti-Saloon 
League  in  influencing  legislation  has  been  remarkably 
successful.  It  is  now  represented  in  every  state. 

APPETITE — Contrary  to  the  general  understand- 
ing, it  is  not  now  believed  by  many  medical  men  that 
appetite  for  liquor  is  inherited.  There  is  inherited, 
however,  a predisposition  to  such  weakness,  so  that  if 
the  child  of  drinking  parents  meddles  with  alcohol,  its 
appetite  for  the  drink  is  much  more  rapidly  developed 
than  would  be  the  case  with  the  child  of  abstaining 
parents.  If,  however,  the  man  with  the  bad  heritage 
abstains  absolutely  he  will  never  be  troubled  by  a crav- 
ing for  liquors. 

The  appetite  for  alcohol  is  not  a natural  demand. 
One  who  is  not  troubled  with  a predispostion  to  such 
appetite  must  cultivate  it  long  before  the  appetite  is 
fastened  upon  him.  The  physical  being  rebels  against 
the  first  drink  of  any  alcoholic  beverage.  This  alone 
is  a refutation  of  the  “food  value”  contention  of  the 
liquor  interests. 

How  Appetite  Pays  Dividends 

The  liquor  trade  must  depend  upon  an  insistent  appe- 
tite for  its  continued  patronage  and  all  of  its  advertis- 
ing, all  of  its  methods,  are  intended  for  the  creation 
of  that  profit-paying  appetite  among  the  people.  To 
this  end  the  social  instinct  is  appealed  to  and  the  nat- 
ural stimulation  impulse.  Special  effort  is  made  to 
encourage  the  beginning  of  the  drink  habit  in  youth. 
“It  is  during  adolescence  that  the  taste  for  alcohol 
declares  itself.  It  is  a noteworthy  fact  that  in  nearly 
ninety  per  cent  of  confirmed  inebriates  the  addiction 
to  drink  began  between  fifteen  and  twenty-five  years 
of  age.”  So  says  Robert  R.  Batty,  the  sociologist. 

The  medical  and  surgical  report  of  the  Belle\Tie  and 
allied  hospitals  of  New  York,  published  in  1904,  reports 
the  answers  given  by  246  patients  to  the  question,  “Why 
did  you  begin  to  drink?”  The  reasons  assigned  were: 
Sociability,  52.5  per  cent;  trouble,  thirteen  per  cent; 
medical  use  9.3  per  cent;  occupation,  seven  per  cent; 
taught  by  elders,  seven  per  cent;  out  of  work,  five  per 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance  39 

cent;  unknown,  five  per  cent;  to  be  thought  sporty,  1.2 
per  cent. 

But  whatever  induced  these  people  to  begin  to  drink, 
it  is  exceedingly  probable  that  they  will  continue  in 
the  practice  to  satisfy  appetite.  It  is  through  the  social 
instinct,  through  very  natural  and  healthy  impulses,  that 
an  appetite  is  engendered  which  pays  dividends  of  gold 
to  the  brewer  and  of  ruin  to  society. 

Illustrating  how  the  habit  of  drinking  liquor  orig- 
inates in  social  pressure,  and  how  the  habit  is  a per- 
sistent cause  of  social  temptation,  Sam  Blythe,  the 
political  writer,  tells  his  experience  in  “Cutting  it  Out.” 
A little  over  three  years  ago,  Blythe  declared  for  the 
arid  path.  Between  September  15,  1911,  and  June  23, 
1913,  312  false  friends  bombarded  him  with  418  bottles 
of  whisky.  Blythe  had  a backbone,  and  it  withstood 
the  assault.  Two  of  his  companions  who  had  given 
him  up  as  hopeless,  began  to  edge  toward  the  bar, 
saying,  “See  you  later.”  “No,”  said  Blythe,  “you  may 
not  care  to  have  me,  but  I am  going  right  along.  I 
will  drink  water,  buttermilk,  or  ginger  ale,  but  I will 
not  stay  here  by  myself.” 

“Why,  Sam,  you  are  welcome,”  said  his  friends, 
according  to  the  Cincinnati  Times-Star. 

“No,  I am  not.  I can  tell  by  the  tone  of  your  voices. 
I spent  the  best  twenty  years  of  my  life  making  a col- 
lection of  drunken  friends,  and  now  I have  no  one  to 
play  with.  But  I’m  going  along,  anyway,”  said  Blythe. 

APPLETON,  JAMES — To  General  James  Appleton 
is  usually  attributed  credit  for  the  enactment  of  the 
famous  Maine  law  in  1846,  and  the  improved  law  of 
1851.  He  was  a member  of  the  Maine  Legislature  in 
1836  and  was  chairman  of  the  legislative  committee 
making  the  prohibition  recommendation.  Although  born 
in  Ipswich,  Mass.,  in  1786,  and  dying  there  in  1862,  he 
was  a resident  of  Portland,  Me.,  from  1833  to  1853. 

ARIZONA — November  3,  1914,  Arizona  voters 
adopted  state-wide  constitutional  prohibition,  effective 
January  1,  1915.  The  law  is  exceedingly  drastic,  pro- 
hibiting importation  of  liquors  for  any  purpose  what- 
ever. 

ARKANSAS — The  Legislature,  January  5,  1915, 
passed  a prohibition  law  which  will  become  effective 
January  1,  1916. 


40 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 


ARMY — Since  the  abolition  of  the  canteen  in  the 
army  by  act  of  Congress  approved  February  2,  1901, 
the  morals  and  health  of  the  soldiers  have  shown  a 
distinct  advance,  and  at  the  present  time  it  is  probable 
that  the  sobriety  of  army  men  is  considerably  above 
the  average  of  civilians.  During  the  Spanish  War 
the  canteen  was  in  full  blast,  soldiers  were  detailed, 
willingly  or  unwillingly,  to  act  as  bartenders,  and  disease 
ran  riot.  Conditions  were  so  scandalous  that  various 
temperance  organizations  conducted  a notable  congres- 
sional fight,  resulting  in  the  abolition  of  the  army  bar. 
Annual  appropriations  aggregating  more  than  $4,000,000 
have  been  made  since  the  canteen  was  abolished  for 
the  establishment  of  permanent  recreation  halls  which 
have  schools,  libraries,  lunch,  amusement  rooms,  and 
gymnasium.  Before  that  time  no  appropriations  for 
this  purpose  had  been  made. 

Deaths  due  to  alcoholism  were  nearly  fifty  per  cent 
less  in  1907  than  in  1901,  having  declined  from  .26  per 
thousand  to  .14  per  thousand.  Admissions  to  hospitals 
for  malarial  diseases  decreased  from  113.33  per  thou- 
sand in  1901  to  30.20  in  1907. 

A Pleasing  Improvement 

Whether  or  not  the  abolition  of  the  canteen  has  had 
a distinct  effect  upon  army  efficiency,  it  is  undoubtedly 
true  that  it  is  vastly  more  efficient  to-day  without  the 
canteen  than  it  was  with  it.  In  1898  a sudden  call  to 
arms  found  the  army  deplorably  unprepared,  with  the 
rank  and  file  at  a low  ebb  of  efficiency,  and  drinking 
rampant  among  officers  of  the  staff  and  the  line.  A 
drinking  bureaucracy  set  the  army  in  motion  and  con- 
sumed sixty  days  in  moving  18,000  soldiers  to  Chatta- 
nooga. Tampa,  and  the  Cuban  coast. 

A drinking  soldiery  fought  its  way  to  victory  with 
the  old-time  courage,  but  succumbed  in  regiments  to 
the  onslaughts  of  fever  and  malaria. 

But  in  1911,  ten  years  after  the  canteen  had  been 
abolished,  when  President  Taft  found  it  necessary  to 
throw  troops  on  the  Mexican  border,  a sober  line  and 
a sober  staff  moved  the  entire  mobile  army  in  seven 
days  an  aggregate  of  thousands  of  miles  without  a 
hitch,  established  a sanitary  camp  in  a climate  to  which 
many  of  the  regiments  were  strange,  and,  in  all  the 
time  they  were  on  the  Texas  line,  the  record  was 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 


41 


hardly  marred  by  a death  from  typhoid  or  malaria,  and 
the  hospitals  were  practically  vacant. 

A great  evil  at  the  present  time  is  the  presence  of 
saloons  and  disreputable  women  near  army  post  ex- 
changes. There  should  be  a remedy  found  for  this 
without  delay. 

Great  Soldiers  Favor  Abstinence 

Almost  without  exception,  the  successful  warriors  of 
the  present  day  are  temperance  advocates.  The  late 
Lord  Roberts  was  earnest  and  persistent  in  his  efforts 
to  wipe  out  drinking  in  the  British  army.  Lord  Kitch- 
ener, who  prohibited  the  carrying  of  liquor  on  the 
Sudan  expedition,  issued  a statement  to  his  troops  at 
the  beginning  of  the  European  war,  asking  them  to 
beware  of  “women  and  drink.”  Lord  Methuen,  General 
French,  Admiral  Beresford,  Admiral  Fisher,  the  late 
Field  Marshal  Lord  Wolseley,  the  late  General  Fred- 
erick Dent  Grant  of  the  American  Army,  Surgeon- 
General  Gorgas  of  the  U.  S.  A.,  and  hundreds  of  other 
eminent  officers  have  expressed  themselves  against  alco- 
hol. (See  Navy;  also  War.) 

ARRESTS  FOR  DRUNKENNESS— Arrests  for 
drunkenness  very  frequently  fall  under  other  denom- 
inations, and  because  of  this  it  is  difficult  to  make  com- 
parisons between  prohibition  and  license  territory.  One 
city  may  have  no  arrests  for  intoxication  or  drunken- 
ness, grouping  everything  of  this  nature  under  the 
head,  “Disorderly  conduct.”  In  still  another  city  the 
police  department  may  use  the  term,  “Disturbing  the 
peace.”  In  some  cities  either  the  term  drunkenness  or 
intoxication  is  used.  In  1914  there  were  661  arrests 
for  “drunkenness”  in  Topeka,  Kan.,  and  much  was  made 
of  this  by  wet  advertisements.  A proper  understand- 
ing of  these  figures  is  dependent  upon  a knowledge  of 
what  constitutes  “drunkenness”  in  the  various  cities. 
In  Chicago,  to  quote  a United  Press  correspondent,  the 
orders  are  not  to  arrest  a drunken  man  until  he  has 
“tried  to  kiss  the  bartender  good-night,”  while  in  New 
York  he  must  be  in  the  gutter  quarreling  with  the  fire 
hydrant  before  he  is  considered  “drunk.”  Judge  Huron 
of  Topeka  in  defining  the  different  standard  in  that 
prohibition  city  said : 

“My  orders^  to  the  force  are  to  bring  in  any  man 
who  gives  evidence  of  having  used  liquor,  no  matter 


42 


Cyclopedia  of  Tempeiance 


of  what  station  in  life.  I have  seen  only  one  man 
staggering  drunk  in  the  last  year.  He  came  from  Kan- 
sas City  in  that  condition. 

“ ‘Drunld  in  Topeka  is  different  from  in  a saloon 
town.  A community  that  receives  the  money  of  the 
saloon  man  must  grant  him  certain  liberties  in  return 
and  not  molest  his  customers.  We  are  independent.  A 
man  is  drunk  in  Topeka  if  he  smells  of  whisky,  if  he 
shows  by  his  voice,  his  walk,  or  his  gestures  that  he  has 
been  drinking.  He  is  drunk  and  disorderly  if  his  tongue 
is  so  loosened  by  drink,  if  his  legs  are  so  affected  by 
drink,  or  his  appearance  so  changed  that  he  attracts 
attention.  If  he  attracts  attention  to  the  fact  that  he 
has  been  drinking,  he  disturbs  the  peace. 

“If  I were  judge  in  Kansas  City,  I probably  would 
discharge  nine  tenths  of  all  I fine  here.  The  conditions 
are  different. 

“Yet,  with  this  interpretation  of  ‘drunld  and  ‘drunk 
and  disorderly,’  we  have  fewer  arrests  per  capita  than 
scores  of  wet  cities  where  a man  may  roll  in  the  gutter 
and  lie  unnoticed  by  the  police.  I have  seen  more  real 
drunks  in  three  blocks  in  Kansas  City  in  half  an  hour 
than  I have  seen  in  Topeka  in  thirty  years.’’ 

Really  Only  Fifty-three  “Drunks” 

There  were  really  only  fifty-three  arrests  in  1914  in 
Topeka  for  actual  intoxication,  instead  of  661.  In 
Chicago,  in  1913,  there  were  54,738  arrests  for  “dis- 
orderly conduct,’’  a euphonious  title  for  drunkenness. 
If  Chicago  had  had  the  same  rate  as  Topeka,  the  total 
number  of  arrests  for  gross  intoxication  would  have 
been  2,650,  instead  of  54,738.  If  the  number  of  her 
arrests  for  intoxication  had  even  been  as  low  as  the 
total  number  of  arrests  in  Topeka  for  drinking,  she 
would  have  had  33,050,  instead  of  54,738. 

In  Houston,  Tex.,  just  about  twice  the  size  of  Topeka, 
during  the  same  time,  there  were  about  sixty-five  hun- 
dred arrests  on  the  charge  of  drunkenness.  Twice  the 
population,  about  ten  times  the  number  of  drunks,  and 
Houston  is  a dry  town  compared  to  a great  many  others. 

Other  Cities  Show  Similar  Things 

Topeka  has  only  twenty-nine  policemen,  whereas  the 
average  for  twenty  American  cities  with  a population 
of  43,000  to  49,000  is  forty-six  policemen.  There  is 
just  about  the  same  discrepancy  in  the  average  arrests. 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 


43 


Dr.  W.  L-  Treadway  of  the  Russell  Sage  Foundation, 
in  a report  of  the  survey  of  Springfield,  111.,  says: 

“The  exact  number  of  arrests  in  1913  in  which  drunk- 
enness was  the  direct  contributing  cause  is  not  known. 
The  records  show  762  arrests  for  drunkenness,  126  for 
drunkenness  and  disorderly  conduct,  one  each  for 
‘drunkenness  and  fighting,’  and  for  ‘drunkenness  and 
threats,’  and  two  in  which  the  charge  was  ‘drunk  and 
demented.’  In  all  there  were  856  arrests  in  which 
drunkenness  was  specifically  charged.  In  addition  to 
these,  there  were  842  arrests  for  disorderly  conduct, 
eighty- four  for  vagrancy,  and  seventy-three  for  begging, 
in  many  of  which  cases  drunkenness  was  probably  the 
direct  contributing  cause  of  arrest.’’ 

During  the  year  1913,  802  cases  were  tried  before  the 
judge  of  police  court  in  the  city  of  Dogansport,  Ind. 
Of  this  number  421  were  for  intoxication.  During  the 
same  year,  ninety  out  of  192  arrests  at  Seymour,  and 
sixty  out  of  180  in  Muncie  were  for  intoxication.  Judge 
James  A.  Collins  of  Indianapolis  says  that  of  49,916 
cases  coming  before  him  during  the  past  four  years, 
9,610  were  for  intoxication,  besides  many  more  for 
crimes  traceable  to  liquor. 

There  were  30,649  arrests  in  New  Orleans  in  1913. 
About  twenty-seven  per  cent  of  this  number  were  ar- 
rested for  drunkenness. 

An  interesting  comparison  of  Massachusetts  cities, 
showing  the  relative  number  of  arrests  under  license 
and  under  local  prohibition  gives  the  following  results 


Brockton,  Mass.,  1898,  under  license,  ar- 
rests for  drunkenness  1,627 

Same  city,  1899,  under  no  license 455 

Waltham,  Mass.,  1900,  under  license,  ar- 
rests for  drunkenness  634 

Same  city,  1901,  under  no  license 179 

Lowell,  Mass.,  1902,  under  license,  arrests 

for  drunkenness  4,077 

Same  city,  1903,  under  no  license 2,304 

Salem,  Mass.,  1903,  under  license,  arrests 

for  drunkenness  1,432 

Same  city,  1904,  under  no  license 503 

Fitchburg,  Mass.,  1905,  under  license,  ar- 
rests for  drunkenness 1,160 

Same  city,  1906,  under  no  license 359 


44 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 


The  last  legislative  session  in  Massachusetts  directed 
the  governor  to  appoint  a special  commission  to  inves- 
tigate drunkenness  and  drinking  in  that  state.  This 
commission  found  that  public  drinking  caused  63.4  per 
cent  of  all  arrests  and  67.6  of  all  commitments  in  1913. 
The  number  of  arrests  in  Topeka  on  all  charges  which 
involved  drinking  was  only  about  thirty-five  per  cent. 

At  Clarksburg,  W.  Va.,  in  June,  the  last  month  of 
saloons,  there  were  261  arrests,  of  which  196  were  for 
drunkenness.  In  July,  the  first  month  under  prohibi- 
tion, there  were  but  thirty-seven  arrests,  with  only 
seven  for  drunkenness. 

After  all,  the  young  man  drunk  is  very  frequently 
simply  his  father’s  vote  staggering  around. 

ARTMAN,  SAMUEL  R. — In  1906  Mr.  Artman, 
judge  of  the  Twentieth  Judiciary  Circuit  of  Indiana,  in 
the  case  of  Albert  Soltau  versus  Schuyler  Young  and 
William  J.  Trefts,  ruled  that  the  state  of  Indiana  had 
no  right  to  authorize  the  licensing  of  a saloon  and 
declared  the  saloon  license  statute  of  Indiana  to  be  un- 
constitutional. The  whole  subject  is  discussed  at  length 
by  Judge  Artman  in  “The  Legalized  Outlaw.” 

ASZzl — The  consumption  of  alcoholic  liquors  in  Asia 
is  very  much  less  than  in  Europe  and  America,  but 
these  countries  fail  to  reap  the  full  advantage  of  their 
abstinence  because  of  their  addiction  to  other  narcotic 
substances.  The  use  of  alcohol  is  also  increasing  rap- 
idly in  India,  China,  Japan,  and  other  Asiatic  coun- 
tries which  come  under  the  influence  of  the  Christian 
nations.  (For  Turkey,  see  “Koran.”) 

ATHLETICS — The  use  of  liquor  by  a college  ath- 
lete in  America  at  the  present  day  would  be  consid- 
ered by  his  fellows  as  nothing  short  of  insanity  or 
treason.  Alcoholic  beverages  of  no  kind  are  permitted 
to  a man  in  training  and  there  is  no  difference  of 
opinion  among  college  athletes  as  to  their  lack  of  value 
at  other  times. 

In  baseball  probably  fifty  per  cent  of  professional 
players  never  touch  liquor  in  any  form,  although  no 
other  class  of  men  are  subjected  to  such  temptation. 

Connie  Mack,  manager  of  the  Philadelphia  Athletics, 
the  baseball  team  which  won  the  world’s  championship 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 


45 


in  1910,  1911,  and  1913,  says:  “Alcohol  is  practically 
eliminated  from  baseball.  I have  twenty-five  players. 
Of  that  number  fifteen  do  not  know  the  taste  of  liquor.” 
He  further  says:  “Baseball  men  are  not  now  of  the 
drinking  class.  The  fact  is  that  a big  league  player 
has  to  be  in  trim  day  in  and  day  out,  or  he  is  sent 
to  the  minors.  It’s  the  survival  of  the  fittest.” 

The  famous  “million-dollar  infield”  of  the  Athletics 
is  composed  entirely  of  abstainers,  and  ninety  per  cent 
of  the  “stars”  on  other  teams  abstain.  Mr.  Hugh  Ful- 
lerton, now  with  the  United  Press,  the  leading  baseball 
writer  of  the  United  States,  in  conversation  with  the 
Research  Secretary  of  the  Temperance  Society  of  the 
Methodist  Episcopal  Church,  said : 

“I  was  at  a training  camp  in  the  South  in  the  spring 
and  became  interested  in  a young  fellow  who  seemed 
to  have  a bright  baseball  future.  I found  him  drinking 
beer  one  day  and  warned  him  that  it  would  send  him 
back  to  the  minors  quicker  than  anything  else. 

“ ‘O,  a little  beer  won’t  hurt  me ; it’s  good  for  me,’ 
he  said. 

“I  knew  better  and  I wanted  to  prove  what  I knew, 
so  I took  a baseball  guide  of  1904,  made  a list  of 
players,  and  followed  them  through  the  successive 
guides  up  to  1914. 

“From  the  major  league  roster  of  1904  I selected  the 
names  of  thirty  players  who  drank  intoxicants  and 
thirty  who  did  not  drink,  choosing  only  those  who  were 
known  by  me  as  drinkers  or  abstainers.  I traced  each 
one  to  see  what  has  become  of  them.  Here  is  a table: 

Drinkers. 

1904  1905  1906  1907  1908  1909  1910  1911  1912  1913  1914 
30  26  20  15  *9  4 4 2 2 2 *2 

*One  quit  drinking. 

Non-drinkers. 

1904  1905  1906  1907  1908  1909  1910  1911  1912  1913  1914 
30  28  28  24  21  16  12  10  9 9 8 

“Mind,  these  men  are  classed  as  ‘drinkers,’  not  drunk- 

ards. Not  more  than  four  called  drinkers  ever  were 
drunkards.  They  were  ‘moderate’  drinkers.  Several 
of  the  nondrinkers  had  occasionally  taken  a drink,  but 
were  not  drinkers.  The  others  were  total  abstainers. 


46 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 


“The  figures  interested  me  so  much  I investigated 
as  to  their  present  physical  and  financial  welfare.  This 
resulted  in  another  table: 

Non- 

Drinkers.  Drinkers. 

Down-and  out  8 1 

Medium  5 9 

Prosperous  3*  16 

Dead  9 2 

Unaccounted  for  5 2 

*Two  of  them  still  in  game. 

“Most  of  these  statistics  in  the  second  table  came  from 
either  talking  with  the  players  or  from  letters  they 
wrote  in  reply  to  my  queries.  Five  of  the  drinkers 
responded  quickly  and  asked  for  a loan. 

“I  could  not  ascertain  all  the  causes  of  death.  Here 
is  the  result  of  the  effort  in  that  direction: 

“Nondrinkers — Appendicitis,  one;  pneumonia,  one. 

“Drinkers — Kidney  disease,  four;  consumption,  one; 
suicide,  one;  accident,  one. 

“The  other  two  dropped  out  of  sight  before  they 
died;  one  a bum  and  the  other  reported  in  care  of  old 
friends. 

“My  investigation  did  not  stop  there,  however.  I 
took  up  the  matter  of  batting  and  I found  that  the 
abstainers  showed  much  better  records  than  the  drink- 
ers, although  the  latter  class  included  a few  of  the 
great  stars  of  the  game  who  tended  to  bring  up  the 
average  greatly. 

“I  have  watched  this  matter  of  drinking  in  athletics 
for  a long  time  and  there  are  no  two  sides  to  it.  One 
of  the  greatest  baseball  machines  of  the  present  genera- 
tion was  shot  to  pieces  by  beer.  The  manager  did  not 
wish  to  be  hard  on  his  players,  so  when  he  found  them 
with  a glass  of  beer  he’d  say,  ‘O,  that’s  all  right,  but 
don’t  drink  too  much.’  Every  year  they  drank  a little 
more,  and  in  the  end  it  smashed  the  machine. 

“I  remember  a splendid  player  who  had  been  with  a 
losing  team  for  a long  time  and  who  was  very  nearly 
discouraged  because  he  had  no  chance  to  show  what 
was  in  him.  I arranged  a trade  by  which  he  was 
brought  to  another  team.  I noticed  that  instead  of 
shining,  as  I expected  he  would,  his  record  got  worse 
and  worse.  At  the  end  of  the  season  I saw  him.  He 
was  forty  pounds  over  weight. 

“What’s  the  matter  with  you,”  I asked. 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 


47 


“ ‘As  soon  as  I got  here,’  he  said,  ‘I  found  a barrel 
of  beer  in  the  clubhouse  and  this  is  what  it  has  done 
to  me.  This  team  would  be  the  champion  team  to-day 
if  it  were  not  for  booze.’  ” 

“Billy”  Sunday,  who  was  one  of  the  greatest  players 
of  all  time,  himself  shows  what  booze  does  for  the 
athlete,  when  he  says : 

“I  was  reading  the  other  day  of  the  passing  of  ‘Rube’ 
Waddell — only  thirty-seven  and  gone.  He  was  one  of 
the  brightest  and  brainiest  men  in  baseball,  but  he 
couldn’t  beat  the  booze  game.  The  ‘Rube,’  Matty,  Plank, 
and  ‘Bugs’  Raymond  started  in  baseball  at  the  same 
time.  All  were  pitchers.  Two  started  on  the  wrong 
road  and  two  on  the  right  road.  Two  are  dead,  ‘Bugs’ 
and  ‘Rube.’  Matty  is  as  good  as  ever,  the  king  in  his 
line,  and  when  he  gets  so  he  can’t  put  anything  on  the 
ball  he’ll  go  to  work  training  young  pitchers  at  a 
dazzling  salary.  Plank,  grand  old  man,  is  getting  along, 
but  he  can  pitch  a great  game.  He  and  Matty  are 
honored  by  men  in  every  walk  of  life  because  they  fol- 
lowed the  right  path.  ‘Rube’  and  ‘Bugs’  are  dead. 
Does  it  pay?” 

The  contest  board  of  the  American  Automobile  Asso- 
ciation now  prohibits  not  only  the  use  of  liquors  by 
drivers,  mechanicians,  and  officials  of  races,  but  refuses 
to  sanction  any  race  at  which  liquor  is  sold  on  the 
grounds. 

AUSTRALASIA — Australia  proper  consists  of  six 
states — New  South  Wales,  Queensland,  South  Australia, 
Tasmania,  Victoria,  and  Western  Australia.  Together 
with  New  Zealand,  these  constitute  Australasia. 

The  prohibition  movement  in  Australia  and  New 
Zealand  has  very  nearly  paralleled  the  movement  in 
.America.  Almost  every  phase  experienced  in  this 
country  has  been  experienced  there,  and  with  similar 
results  in  every  case.  In  New  Zealand  it  is  estimated 
that  from  sixty-nine  to  seventy-three  per  cent  of  the 
entire  electorate  has  voted  for  prohibition  in  the  local 
elections.  The  temperance  movement  is  handicapped 
by  a requirement  of  three-fifths  majority  before  the 
saloons  can  be  ousted.  Naturally,  the  prohibitionists 
have  bitterly  fought  this  provision  and  point  to  the 
fact  that  the  actual  vote  in  favor  of  prohibition  through- 
out the  whole  dominion  has  already  exceeded  fifty-five 


48 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 


per  cent,  although  the  law  proposed  was  the  most  dras- 
tic ever  put  forward  in  any  country.  One  election  has 
been  held  since  the  outbreak  of  war,  at  which  the  pro- 
hibitionists barely  held  their  own,  due  to  the  fact  that 
the  people  were  absorbed  with  military  developments. 

“It  is  now  nip  and  tuck  between  New  Zealand  and 
the  United  States  as  to  which  will  be  the  first  real 
prohibition  country,”  says  Mr.  Wesley  Spragg,  presi- 
dent of  the  New  Zealand  Temperance  Alliance,  in  a 
letter  written  for  the  Temperance  Society,  and  he  adds, 
“We  hope  to  lead,  but  if  we  are  beaten,  no  country 
under  the  sun  will  less  grudge  the  good  fortune  of  the 
United  States  than  New  Zealand.” 

In  both  Queensland  and  South  Australia  there  is 
steady  progress.  Regulation  is  becoming  stricter  con- 
stantly and  there  is  a healthy  growth  in  prohibition 
sentiment.  In  Tasmania  full  local  option  will  come  into 
force  on  January  1,  1917,  and  a similar  measure  is  in 
prospect  for  Western  Australia.  In  Victoria,  in  the 
six  years,  1906-12,  no  less  than  613  saloons  were  closed. 

The  American  people  are  quite  justified  in  having  a 
warm  feeling  of  interest  in  the  temperance  movement 
of  New  Zealand  and  Australia,  for  in  characteristics 
and  customs  the  people  are  a happy  mean  between 
Americans  and  Englishmen,  while  the  feeling  of  friend- 
ship is  apparently  very  nearly  as  strong  for  the  United 
States  as  for  Great  Britain. 

As  an  illustration  of  how  rapidly  sentiment  is  grow- 
ing, especially  in  New  Zealand,  we  give  below  a table 
showing  the  vote  by  years  for  continuance  of  saloons; 
for  a reduction  in  the  number  of  saloons;  and  for  no 
license: 


Year  Continnance.  Reduction.  No-License. 

1896  139,580  94,555  98,312 

1899  143,962  109,449  120,542 

1902  148,449  132,249  151,524 

1905  182,884  151,057  198,765 

1908  118,140  162,562  221,471 


And  to  show  that  the  effect  of  prohibition  is  the 
same  wherever  it  is  tried,  at  least  among  English-speak- 
ing peoples ; In  twelve  no-license  electorates  of  Ne« 
Zealand,  with  a population  of  160,996,  the  convictions 
for  drunkenness  for  six  months  were  165 and  in  Tm- 
hape,  a license  community,  with  a population  of  1,577. 
convictions  for  drunkenness  during  the  same  period  of 
time  were  143. 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance  49 

AUSTRIA-HUNGARY — (For  development  since 
the  war,  see  “War.”) 

The  present  temperance  movement  of  Austria-Hun- 
gary began  about  1884  and  has  since  won  the  allegiance 
of  such  eminent  men  as  Professor  Kassowitz,  Dr.  Gus- 
tav Rossler,  and  Dr.  Holitscher. 

In  1902  a law  was  passed  making  provision  for  tem- 
perance instruction  in  primary  schools  and  in  1912  the 
Minister  of  Education  commanded  such  instruction  for 
all  the  normal  school  pupils.  A significant  utterance  of 
the  Austrian  war  office  in  1912  applied  to  the  Third 
National  Anti-Alcoholic  Congress.  This  utterance 
reads : 

“In  view  of  the  importance  of  the  influence  of  the 
prevalent  drinking  customs  on  the  physical  capacity 
and  discipline  of  the  troops,  officers,  and  military  offi- 
cials are  allowed  to  attend  the  sessions  of  the  Congress.” 

The  growing  sentiment  of  prominent  men  is  indicated 
somewhat  by  the  following  statement  by  Dr.  Victor 
Adler,  the  Austrian  Socialist  leader : 

“The  alcohol  question  is,  according  to  my  inmost  con- 
viction, a veritable  life  question.  * * * Alcohol  is  a 
poison  which  destroys  our  most  important  organ,  the 
brain,  the  instrument  with  which  we,  as  a party,  obtain 
all  that  we  can  obtain.  * * * 'Po  attain  its  end  the 
working  class  must  be  intellectually  and  physically  fitted 
for  its  struggle.” 

In  Hungary,  the  government  has  especially  applied 
itself  to  a consideration  of  the  consumption  of  alcohol 
by  children.  An  appeal  to  Hungarian  women,  signed 
by  the  daughter  of  the  King  of  the  Belgians,  was  also 
signed  by  such  eminent  women  as  Countess  Elemer 
Lonvay,  Princess  Royal  of  Belgium ; Princess  Clovis 
de  Hohenlohe,  nee  Countess  de  Majlath;  Countess 
Casky,  Countess  Apponyi,  Countess  Bissengen,  Coun- 
tess Dominique  Teleki,  Countess  Alexandre  Teleki, 
Baroness  Balintett,  Etelka  Kamenytzky  (President 
Women’s  Anti-Alcohol  Union),  and  twenty  others. 

BACCHUS — The  Greek  name  was  Dionysos,  but  in 
Latin  he  was  called  Bacchus.  According  to  mythology, 
Bacchus  was  the  son  of  Jupiter  and  Semele,  daughter 
of  Cadmus,  king  of  Thebes.  He  is  supposed  to  have 
been  the  originator  of  the  art  of  wine-making. 


50  Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 

The  Greeks  honored  Dionysos,  or  Bacchus,  by  four 
annual  feasts,  which  seem  to  have  been  the  most  debas- 
ing festivals  the  aesthetic  Greeks  ever  countenanced. 
Immorality  of  the  grossest  kind  was  often  permitted. 
In  the  year  186  B.  C.  the  Roman  Senate  prohibited  the 
rites  of  Bacchanalian  worship. 

BALKAN  COUNTRIES — The  prowess  of  the  Bul- 
garians and  the  inhabitants  of  the  other  Balkan  coun- 
tries during  the  Turkish  War  was  greatly  due  to  the 
splendid  physical  condition  of  their  men.  In  Bulgaria 
the  consumption  of  alcohol  per  capita  in  1906  was  only 
2.7  liters,  as  opposed  to  172.3  in  Bavaria.  In  Monte- 
negro chastity  and  temperance  are  national  virtues.  In 
Roumania  the  conditions  are  not  so  satisfactory,  as 
the  state  monopoly  of  the  liquor  trade  has  been  very 
detrimental  to  the  sobriety  of  the  people.  In  Servia  a 
small  temperance  movement  has  gained  a footing  and 
seems  to  have  an  encouraging  future. 

BANDS  OF  HOPE — These  are  temperance  organ- 
izations for  children,  first  organized  in  the  United 
Kingdom.  The  first  society  by  this  name  was  formed 
in  England  in  October,  1847.  The  origin  of  the  first 
Band  of  Hope  is  attributed  to  the  joint  efforts  of  Mrs. 
Carlisle  of  Dublin  and  the  Rev.  Jabez  Linnicliff,  a 
Baptist  minister  of  Leeds,  in  August,  1847.  These 
organizations  spread  rapidly  throughout  England,  Ire- 
land, Scotland,  and  Wales,  and  built  up  a large  mem- 
bership of  boys  and  girls  who  signed  its  total  abstinence 
pledge.  About  the  middle  of  the  nineteenth  century  this 
name  began  to  be  used  for  juvenile  temperance  socie- 
ties in  the  United  States,  but  the  name  has  generally 
been  changed  to  “Loyal  Temperance  Legion.”  (See 
that  subject.) 

BANK  DEPOSITS — The  relative  effect  of  prohibi- 
tion and  license  upon  bank  deposits  has  been  carefully 
studied  by  the  Temperance  Society,  and  the  results  of 
these  investigations  may  be  found  under  the  heads 
Kansas,  West  Virginia,  and  Local  Prohibition. 

BEER — In  producing  beer,  the  grain,  probably  bar- 
ley, is  first  soaked  in  water  for  about  fifty  hours,  then 
spread  out  and  allowed  to  get  warm,  causing  the  grain 
to  sprout  and  form  a ferment  called  diastase.  In  twenty 
hours  the  grain  is  spread  out  in  thin  layers  and  allowed 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 


51 


to  continue  its  growth  for  ten  to  fourteen  days.  It  is 
then  roasted  over  a kiln  and  becomes  malt.  The  sprouts 
are  then  rubbed  off  the  grain  which  is  crushed,  placed 
in  a mash  tub  with  water,  kept  at  a temperature  of  160 
degrees  for  six  hours,  hops  added  to  give  it  a bitter 
taste,  yeast  added,  and  the  whole  allowed  to  ferment 
for  six  to  eight  days.  It  is  then  put  into  settling  vats 
to  clear,  and  barreled  up  for  sale. 

The  sprouting,  soaking,  and  growth  of  the  yeast  plant 
in  the  liquid  destroys  practically  all  of  the  food  value 
of  the  original  grain.  Frequently  sulphuric  acid,  arsenic, 
and  other  virulent  poisons  enter  into  the  manufacture 
of  beer.  When  the  amount  of  alcohol  in  the  beer 
reaches  thirteen  and  one-half  per  cent  it  poisons  the 
yeast  fungus  which  has  produced  it  and  stronger  liquors 
must  be  made  by  the  process  of  distillation. 

How  Beer  Consumption  Has  Grown 

The  period  of  the  greatest  increase  in  the  consump- 
tion of  liquors  has  corresponded  closely  with  the  period 
of  greatest  growth  in  the  use  of  beer.  In  1850,  when 
practically  no  beer  was  used  in  America,  the  consump- 
tion of  spirituous  liquors  in  the  United  States  was  2.24 
gallons  per  capita,  and  in  1910  this  had  been  reduced 
to  1.42  gallons.  But  while  beer  has  caused  a decreased 
consumption  of  whisky  and  similar  drinks,  the  per 
capita  consumption  of  absolute  alcohol  has  increased, 
since  1850,  thirty-seven  per  cent.  In  other  words,  the 
amount  of  alcohol  contributed  to  individual  consump- 
tion by  spirits  decreased  thirty-five  per  cent,  but  the 
amount  contributed  by  beer  increased  1,000  per  cent, 
so  that  at  the  end  of  the  period  the  average  American 
was  using  thirty-seven  per  cent  more  of  pure  alcohol 
than  before  beer  drinking  became  common  in  America. 

Beer  is  not  in  any  sense  to  be  considered  a temper- 
ance agenc}'.  Rather,  our  experience  in  America  per- 
mits us  to  agree  with  Dr.  Hugo  Koppe,  the  famous 
nerve  specialist  of  Koenigsburg,  Germany,  when  he 
says ; 

“The  result  of  extolling  beer  as  the  mightiest  enemy 
of  whisky  and  brandy  has  been  that  the  consumption 
of  the  distilled  liquors  has  changed  very  little,  while 
to  these  liquors  has  been  added  beer,  the  use  of  which 
has  led  to  a great  and  still-increasing  beer  alcoholism. 
Because  the  symptoms  of  chronic  alcoholism  appear 


52 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 


more  slowly,  and  are  less  readily  observable  in  the 
heavy  beer  drinker  than  in  the  whisky  drinker,  the 
former  is  by  far  more  frequently  met  than  the  latter. 
But  thousands  and  tens  of  thousands  of  men  who  take 
their  daily  pint  are  rendered  stupid,  silly,  and  dissolute 
by  beer.” 

The  Vast  Production 

The  growth  of  the  beer  habit  is  cursing  the  world 
with  a very  flood  of  poisonous  liquor. 

It  is  estimated  that  the  production  of  beer  in  the 
world  in  1913  was  282,078,000  barrels,  which  is  equiva- 
lent to  approximately  8,750,000,000  gallons.  The  immen- 
sity of  these  figures  is  not  intelligible  until  we  begin 
to  compare  this  volume  of  beer  with  other  large  aggre- 
gations of  liquid. 

The  world’s  production  of  beer  would  make  a river 
six  feet  deep,  ten  feet  wide,  and  as  long  as  the  Missis- 
sippi. It  would  fill  the  Panama  Canal,  or  keep  Niagara 
Falls  going  for  several  hours.  In  Scotland  it  would 
fill  Loch  Lomond,  or  it  would  keep  the  many  fountains 
of  the  city  of  Paris  running  six  months. 

It  required  27,648  breweries  to  manufacture  this  flood 
of  liquid  refreshment,  producing  on  an  average  10,200 
barrels.  The  United  States  leads  the  world  in  the 
production  of  beer,  being  responsible  for  slightly  more 
than  one  fifth  of  the  world’s  output.  Every  man, 
woman,  and  child  in  the  United  States  was  entitled  to 
twenty-two  gallons  of  beer  as  his  share  of  the  produc- 
tion, but  this  was  far  less  than  the  average  Bavarian 
was  expected  to  get  away  with,  his  quota  being  sixty- 
one  gallons,  and  the  Belgian  takes  second  rank  as  a 
hearty  beer  drinker,  with  fifty-eight  gallons  per  capita. 
The  Spaniard  gets  only  half  a gallon  of  beer  in  the 
course  of  a year,  while  the  Japanese  must  content  him- 
self with  only  a single  glass. 

A Vice  of  the  Cities 

The  vice  of  beer  drinking  is  peculiarly  a city  vice  in 
the  United  States.  “Probably  nine  tenths  of  the  beer 
is  consumed  by  the  adult  male  population  in  urban 
communities,”  said  President  Edward  A.  Schmidt  of 
the  United  States  Brewers’  Association,  in  speaking  to 
its  last  convention  in  New  Orleans.  Inadvertently,  in 
this  statement  President  Schmidt  admitted  that  nine 
tenths  of  the  beer  is  consumed  in  license  territory. 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance  53 

The  most  evil  thing  about  beer  is  its  apparent  harm- 
lessness. Inevitably,  the  first  drink  isn’t  whisky,  it’s 
beer,  and  it  is  taken  early  in  life.  The  saloon  depends 
upon  beer,  not  whisky,  to  win  new  customers.  And  yet 
both  in  Germany,  which  is  generally  considered  the 
home  of  the  drink,  and  in  the  United  States,  scientific 
and  medical  men  well  understand  the  harmful  nature 
of  this  beverage.  Long  ago,  Baron  Justus  von  Liebig, 
the  eminent  German  scientist,  in  his  “Chemische  Briefe,” 
said : 

“It  is  now  possible  to  demonstrate  with  mathematical 
certainty  that,  so  far  as  enriching  the  blood  is  con- 
cerned, the  flour  that  will  lie  on  the  point  of  a knife 
affords  more  nourishment  than  four  measures  of  the 
best  Bavarian  beer;  and  that  anybody  who  drinks  a 
measure  of  beer  daily  would  thus  imbibe  in  one  year 
about  as  much  nourishment  as  is  contained  in  a pound 
of  bread.” 

Similar  opinions  are  held  in  other  countries  where 
they  consume  beer  and  “light  liquors.”  Sully-Prud- 
homme  is  responsible  for  this  statement,  which  hardly 
jibes  with  what  the  brewers  tell  us : 

“All  in  all  my  opinion  as  to  alcohol  in  all  its  forms 
is,  that  it  is  fitted,  thanks  to  the  devastation  it  brings 
about  in  the  nervous  system,  to  animalize  people  in  all 
grades  of  society  and,  sooner  or  later,  to  annihilate  the 
superiority  which  man  has  slowly  acquired  over  the 
anthropoid  ape.” 

And  Professor  Nothnagel  of  Vienna  says : “It  is  a 
sin  to  give  children  wine  or  beer.  It  is  criminal  to 
teach  that  wine  nourishes.  The  dreadful  neurasthenia 
of  our  day  is  due  just  to  this  early  use  of  alcohol. 
Those  who  say  that  alcohol  is  a poison  are  wholly 
right.” 

Neither  do  many  scientific  men  or  sociologists  in 
Germany  agree  with  the  brewers  that  beer  drives  out 
stronger  liquors.  Professor  Strumpel  of  Breslau,  Ger- 
many, says “Nothing  is  more  erroneous  than  to  think 
of  diminishing  the  destructive  effects  of  alcoholism  by 
substituting  beer  for  other  alcoholic  drinks.” 

Why  Beer  is  Stupefying 

Beer  derives  from  hops  a bitter-tasting,  sticky 
substance  which  forms  the  active  element  of  the 
Oriental  narcotic — hasheesh.  This  discovery,  credited 
to  Professor  Reinitzer  of  the  Polytechnic  at  Graz,  is 


54 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 


declared  by  other  European  scientists  to  account  for 
the  “undoubted  stupefying  effects  of  beer.” 

Judge  Lang  of  Zurich  says : “Brandy  makes  a man 
sick,  but  beer  makes  him  stupid” ; and  Dr.  Delbrueck  de- 
clares that  all  civilization  must  send  forth  the  slogan, 
“War  on  Beer.” 

Hasheesh  is  a narcotic  made  by  the  natives  of  India, 
Turkey,  and  other  countries  from  the  leaves,  flowers, 
and  stocks  of  the  hemp  plant.  Long  ago  it  was  the 
custom  of  Eastern  despots,  when  assigning  to  servants 
the  duty  of  assassination,  to  intoxicate  them  with 
hasheesh,  and  from  the  similar  sound  we  are  said  to 
derive  our  word,  “assassin.”  The  drug  has  a peculiar, 
brutalizing  effect.  It  pulls  in  the  nerves  from  the 
finger  tips  to  the  inner  recesses  as  a cat  draws  in  its 
claws.  The  victim  is  left  unperceptive,  unresponsive, 
and  in  time  is  degraded  to  the  level  of  the  grunting  hog. 

Hops  is  very  closely  related  to  hemp.  Says  Professor 
Reinitzer,  “In  the  female  blossom  of  the  Indian  plant 
as  in  the  female  blossom  of  the  hops  we  find  glands 
holding  a narcotic,  bitter-tasting,  sticl^  substance  which 
forms  the  active  element  of  the  hasheesh  from  Indian 
hemp.  This  is  used  by  the  various  Mohammedan  peo- 
ple of  South  and  West  Africa,  as  opium  elsewhere  for 
narcotic  purposes.” 

The  “Philistinism”  of  the  Beer-Drinker 

To  the  hops  rather  than  to  alcohol  Professor  Rein- 
itzer attributes  “that  stupefaction  which  marks  the 
‘Beer  Philistine.’  ” He  further  says,  “Such  an  expres- 
sion as  wine  or  whisky  Philistine  is  inconceivable. 
Beer  drinking  has  apparently  a special  action  on  the 
nervous  system  which  leads  to  that  clumsy,  provincial 
heaviness  of  mind  one  can  observe  most  strikingly  in 
the  beer  drinker.  Also,  the  hops  contributes  to  the 
pathological,  burning  thirst  of  the  beer  drinker  and  to 
the  injurious  effects  on  the  kidneys.” 

The  few  benighted  ones  who  still  imagine  that  in 
Europe,  and  especially  in  Germany,  there  is  no  preju- 
dice against  the  use  of  “light  drinks”  may  read  with 
very  great  profit  the  above  expressions  from  eminent 
Germans. 

American  medical  opinion  is  well  expressed  by  Dr. 
Howard  A.  Kelly  of  Johns  Hopkins  University.  Dr. 
Kelly  is  one  of  the  most  eminent  surgeons  of  the 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 


55 


United  States,  and  he  makes  this  statement:  “I  con- 
sider with  eminent  German  authorities  of  enormous 
experience  that  beer  is  exceedingly  injurious  and  dan- 
gerous as  a beverage.  It  has  no  scientific  medical  en- 
dorsements of  which  I know.” 

The  Program  of  Moderation 

The  brewers  and  saloon  keepers  tell  us  that  beer  will 
make  Americans  a “moderate-drinking  people.”  The 
St.  Louis  Star  has  located  a saloon  advertisement  in 
that  city  which  tells  how  they  intend  to  do  it.  Here  it 
is : 

“Free!  Free!  Free!  To  introduce  our  Large  Beers 
we  will  give  one  free  to  anyone  who  buys  and  drinks 
four  Bar  Beers  in  ten  minutes.  Our  Beers  hold  forty 
ounces  or  three  five-cent  bottles.  No  glasses  are  large 
enough  to  hold  one  of  our  Beers.  The  capacity  of  the 
human  stomach  is  one  gallon.  You  can  have  your 
capacity  filled  best  at  the  New  Home  Liquor  Store,  1525 
Market  Street.” 

The  editor  of  the  Northwestern  Christian  Advocate 
says  that  recently  while  sitting  beside  a police  judge 
whose  court  was  in  session,  he  asked  that  each  one 
appearing  on  the  charge  of  drunkenness,  or  assault  due 
to  drunkenness,  should  be  questioned  as  to  what  he  had 
been  drinking.  Out  of  eighteen  cases  fifteen  said  they 
had  been  drinking  beer.  Three  old  topers  had  been 
using  whisky.  About  half  of  the  beer  cases  involved 
assault  and  battery  or  destruction  of  property. 

It  is  suggested  that  the  next  time  anyone  points  to 
beer-drinking  in  Germany  as  a solution  of  the  liquor 
problem  this  quotation  from  Dr.  Von  Bunge  of  the 
University  of  Basel,  Switzerland,  be  submitted  for 
further  discussion : 

“Such  horrors  as  a great  modern  joint-stock  brewery 
perpetrates  are  unrivaled  in  the  whole  world’s  history. 
Men  in  past  centuries  were  made  chattel  slaves.  But 
the  slaves  kept  their  health.  Men  have  been  killed  by 
thousands;  but  the  children  of  the  murdered  remained 
strong.  Now  they  make  slaves  of  them  and  murder 
them  at  the  same  time.  They  kill  them  together  with 
their  children  and  children’s  children.  They  kill  them 
slowly;  they  torture  them  slowly  to  death.” 


56 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 


The  quotation  is  from  “Alkoholvergiftung  und  De- 
generation,” and  seems  to  evidence  a lack  of  apprecia- 
tion of  this  “temperance”  beverage. 

(See  Brewers,  Brewing,  and  Light  Drinks.) 

BELGIUM — Before  the  outbreak  of  war  Belgium 
was,  excepting  Bavaria,  the  greatest  consumer  of  beer. 
The  temperance  movement  was  principally  championed 
by  the  Socialists.  Professor  Emile  Vandervelde,  who 
was  made  premier  at  the  beginning  of  hostilities,  de- 
clared : 

“Frankly  I see  no  reason  for  waiting  for  the  morrow 
of  the  social  revolution  before  we  stop  poisoning  our- 
selves. We  should  prohibit  the  manufacture  of  alcohol 
du  bouche  and  turn  the  power  of  darkness  into  the 
power  of  light,  by  making  distilleries  producers  of 
industrial  alcohol.” 

The  appeal  made  by  the  Princess  Stephanie  to  the 
Hungarian  women  had  a profound  effect  upon  the  Bel- 
gians. 

The  prevailing  drunkenness  in  Belgium  and  the  lack 
of  control  of  the  liquor  traffic  had  much  to  do  with 
the  failure  of  the  military  program  to  include  a suffi- 
cient proportion  of  the  Belgian  population.  The  stupe- 
faction which  results  from  beer  drinking  was  to  a 
considerable  degree  responsible  for  the  failure  of  the 
people  to  appreciate  their  position  in  Europe.  Greater 
alertness  might  have  provided  a possible  army  of  one 
million  men  on  call. 

In  the  latter  part  of  1912  the  Socialists  of  Belgium 
conducted  a general  strike  in  order  to  force  the  govern- 
ment to  grant  universal  suffrage.  The  strike  was 
conducted  along  total  abstinence  lines.  Great  dis- 
turbances were  expected,  but  none  resulted. 

“The  most  wonderful  feature  of  the  strike  is  its 
teetotalism,”  said  the  Daily  Mirror  of  London. 

BENEFITS  OF  PROHIBITION— (See  Local 
Prohibition,  West  Virginia,  Kansas,  North  Carolina, 
and  similar  topics.)  The  benefits  of  prohibition  are 
those  induced  by:  (a)  The  removal  of  crime  and  Hce 
centers;  (b)  the  diversion  of  much  expended  money 
from  channels  in  which  its  expenditure  involves  no 
production  of  value  into  legitimate  trade  channels; 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 


57 


(c)  a higher  standard  of  living,  induced  by  sobriety, 
in  the  community. 

BIBLE  AND  DRINK — In  the  Hebrew  Scriptures 
different  words  are  employed  to  represent  different 
kinds  of  wine.  The  Greek  language,  on  the  other  hand, 
makes  little  or  no  attempt  to  indicate  quality  or  varie- 
ties of  wine,  but  passes  every  kind  under  one  name. 
Thus,  like  our  English  language,  it  obliterates  distinc- 
tions which  the  Hebrew  protects.  So  the  Hebrew 
Bible  must  ever  remain  our  final  standard  of  appeal 
upon  the  Bible  wine  question. 

Hebrew  Synonyms 

The  Hebrew  is  a small  language,  yet  surprisingly 
rich  in  synonyms.  It  has  more  than  sixty  different 
words  for  “break,”  a still  larger  number  for  “go,” 
more  than  one  hundred  for  “take,”  thirteen  for  “man,” 
and  eleven  words  which  we  translate  "wine.”  Such 
a language  must  delight  in  fine  distinctions;  and  a 
translation  which  makes  one  English  word  stand  for 
a dozen  or  a hundred  Hebrew  words  must  certainly 
obliterate  many  important  shades  of  meaning.  There 
are  forty-five  words  which  we  translate  “destroy,”  a 
treatment  which  no  doubt  destroys  many  fine  distinc- 
tions of  the  original  tongue ! The  eleven  words  which 
we  render  “wine”  cannot  all  mean  wine,  much  less  intox- 
icating wine,  but  stand  probably  for  other  products  of 
the  vine.  Sixteen  of  these  products  have  been  enu- 
merated, and  we  have  at  least  thirteen  Hebrew  words 
to  represent  them.  It  is  not  necessary,  however,  to 
enter  into  an  extensive  canvass  of  all  these  Hebrew 
words,  since  the  testimony  of  the  Hebrew  Bible  turns 
mainly  upon  three  of  these  words  and  their  meaning. 
And  to  these  three  words  attention  will  now  be  directed. 

Yayin 

This  word  is  found  140  times  in  the  Hebrew  Scrip- 
tures, and  in  such  various  connections  as  to  leave  no 
doubt  that  it  is  a generic  word  and  stands  for  wine 
in  general,  for  all  the  beverage  products  of  the  vine, 
without  any  reference  to  their  quality  whether  intox- 
icating or  unintoxicating.  Exactly  this  is  the  chief 
source  of  all  the  confusion  upon  the  Bible  wine  ques- 
tion. 


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If  this  word  always  stood  for  one  specific  kind  of 
product  there  would  be  no  equivocation  in  its  testimony, 
but  such  is  not  the  fact.  It  stands  for  everything  that 
is  obtained  from  the  vine  as  a beverage.  It  is  not 
necessary  here  to  quote  all  the  140  texts  where  the 
word  yayin  occurs ; following  are  a few  of  them,  a 
careful  examination  of  which  will  suffice  to  support 
the  proposition  just  now  made: 

Gen.  9:21,  “Noah  drank  of  the  wine  and  was  drunken." 

1 Sam.  1:14,  “How  long  wilt  thou  be  drunken!  Put  away 
thy  wine.’  ’ 

Isa.  5:11,  “Woe  to  them  that  continue  till  wine  inflame 
them.” 

1 Sam.  1:24,  “Hannah  took  little  Samuel  and  a bottle  of 
wine  to  Shiloh.” 

Neh.  5:15,  “The  former  governors  had  taken  bread  and 
wine  of  them.” 

Isa.  55:1,  “Buy  wine  and  milk  without  money”  (figura- 
tively). 

Esth.  1:7,  “And  they  drank  the  royal  wine  in  abundance.” 

Zeph.  1:13,  “Shall  plant  vineyards,  but  shall  not  drink  of 
the  wine.” 

2 Sam.  16:2,  “Wine  for  such  as  be  faint  in  the  wilderness.” 

These  texts  are  sufficient  to  show  that  the  word  yayin 

is  used  in  the  Scripture  both  with  the  Divine  favor  and 
with  the  Divine  disfavor,  and  that  is  precisely  the  source 
of  nearly  all  the  confusion  upon  the  wine  question  as 
it  appears  in  the  sacred  records.  The  only  possible 
explanation  of  this  apparent  inconsistency  is  that  the 
word  is  a general  term  for  all  kinds  of  beverages  that 
are  produced  from  the  vine,  whether  fermented  or 
unfermented. 

Whenever  the  sacred  writers  seek  to  make  a dis- 
tinction and  specify  yayin  that  is  intoxicating  or  yayin 
that  is  unintoxicating,  they  are  obliged  to  resort  to 
other  and  specific  terms.  For  such  purpose  two  other 
words  are  almost  invariably  used,  as  what  follows  will 
clearly  indicate;  and  that  makes  it  certain  that  there 
are  two  kinds  of  yayin  or  wine  mentioned  in  the  Bible. 
We  will  now  furnish  a complete  canvass  of  these  two 
specific  terms,  quoting  every  text  where  they  occur. 

Tirosh 

This  is  the  term  for  unfermented,  unintoxicating 
wine.  It  is  always  found  in  good  company,  and  for- 
ever enjoys  the  Divine  commendation.  Always  the 
Divine  smile  and  never  the  Divine  frown  rests  upon 
it.  It  is  constantly  associated  with  wheat  and  corn  and 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 


59 


oil,  and  keeps  its  place  among  the  special  blessings  of 
God.  It  is  never  the  cause  of,  nor  is  it  ever  asso- 
ciated with,  drunkenness ; and  its  use  is  never  prohib- 
ited but  everywhere  and  always  commended.  It  oc- 
curs thirty-eight  times  in  the  Hebrew  Bible  and  in  the 
following  places : 

Gen.  27:28,  “Therefore  God  give  thee  plenty  of  corn  and 
wine.’  ’ 

Gen.  27:37,  “With  corn  and  wine  have  I sustained  thee.” 

Num.  18:12,  “The  best  of  the  oil  and  the  wine  and  the 
wheat.” 

Dent.  7:13,  “He  will  bless  thy  land,  thy  corn,  thine  oil, 
thy  wine.’  ’ 

Deut.  11:14,  “That  thou  mayest  gather  thy  corn,  thine  oil 
and  thy  wine.” 

Deut.  12:17,  “Eat  the  tithe  of  thy  corn,  thine  oil  and  thy 
wine.” 

Deut.  14:23,  “Thou  shalt  eat  the  tithe  of  thy  corn,  thine 
oil  and  thy  wine,”  etc. 

Deut.  18:4,  “Give  the  first  fruits  of  thy  com,  of  thy  wine 
and  of  thine  oil.” 

Deut.  28:51,  “Shall  not  leave  thee  either  corn,  wine  or 
oil.” 

Deut.  33:28,  “Fountain  of  Jacob  upon  a land  of  corn  and 
wine.’  ’ 

Judges  9:12,  “Wine  which  cheereth  God  and  man.” 

2 Kings  18:32,  “Will  take  you  to  a land  of  corn  and  wine.” 

2 Chron.  31:5,  “First  fruit  of  corn,  wine,  oil  and  honey.” 

2 Chron.  32:28,  “Storehouses  for  the  increase  of  corn  and 
wine  and  oil.” 

Neh.  5:11,  “And  of  the  corn,  the  wine  and  the  oil.” 

Neh.  10:37,  “Fruit  of  all  manner  of  trees,  of  wine  and  of 
oil.” 

Neh.  10:39,  “Of  the  corn,  of  the  new  wine  and  of  the  oil.” 

Neh.  13:5,  “The  tithes  of  the  corn,  the  new  wine  and  the 
oil.” 

Neh.  13:12,  “Tithes  of  the  corn,  the  new  wine  and  the 
oil.” 

Psa.  4:7,  “Gladness  more  than  when  corn  and  wine  in- 
creased.” 

Prov.  3:10,  “Thy  presses  shall  burst  out  with  new  wine.” 

Isa.  24:7,  “The  new  wine  mourneth,  the  vine  languisheth.” 

Isa.  36:17,  “Land  of  corn  and  wine,  of  bread  and  vine- 
yards.” 

Isa.  62:8,  “Give  thy  corn  and  thy  wine  to  thine  enemies.” 

Isa.  62:8,  “The  new  wine  is  found  in  the  cluster  a bless- 
ing.” 

Jer.  31:12,  “For  wheat,  for  oil  and  for  wine.” 

Hos.  2:8,  “I  gave  her  corn  and  wine  and  oil.” 

Hos.  2:9,  “I  will  take  away  thy  corn  and  thy  wine.” 

Hos.  2:22,  “Earth  shall  bear  the  corn,  the  wine  and  the 
oil.” 

Hos.  7:14,  “Assembled  themselves  for  corn  and  wine.” 

Hos.  9:2,  “The  new  wine  shall  fall.” 

Joel  1:10,  “Corn  wasted,  wine  dried  up,  oil  languisheth.” 

Joel  2:24,  “The  fats  shall  overflow  with  wine  and  oil.” 

Joel  12:19,  “Behold  I send  you  corn  and  wine  and  oil.” 


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Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 


Mic.  6:15,  “Shall  sow  but  not  reap;  tread  sweet  wiue  but 
shall  not  drink.’’ 

Hag.  1:11,  “Drouth  upon  the  com,  wine  and  oil.” 

Zech  9.:  17,  “Whoredom  and  wine  (yayin)  and  new  wine 
(tirosh)  take  away  the  heart.”  This  speaks  of  the  imbmting 
influence  of  appetite,  and  clearly  points  to  a state  of  degrada- 
tion in  which  all  things  minister  to  fleshliness  and  sensuality. 
This  can  be  said  of  wholesome  food  and  drink  as  well  as  of 
intoxicants. 

This  examination  of  the  tirosh  texts  ought  to  satisfy 
any  fair-minded  person  that  the  thing  which  tirosh 
stands  for  is  as  harmless  as  corn  and  wheat  and  oil, 
and  is  as  certainly  classed  among  the  blessings  of  a 
kind  Providence  as  they.  It  is  nowhere  prohibited  nor 
does  it  anywhere  suggest  intoxication.  Neither  is  it 
associated  with  vice  or  moral  fault.  Exactly  here  must 
the  issue  be  met.  Tirosh  does  not  mean  intoxicating 
wine.  If  this  is  not  its  character — if  it  stands  for  fer- 
mented and  intoxicating  wine — then  the  whole  testi- 
mony of  the  Old  Testament  can  be  invoked  to  sup- 
port the  deluge  of  intemperance  and  drunkenness.  That 
precisely  is  the  nerve  of  this  entire  question,  and  the 
crisis  must  be  squarely  met  with  these  thirt>--eight 
quotations  containing  the  word  tirosh ! 

Our  contention  that  tirosh  is  the  name  for  unfer- 
mented wine  is  immensely  strengthened  by  a careful 
survey  of  those  texts  which  contain  the  specific  He- 
brew term  which  never  means  anything  but  fermented 
wine;  and  that  word  is 

Sbekar 

Whenever  the  Old  Testament  writers  wish  to  specify 
a kind  of  wine  that  is  always  condemned  and  prohib- 
ited, a drink  that  is  without  any  sort  of  doubt  intox- 
icating, the  word  invariably  used  is  shekar.  Gesenius 
says  that  it  is  “any  kind  of  intoxicating  liquor.”  This 
word  is  found  forty-two  times  in  the  Hebrew  Bible, 
nineteen  times  in  the  verb  form,  and  twenty-three  times 
as  a noun.  To  the  word  as  a noun  we  direct  special 
attention.  The  air  is  very  much  clarified  touching  the 
meaning  of  this  word,  for  there  is  substantial  agree- 
ment all  along  the  line  that  it  is  always  the  name  for 
fermented  wine.  Our  English  versions  generally  and 
very  appropriately  render  it  “strong  drink.”  There  is 
not  an  instance  in  the  Bible  where  this  word  enjoys 
the  Divine  approval  as  the  name  of  a beverage,  nor 
one  in  which  it  is  found  keeping  company  with  God’s 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 


61 


gracious  gifts  to  man.  An  examination  of  the  texts 
which  follow  will  satisfy  any  candid  person  of  the  cor- 
rectness of  these  statements: 

Lev.  10:9,  “Drink  not  wine  nor  strong  drink.”  Wherever 
in  Scripture  this  expression,  “Wine  and  strong  drink,”  is 
found,  the  Hebrew  terms  invariably  are  yayin  and  shekar. 


Num.  28:7,  “Cause  the  strong  wine  to  be  poured  out.” 

Deut.  29:6,  “Neither  have  ye  drunk  wine  nor  strong  drink.” 

Judges  13:4,  “Drink  not  wine  nor  strong  drink.” 

Judges  13:14,  “Neither  let  her  drink  wine  nor  strong 
drink.'  ’ 

1 Sam.  1:15,  “I  have  drunk  neither  wine  nor  -strong  drink.” 

Prov.  20:1,  “Wine  is  a mocker,  strong  drink  is  raging.” 

Prov.  31:4,  “Not  for  the  king  to  drink  wine,  nor  princes 
strong  drink.” 

Judges  13:7,  “Drink  no  wine  nor  strong  drink.” 

Prov.  31:6,  “Give  strong  drink  to  him  that  is  ready  to 
perish.”  This  is  an  opiate,  anesthetic  or  medical  prescription: 
not  a beverage. 

Isa.  5:11,  “Woe  to  them  that  follow  strong  drink.” 

Isa.  5:22,  “Woe  to  the  men  that  mingle  strong  drink.” 

Isa.  24:9,  “Strong  drink  shall  be  bitter  to  them  that  drink 


11. 

Isa.  28:7,  “Priests  and  prophets  have  erred  through 
strong  drink.”  (Thrice.) 

Isa.  29:9,  “They  stagger,  but  not  with  strong  drink.” 

Isa.  56:12,  “We  will  fill  ourselves  with  strong  drink.” 

Mic.  2:11,  “Lying  spirit  prophesy  wine  and  strong  drink.” 
Num.  28:7,  “Strong  wine  for  a drink  offering.”  (Of- 
fered, not  to  be  drunk.) 


Deuteronomy  14 :22-26  is  a difficult  passage,  and  seems 
to  furnish  an  exception  to  the  rule;  but  perhaps  if 
rightly  understood  it  does  not.  Professor  F.  D.  Hem- 
menway,  in  an  article  in  the  Methodist  Quarterly  Re- 
view for  July,  1878,  makes  this  very  judicious  comment 
upon  this  passage:  “It  is  among  the  tithes  which  every 
Hebrew  must  set  apart  to  be  eaten  before  the  Lord 
in  a solemn  religious  feast  and  as  a special  religious 
offering  and  its  presence  here  is  thought  to  be  sig- 
nificant of  its  value  rather  than  its  common  use  as  a 
beverage  among  men.”  And  this  interpretation  re- 
ceives strong  support  from  the  recent  English  ver- 
sions, from  which  all  idea  of  “soul  lusting”  has  dis- 
appeared. 

This  canvass  of  the  three  important  Hebrew  words 
touches  the  very  core  of  the  Oriental  wine  question,  and 
it  is  difficult  to  see  how  anything  can  be  said  that  would 
change  the  situation  one  hair’s  breadth ; and  little  need 
be  added  except  what  will  throw  further  light  upon, 
and  afford  stronger  confirmation  of,  the  doctrine  here 
set  forth.  In  our  search  for  additional  evidence  we 


62 


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will  interview  several  important  witnesses;  and  highest 
among  them  all  stands  the  Septuagint. 

The  Septuagint 

Altogether  the  most  valuable  corroborative  evidence 
to  be  found  anywhere  is  the  testimony  of  the  Greek 
version  of  the  Old  Testament  made  by  Greek-Hebrew 
scholars  more  than  two  hundred  years  before  Christ. 
It  is  therefore  of  the  utmost  importance  to  inquire 
how  these  old  Hebrews  treated  the  words  under  con- 
sideration; for,  let  it  be  remembered  that  the  Septu- 
agint version  is  their  embalmed  opinion.  Here  we  have 
their  own  statement  as  to  what  they  thought  these  three 
words  meant.  Following  is  the  state  of  the  case  as  it 
stands  forever  stereotyped  in  that  ancient  version : 

Yayin,  This  word  they  uniformly  rendered  oinos, 
which  must  be  accepted  as  entirely  correct,  for  the 
first  is  the  generic  term  for  all  kinds  of  wine  in  He- 
brew, precisely  as  the  second  is  the  generic  term  for 
all  kinds  of  wine  in  Greek.  One  is  the  exact  equiva- 
lent for  the  other. 

Tiiosh.  This  is  the  Hebrew  name  for  unfermented 
wine,  and  they  rendered  it  also  with  the  Greek  word 
oinos,  except  once  (Isa.  65:8),  with  rox,  “new  wine 
in  the  cluster.”  This  treatment  introduces  confusion, 
as  the  Hebrew  term  is  specific,  while  the  Greek  term 
is  generic.  But  perhaps  it  was  the  best,  if  not  the  only, 
thing  that  could  be  done,  because  the  Greek  language 
has  no  specific  term  for  un  fermented  wine.  Everything 
in  the  nature  of  a beverage  from  the  vine  was  called 
oinos. 

Shekar.  With  this  word  a radical  change  of  treat- 
ment was  adopted.  They  never  once  translated  shekar 
with  oinos.  That  is  significant.  That  fact  alone  ought 
forever  to  settle  the  question  that  tirosh  and  shekar 
do  not  stand  for  the  same  kinds  of  wine.  Seven  times 
shekar  is  translated  with  a Greek  word  coined  from 
the  verb  methuo,  which  means  “I  am  drunk.”  That 
these  translators  were  obliged  to  resort  to  such  a word 
to  render  shekar  is  sufficient  evidence  of  its  character. 
Add  to  this  the  further  fact  that  they  transliterated 
shekar  twelve  times  making  it  read  sikera,  thus  Hel- 
lenizing  it  and  compelling  it  to  retain  its  debauched 
character  even  in  the  Greek  version ! And  in  that  form 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance  63 

it  appears  once  in  the  Greek  New  Testament  (Tuke 
1:15). 

Thus  it  will  appear  to  any  careful  person  that  the 
overwhelming  testimony  of  the  Septuagint  supports  the 
thesis  here  taught,  that  yayin  is  the  name  for  all  bev- 
erages obtained  from  the  vine  without  any  reference 
to  their  quality  or  character;  that  tirosh  is  the  specific 
term  for  unfermented  wine;  and  that  shekar  is  the 
term  for  all  fermented  and  intoxicating  liquors. 

E.  L.  Eaton. 

BIBLE  WINES — See  Bible  and  Drink. 

BIBLIOGRAPHY — Books  upon  the  drink  evil  in 
its  various  phases  and  upon  allied  social  questions  which 
must  be  well  understood  before  the  drink  problem  can 
be  mastered  are  given  herewith,  but  their  recommenda- 
tion does  not  imply  entire  agreement  on  the  part  of 
the  editors  to  the  sentiments  advanced.  Indeed,  some 
of  them  are  written  from  the  antiprohibition  and  anti- 
abstinence standpoint : 

“Dry  or  Die:  The  Anglo-Saxon  Dilemma,”  by  Clar- 
ence True  Wilson,  D.D. 

“The  Greatest  Common  Destroyer,”  by  McCain  and 
Pickett. 

“The  Legalized  Outlaw,”  by  Judge  Samuel  R.  Artman. 

“Alcohol  and  the  Human  Body,”  by  Sir  Victor 
Horsley  and  Dr.  Mary  D.  Sturge. 

“Alcohol : How  it  Affects  the  Individual,  the  Com- 
munity, and  the  Race,”  by  Dr.  Henry  Smith  Williams. 

“Social  Welfare  and  the  Liquor  Problem,”  by  Harry 
S.  Warner. 

“A  Century  of  Drink  Reform,”  by  Dr.  August  F. 
Fehlandt. 

“Profit  and  Loss  in  Man,”  by  Professor  A.  A.  Hop- 
kins. 

“American  Prohibition  Yearbook  (1910-11-12).” 

“Wealth  and  Waste,”  by  Professor  A.  A.  Hopkins. 

“The  Drink  Problem  in  Its  Medico-Sociological  As- 
pects,” by  Dr.  T.  N.  Kelynack. 

“The  Passing  of  the  Saloon,”  by  Hammell. 

“The  People  versus  The  Liquor  Traffic,”  by  John 
B.  Finch. 

“The  Challenge  of  the  City,”  by  Josiah  Strong. 

“Temperance  Progress  in  the  Nineteenth  Century,” 
by  Woolley  and  Johnson. 


64  Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 

“The  Christian  Citizen,”  by  John  G.  Woolley.  (Three 
volumes.) 

“The  Saloon  Keeper’s  Ledger,”  by  Dr.  Louis  Albert 
Banks. 

“A  Sower,”  by  John  G.  Woolley. 

“Civilization  by  Faith,”  by  John  G.  Woolley. 

“Substitutes  for  the  Saloon;  Committee  of  Fifty,”  by 
Raymond  G.  Calkins. 

“Economic  Aspects  of  the  Liquor  Problem ; Commit- 
tee of  Fifty,”  by  Koren. 

“The  Psychology  of  Alcoholism,”  by  Geo.  B.  Cutten. 

“Regulation  of  the  Liquor  Traffic,”  by  various  au- 
thors ; “Annals  of  American  Academy  of  Political  and 
Social  Science,”  vol.  32,  No.  2. 

“The  New  Encyclopedia  of  Social  Reform,”  edited 
by  W.  D.  P.  Bliss. 

“The  Economics  of  Prohibition,”  by  Dr.  James  C. 
Fernald. 

“The  World  Book  of  Temperance,”  by  Dr.  and  Mrs. 
Wilbur  F.  Crafts. 

“Cyclopedia  of  Temperance  and  Prohibition;”  for 
facts  and  history  of  all  organizations.  Available  at 
many  public  libraries. 

“Alcohol  in  Histo^,”  by  Eddy. 

“England  in  the  Eighteenth  Century,”  by  Lecky. 

“The  Economic  Basis  of  Prohibition,”  by  Patten. 

“Nervous  and  Mental  Hygiene,”  by  Forel. 

“Dependents,  Defectives,  and  Delinquents,”  by  Hen- 
derson. 

“The  Effect  of  Total  Abstinence  on  the  Death  Rate,” 
by  Van  Cise. 

“The  Mortality  of  Alcohol,”  by  Phelps. 

“The  Great  White  Plague,”  by  Otis. 

“American  Charities,”  by  A.  G.  Warner. 

“The  Human  Body,”  by  Martin. 

“The  Relation  of  Alcohol  to  Nutrition” — an  article 
in  the  Journal  of  the  American  Medical  Association, 
Vol.  35,  36,  by  W.  S.  Hall. 

“The  Translated  Proceedings  of  the  Various  Con- 
gresses on  Alcoholism.” 

“Pauperism,”  by  Booth. 

“Dangerous  Trades,”  by  Oliver. 

“The  Evolution  of  Modem  Capitalism,”  by  Hobson. 

“The  Workingman  and  Social  Problems,”  by  Stelzle. 

“The  Anthracite  Coal  Communities,”  by  Roberts. 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 


65 


“Problems  of  Poverty,”  by  Hobson. 

“The  Standard  of  Living  Among  Industrial  People,” 
by  Streightoff. 

“Political  Economy,”  by  Ely. 

“The  Social  Condition  of  Labor,”  by  Gould. 

“Waifs  of  the  Slums,”  by  Benedict. 

“The  New  Immigration,”  by  Roberts. 

“Immigration,”  by  Hall. 

“How  the  Other  Half  Lives,”  by  Riis. 

“Alien  and  American,”  by  Grose. 

“Utilitarianism,”  by  Mill. 

“The  Church  and  Young  Men,”  by  Cressey. 

“The  Religious  Conditions  of  Young  Men,”  by  Oates. 
“Christian  Missions  and  Social  Progress,”  by  Dennis. 
“The  License  Question,”  by  Dwight  Spencer. 

“The  Spirit  of  Democracy,”  by  Dole. 

“The  Philadelphia  Negro,”  by  Du  Bois. 

“Criminality  Among  Colored  People,”  by  J.  H.  War- 
ing, in  “Charities.” 

“Taxation  in  the  United  States  Under  the  Internal 
Revenue  System,”  by  Howe. 

“The  American  Commonwealth,”  by  Bryce. 

“Crime : Its  Causes  and  Remedies,”  by  Lombroso. 
“Temperance  Bible  Commentary,”  by  Frederick  R. 
Lees. 

“The  Equivalent  of  War,”  by  William  James. 

“The  Cry  of  the  Children,”  by  George  R.  Sims. 
“Alcohol,”  by  Mrs.  Martha  M.  Allen. 

“Medical  Temperance  Dictionary,”  by  J.  J.  Ridge, 
M.D. 

“A  Practical  Treatise  on  Distillation  and  Rectifica- 
tion of  Alcohol,”  by  Wm.  Theo.  Brannt. 

“Alcohol  and  the  Human  Brain,”  by  Joseph  Cook. 
“Popular  Drugs,  Their  Use  and  Abuse,”  by  Sydney 
Hillier. 

“The  Action  of  Alcohol  on  the  Body,”  by  Sir  Benj. 
Richardson.  . 

“Influence  of  Alcohol  on  Fatigue,”  by  Wm.  Halse 
Rivers-Rivers. 

“Alcohol,  The  Sanction  for  Its  Use,”  by  J.  Starke. 
“Denatured  Alcohol,”  by  Rufus  Frost  Herrick. 
“Industrial  Alcohol,”  by  Harvey  W.  Wiley. 

“The  Nam  Family,”  by  Estabrook. 

“Inns,  Ales,  and  Drinking  Customs  of  Old  England,” 
by  Hackwood. 


66 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 


“The  Non-Heredity  of  Inebriety,”  by  Leslie  E.  Keeley. 

“Inebriety  or  Narcomania,”  by  Norman  Kerr. 

“Alcoholism,”  by  McDonald — Chap.  4 — Bureau  of 
Education,  Washington. 

“The  History  of  Drink,”  Samuelson. 

“The  Temperance  Compendium,”  by  Walter  N.  Ed- 
wards. 

“The  History  of  Liquor  Licensing  in  England,”  by 
Sidney  and  Beatrice  Webb. 

“National  Efficiency  and  the  Drink  Traffic.” 

“Does  it  Pay?”  by  Jno.  A.  Nicholls. 

“Handbook  of  Prohibition,”  by  A.  J.  Jutkins. 

“High  License,”  by  Frederic  W.  Thompson. 

“Socialism  and  the  Drink  Question,”  by  Philip  Snow- 
den. 

“Women  and  Children  in  Public  Houses,”  Parlia- 
mentary Document. 

“People’s  Refreshment  House  Association.” 

“Inebriety,”  by  Chas.  Pollen  Palmer. 

“Alcoholism  and  Insanity,”  by  Chas.  L.  Gregory. 

“If  Not  the  Saloon,  What?”  by  James  E.  Freeman. 

“The  Temperance  Problem  and  Social  Reform.” 

“Social  Studies,”  by  Richard  Heber  Newton. 

“The  Underworld  and  the  Upper,”  by  Chas.  A.  Starr. 

“Economics  of  the  Drink  Problem,”  by  J.  Johnson 
Baker. 

“Alcoholism,  A Study  in  Heredity,”  by  G.  Archdall 
Reid. 

“Drunkenness  in  Massachusetts.”  (Foxboro  Hos- 
pital.) 

“Alcoholism  in  Industry,”  by  Wm.  H.  Tolman. 

“Alcoholism,”  by  W.  C.  Sullivan. 

Senate  Document  48,  Sixty-first  Congress,  entitled, 
“Scientific  Conclusions  Concerning  the  Alcohol  Prob- 
lem.” 

“Indiana  Circuit  Court  Decision  (Artman)  Relating 
to  Liquor  License;”  Senate  Document  284,  Eifty-ninth 
Congress,  Second  Session. 

“Report  of  the  Commissioner  of  Internal  Revenue” 
(published  annually  in  January). 

“Statistical  Abstract  of  the  United  States”  (published 
annually  in  March). 

“Relation  of  the  Liquor  Traffic  to  Pauperism,  Insan- 
ity, and  Crime,”  Massachusetts  Bureau  of  Statistics  of 
Labor. 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 


67 


“Economic  Aspects  of  the  Liquor  Problem,”  Twelfth 
Annual  Report  of  the  United  States  Commission  of 
Labor. 

BLIND  PIGS — It  is  a favorite  argument  with  the 
liquor  interests  that  wiping  out  the  licensed  saloon 
results  in  a large  increase  in  the  number  of  illicit 
places  selling  liquor.  The  direct  contrary  is  true.  The 
licensed  saloon  inevitably  breeds  blind  pigs.  As  a rule, 
it  is  not  hard  to  ascertain  nearly  the  exact  number 
of  illicit  liquor  shops  in  any  community.  This  is  due 
to  the  fact  that  the  blind  pigger  has  a very  wholesome 
fear  of  Uncle  Sam,  and  while  he  is  willing  to  operate 
without  a state  or  local  license,  he  is  not  willing  to 
incur  the  danger  of  running  without  a permit  from  the 
federal  government.  So  he  pays  his  federal  tax,  takes 
his  receipt,  the  transaction  is  recorded  by  the  federal 
government,  and  then  the  pigger  proceeds  to  business 
with  no  fear  of  the  lesser  authorities. 

In  the  fall  of  1914  the  Temperance  Society,  desiring 
to  make  a study  that  would  turn  up  accurate  informa- 
tion in  regard  to  this  question,  conducted  inquiries  in 
every  state  of  the  Union  to  ascertain  the  disparity  be- 
tween the  number  of  state  licenses  or  total  of  county 
licenses  and  the  number  of  federal  tax  receipts  in  each 
of  these  states.  Reliable  figures  were  secured  from 
Michigan,  Florida,  New  Hampshire,  Rhode  Island, 
Washington  (then  a license  state),  Texas,  Ohio,  Idaho, 
and  Kansas.  The  following  table  tells  the  story: 


State  Number  Number  Excess 

State  Federal  Federal 

Licenses  Licenses  Licenses 

Michigan  *3,983  **7,187  3,204 

Florida  354  1,051  697 

New  Hampshire  606  867  261 

Rhode  Island  397  2,502  2,105 

Washington 2,340  2,802  462 

Texas  3,100  4,964  1,864 

Ohio  5,355  11,419  6,064 

Idaho  226  624  398 

Kansas  ***515  515 


*Both  wholesale  and  retail.  **Retail  only.  ***June 
30,  1914.  The  federal  figures  in  the  former  edition  of 
this  book  were  erroneously  given  as  of  June  30,  1914. 


68 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 


They  were  actually  as  of  June  30,  1913.  The  present 
table  gives  federal  figures  for  June  30,  1914.  In  no  case 
do  the  federal  figures  cover  anything  except  retail 
dealers  in  liquors  and  retail  dealers  in  malt  liquors. 
All  state  figures  are  for  state  licenses  or  are  totals  of 
local  licenses.  It  should  be  noticed  that  these  states 
represent  practically  every  section  of  the  country. 

After  making  all  allowances  for  differences  in  state 
laws  and  federal  laws,  the  above  table  conclusively 
proves  that  the  more  saloons  licensed  by  the  state  the 
more  saloons  run  without  a state  license.  The  difference 
between  the  number  of  federal  licenses  and  state  licenses 
is  almost  a census  of  the  number  of  blind  pigs  in  any 
state. 

The  difference  between  these  various  license  states 
and  the  prohibition  state  of  Kansas,  however,  is  even 
greater  than  this  table  would  show,  for  whereas  a blind 
pig  in  license  territory  usually  runs  year  in  and  year 
out  and  is  often  connected  with  a house  of  ill-fame,  in 
Kansas  a man  may  buy  a federal  tax  receipt,  sell  one 
drink,  and  go  to  jail  for  six  months.  It  is  exceedingly 
probable  that  not  one  man  in  one  hundred  who  buys 
a federal  tax  receipt  to  sell  liquors  continues  in  business 
sixty  days  without  facing  a judge  if  he  tries  to  do 
business  in  Kansas. 

The  number  of  holders  of  federal  tax  receipts  in 
Kansas  is  steadily  decreasing,  and  it  is  certain  that 
each  succeeding  year  will  show  a less  total,  at  least 
for  many  years  to  come.  In  1909,  the  number  was  more 
than  eight  times  the  present  figure. 

Figures  are  available  also  from  New  York  and  Illi- 
nois, but  not  from  sources  which  warrant  us  in  ^aran- 
teeing  them.  According  to  the  liquor  press,  in  New 
York,  in  1913,  there  were  23,472  saloons  licensed  by  the 
state.  During  this  time  the  internal  revenue  collectors 
issued  34,522  permits  to  sell  liquors.  This  means  that 
there  were  in  New  York  State  just  exactly  11,150  blind 
pigs,  as  contrasted  with  515  in  Kansas. 

The  liquor  press  is  also  responsible  for  the  statement 
that  there  are  in  Illinois  12,708  licensed  saloons,  but 
there  are  22,754  dealers  in  liquors  holding  the  federal 
tax  receipt.  This  indicates  the  presence  in  Illinois  of 
10,046  blind  pigs,  tigers,  etc. 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 


69 


The  full  significance  of  these  figures,  however,  can 
only  be  gathered  from  their  consideration  in  connec- 
tion with  the  state  population.  Looking  at  it  from 
this  standpoint  New  York  has  1,239  blind  pigs  to  the 
million  of  population;  Illinois  has  1,784  blind  pigs  to 
the  million  of  population;  Kansas  has  305  to  the  mil- 
lion of  population. 

The  Tale  of  the  Cities  ' 

Investigations  covering  only  license  cities  show  very 
much  the  same  results.  There  are  483  “lawful”  saloons 
in  Denver.  Nevertheless,  the  number  of  federal  tax 
receipts  in  force  in  the  fall  of  1914  was  five  hundred 
more  than  the  number  of  local  licenses.  In  San  Fran- 
cisco there  were  in  October,  1914,  4,213  legal  saloons 
and  an  excess  of  tax  receipts  indicating  1,300  blind 
pigs.  Indeed,  Past  Grand  Valiant  Commander  William 
C.  Wood,  spokesman  for  the  Knights  of  the  Royal 
Arch  Committee,  admitted  that  there  were  not  less 
than  1,200  blind  pigs  in  the  city  in  March,  1912,  at  a 
time  when  there  were  3,300  liquor  establishments.  So 
it  seems  that  an  increase  in  the  number  of  saloons  of 
913  had  been  accompanied  by  an  increase  in  the  number 
of  blind  pigs  of  one  hundred. 

In  Los  Angeles,  in  the  same  state,  in  a year  when 
there  were  650  licensed  saloons,  there  were  194  blind 
pigs  arrested.  Four  years  ago  Portland,  Ore.,  had 
eight  hundred  licensed  saloons.  According  to  the  fed- 
eral record,  there  were  also  1,000  holders  of  federal 
tax  receipts  who  did  not  hold  a license. 

Ohio  and  Pennsylvania  have  had  the  same  experience 
as  the  Pacific  Coast.  The  police  of  Cincinnati  complain 
that  the  speak-easies  give  them  more  trouble  than  the 
Sunday  closing  proposition.  In  March,  1914,  there  was 
a statement  in  the  Cleveland  press  that  “speak-easies 
and  bootlegging  joints  are  running  wide  open  in  Cleve- 
land downtown  districts.” 

Under  Pennsylvania’s  “Model”  Law 
The  official  liquor  license  directory  of  the  state  of 
Pennsylvania  for  1913  was  said  to  contain  the  correct 
names  and  post  office  address  of  all  brewers,  distillers, 
wholesalers,  retailers,  hotels,  and  cafes  in  the  state. 
Nearly  fourteen  thousand  names  were  in  the  directory. 
However,  according  to  the  records  of  the  Internal 


70 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 


Revenue  Department  there  were  at  the  same  time  23,443 
persons  in  Pennsylvania  paying  the  government  liquor 
tax.  This  means  there  were  9,443  speak-easies  in  that 
“model”  license  state. 

West  Virginia’s  Experience 

West  Virginia  operated  her  saloons  under  license  for 
half  a century  and  prided  herself  that  she  had  the  best 
license  law  of  any  state  in  the  Union.  Under  that  law 
speak-easies  grew  in  number  until  in  the  wet  centers 
they  were  more  numerous  than  licensed  places.  Prior 
to  the  state-wide  election  Wheeling  police  reported  135 
licensed  saloons  in  that  city.  At  the  same  time  the 
revenue  officials  reported  272  federal  taxpayers.  That 
meant  135  licensed  saloons  and  137  speak-easies.  In 
Parkersburg  there  were  thirty-nine  licensed  dealers  and 
forty-three  speak-easies.  This  proportion  held  good  in 
other  wet  towns.  In  1912  the  voters  put  the  entire  state 
in  the  dry  column  by  nearly  one  hundred  thousand 
majority,  repudiating  “the  best  license  law  in  the  coun- 
try.” At  the  time  West  Virginia  voted  dry  there  were 
498  licensed  dealers  and  929  unlicensed  dealers,  but  all 
these  929  had  paid  the  government  tax. 

The  study  is  not  weakened  by  turning  to  the  South. 
In  speaking  of  Birmingham,  Ala.,  in  June,  1914,  Mida’s 
Criterion,  the  liquor  magazine,  said:  “So  great  is  the 
number  of  blind  tigers  in  Birmingham  that  ten  of 
them  have  been  found  in  one  block  of  the  city  and 
there  are  in  existence  wholesale  blind  tiger  supply 
houses.”  No  wonder  Alabama  went  dry! 

The  best  way  to  free  territory  from  the  unlicensed 
liquor  traffic,  the  blind  pig,  is  to  strike  the  licensed 
liquor  traffic,  the  seeing  pig,  with  the  ax  of  prohibition 
exactly  where  it  will  do  the  most  good. 

BLUE  LAWS — Much  is  heard  from  the  liquor  press 
about  “Blue  Laws.”  They  point  with  horror  to  the 
early  days  of  Connecticut  when  “a  mother  could  not 
kiss  her  child  on  the  Sabbath  Day.”  We  see  no  likeli- 
hood of  the  return  of  such  a law,  although  it  is  exceed- 
ingly probable  that  it  will  soon  be  a crime  to  sell  a 
poison  that  makes  a father  go  home  on  the  Sabbath 
Day  and,  instead  of  kissing  his  child,  pitch  it  into 
the  fireplace. 

In  the  Brewers’  Yearbook  for  1911  they  cite  a long 
list  of  “Connecticut  Blue  Laws.” 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 


71 


But  the  brewers  do  not  let  us  know  that  the  so-called 
“Blue  Laws”  which  they  regard  with  such  horror  pro- 
vided for  inflicting  a fine  upon  any  settlement  that  did 
not  furnish  a tavern  and  drink  for  the  accommodation 
of  the  people. 

For  a great  many  years  now  prohibitionists  have  been 
striving  to  overthrow  the  red  laws,  which  make  murder 
and  poverty  and  insanity  and  social  disorder  a matter 
of  revenue  and  commercialism. 

BLUE  RIBBON  MOVEMENT— The  blue  rib- 
bon is  taken  as  a badge  of  abstinence  by  millions  of 
people  in  Great  Britain  and  has  been  similarly  used  to 
a slight  extent  in  this  country.  The  movement  in 
Great  Britain  dates  from  about  1878. 

BOARDS — (For  list  of  churches  uttering  temper- 
ance sentiments,  see  Churches.  For  information  in 
regard  to  the  Temperance  Society,  see  Temperance 
Society  of  the  Methodist  Church.) 

The  relation  of  Boards  of  Temperance  of  the  various 
churches  to  the  other  boards  of  their  denominations 
is  necessarily  vital.  The  close  connection  with  the 
work  of  the  Sunday  School  and  Epworth  League  is 
apparent.  It  is  not  realized,  however,  how  close  this 
connection  is  with  the  work  of  the  Freedmen’s  Aid, 
Home  Missions,  Education,  and  even  Foreign  Missions. 
The  Freedmen’s  Aid  is  trying  to  uplift  the  Negro; 
the  liquor  traffic,  located  in  centers  of  power,  is  using 
every  device  and  agency  to  debauch  him.  The  Board 
of  Home  Missions  is  trying  to  promote  good  citizen- 
ship among  immigrants  and  in  frontier  towns ; the 
saloon  is  peculiarly  a bane  to  our  foreign-born  citizens 
and  to  the  undeveloped  communities.  The  Board  of 
Education  is  trying  to  promote  the  fullest  development 
of  the  young  life  of  the  nation;  the  liquor  traffic  at 
every  point  bars  progress. 

As  the  temperance  work  of  the  church  prospers, 
every  other  activity  is  favorably  affected. 

These  great  institutions  of  the  Church  are  one  in 
character,  purpose,  and  necessity.  None  are  minor. 
That  of  this  many  are  ignorant,  the  blanks  and  nominal 
sums  in  the  general  minutes  too  sadly  show.  The  truth 
is  that  these  great  interests  are  not  separate  and  dis- 
tinct, the  one  major  and  the  other  minor  in  importance. 


72  Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 

They  are  a unit  in  purpose  and  of  like  worth  to  the 
extent  of  their  claims. 

A Chain  of  Seven  Links 

Take  as  a center  of  consideration  the  Foreign  Mis- 
sionary cause  whose  position  is  the  best  assured  in  the 
heart  of  the  Church,  and  what  have  we?  A young 
man  has  heard  the  voice  of  God  in  his  soul  and  the 
call  of  the  Church  in  his  ear,  summoning  him  to  the 
ministry  of  the  gospel.  His  heart  prompts  him  to  enter 
the  foreign  field.  He  offers  himself  to  the  Board  of 
Foreign  Missions  and  asks  aid  to  secure  an  education. 
He  is  informed  that  the  charter,  laws,  and  ability  of  the 
Society  prevent.  They  can  only’  employ  him  when 
thoroughly  equipped;  “Go  to  the  Board  of  Education, 
it  is  theirs  to  aid  such  as  you.”  With  this  help,  always 
meager,  where  can  he  go  to  get  the  most  for  his 
money?  Without  a question,  the  schools  maintained 
by  the  Freedmen’s  Aid  Society,  or  by  our  “Board  of 
Education,”  meet  this  condition.  If  he  be  preparing 
to  teach,  it  is  difficult  to  see  where  else  he  can  secure 
his  training.  The  time  comes,  however,  when  our 
young  missionary  has  completed  the  curriculum  of  the 
schools,  is  accepted  by  the  Board  and  assigned  to  his 
field.  He  must  have  Bibles  in  the  vernacular  of  the 
people.  The  missionary  society  cannot  honor  his  ap- 
peal. It  is  sent  to  the  “Bible  Society”  and  his  need 
supplied. 

Now  Sunday  Schools  must  be  established,  not  one, 
but  a chain  of  them.  We  must  reach  the  youth  to 
make  a certain  and  lasting  success.  If  in  the  United 
States,  private  dwellings,  schoolhouses,  and  groves  are 
open  to  his  purpose;  but  the  general  poverty  and  indif- 
ference is  against  making  the  necessary  outlay  to  insure 
success.  A letter  to  the  mission  rooms  brings  an- 
other refusal,  but  also  a recommendation  to  the  Board 
of  Sunday  Schools,  which  forwards  the  requisites  re- 
quired. The  Sunday  Schools  thus  aided  will  grow  into 
churches  in  the  near  future.  Hundreds  of  congregations 
all  over  the  land  thus  had  their  origin  and  would 
never  have  come  to  birth  but  for  this  begetting.  So 
another  want  is  born  of  the  present  achievement.  Every 
success  in  the  Lord’s  work  opens  a new  opportunity 
and  a new  demand.  The  need  of  a church  building  to 
be  followed  by  many  more  is  developed. 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 


73 


Appeals  to  Foreign  Missionary  authorities,  if  he  be 
in  a home  field,  are  again  futile;  yet  success  cannot  be 
permanent  without  a hive  for  his  swarm.  Buildings 
must  be  had.  The  people  identified  with  him  are  as 
yet  few  and  poor.  Applications  properly  made  to  the 
“Board  of  Home  Missions  and  Church  Extension”  bring 
aid  sufficient,  either  by  donation  or  loan,  or  both,  to 
stimulate  all  to  do  their  best;  and  so  houses  of  worship 
are  secured;  this  struggling  church  is  still  developing, 
this  Board  appropriates  missionary  funds  to  aid  in  the 
pastor’s  support  until  the  charge  becomes  able  to  sup- 
port itself.  Four  thousand  such  pastors  are  being 
aided  now. 

But  another  want  develops : They  are  without  Chris- 
tian literature  and  there  is  no  demand  for  it  that 
would  make  books  salable.  What  is  to  be  done?  An- 
other call  upon  the  mission  rooms  results  in  a reference 
to  the  Temperance  Society  and  supplies  are  granted 
and  shipped  at  once  to  the  missionap^.  He  will  get 
tracts  on  tobacco,  liquor,  social  purity,  Sabbath  ob- 
servance, moral  reforms,  wall  rolls  for  total  abstinence 
pledge  signers,  pledge  cards,  leaflets  for  Christian  Citi- 
zenship Reading  Circles,  and  books,  plans,  and  field 
assistance  in  his  aggressive  fight  with  the  powers  of 
evil. 

Now  tell  me  what  link  in  this  chain  could  have  been 
omitted  without  disaster  to  the  general  cause?  Which 
member  can  be  amputated  or  maimed  without  suffering 
to  all  and  defeat  to  the  object  of  their  creation  and 
existence?  Not  only  are  they  all  important,  but  of 
equal  importance  in  their  several  places.  Each  being 
part  of  a great  whole,  the  impairing  of  one  would 
break  the  completeness  of  the  agency. 

We  can  serve  the  great  missionary  cause  best,  only, 
as  we  serve  the  others  also.  They  are  spokes  in  the 
wheel  of  which  this  is  the  hub.  “All  are  members  of 
the  same  body,  and  the  eye  cannot  say  unto  the  hand  I 
have  no  need  of  thee,  nor  again  the  head  to  the  feet  I 
have  no  need  of  you.”  The  cause  is  one,  the  agency 
is  a unit,  the  different  benevolences  are  members  of 
the  same  body.  “And  whether  one  member  suffer  all 
of  the  other  members  suffer  with  it;  or  one  member  be 
honored,  all  the  members  rejoice  with  it.”  If  suffer- 
ing comes  to  any,  the  one  most  in  need  is  the  one  that 


74 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 


because  of  well-understood  conditions  is  likely  to  re- 
ceive more  than  its  share  of  privation  through  neglect. 

BOOZE — On  March  22,  1915,  two  whisky  bottles 
were  sold  in  New  York  for  $58.  Blown  into  them  was 
the  name  of  E.  C.  Booz,  a Philadelphia  distiller  of 
about  1840.  It  is  said  that  his  name  introduced  “booze” 
into  the  vernacular. 

There  was  an  old  English  word,  “bouse,”  which 
meant  alcoholic  liquor,  although  one  cannot  say  why. 
Sheridan  used  “boozed”  in  “The  School  for  Scandal.” 

An  interesting,  though  seemingly  far-fetched  supposi- 
tion is  that  the  word  is  derived  from  the  practice  of 
worshiping  Osiris,  the  Egyptian  god,  or-  Busiris,  as  he 
was  often  called,  with  drinking  orgies.  It  is  supposed 
that  when  the  Egyptians  saw  a man  reeling  down  the 
street  they  would  say,  “He  is  boozy”;  that  is,  “He  is 
affected  with  the  spirit  of  Busiris.” 

BRAIN — (See  also  Alcohol,  Effects  of;  and  Medi- 
cal Practice.) 

It  is  now  a well-known  fact  that  alcohol  and  similar 
poisons  affect  first  the  most  delicate  structures  of  the 
brain  and  nerve  centers.  It  is  because  of  the  truth  of 
this  that  the  man  who  becomes  intoxicated  loses  first 
his  sense  of  decency,  his  ability  to  think  clearly  and 
accurately,  and  to  associate  ideas.  As  his  intoxication 
progresses  it  affects  those  nerve  and  brain  powers  which 
control  the  senses.  He  begins  to  see  double,  to  be 
unable  to  control  his  movements;  his  power  of  smell, 
hearing,  and  sight  are  distinctly  lessened.  It  has  been 
well  said  that  intoxication  epitomizes  the  whole  histo^ 
of  insanity.  The  man  who  becomes  dead  drunk  within 
the  space  of  a few  hours  undergoes  very  much  the 
same  change  as  the  man  who  becomes  gradually  insane, 
and  he  who  keeps  his  association  and  motor  senses 
slightly  drugged  all  of  the  time  by  “moderate”  drink- 
ing is  not  entirely  a sane  man.  He  is  constantly  drunk 
to  a slight  degree,  and  is  therefore  constantly  insane 
to  a slight  degree. 

BRANDY — Brandy  is  produced  by  distilling  wine, 
or  is  supposed  to  be  so  produced.  As  a matter  of  fact, 
it  is  usually  only  an  imitation  of  the  pure  product. 

BREWERS — The  interests  of  the  liquor  trade  are 
now  largely  in  the  hands  of  the  brewers.  It  is  they 


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75 


who  determine  the  methods  by  which  the  prohibition 
movement  shall  be  opposed.  At  the  present  moment 
this  opposition  is  inspired  by  frantic  fear.  According 
to  the  declaration  of  President  Schmidt  of  the  United 
States  Brewers’  Association  before  their  convention, 
held  in  New  Orleans  “the  only  organized  opposition 
to  the  extra  tax  on  beer  has  come  from  the  vari- 
ous Methodist  conferences,  from  the  Woman’s 
Christian  Temperance  Union,  the  Anti-Saloon  Ueague, 
and  other  prohibition  bodies,”  and  that  “the  strongest 
forces  arrayed  on  the  side  of  the  Hobson-Sheppard 
prohibition  bill  were  the  members  of  the  Methodist  and 
Baptist  Churches,  the  Woman’s  Christian  Temperance 
Union,  the  Epivorth  League,  and  the  Anti-Saloon 
League.” 

The  Brewers  Own  the  Saloons 

Every  time  they  meet,  the  brewers  resolve  to  “re- 
form,” and  if  reform  is  to  be  accomplished  by  internal 
revolution,  it  is  well  to  look  to  the  brewers  for  it,  as 
they  control  a majority  of  the  saloons  in  the  United 
States  to-day. 

A legislative  commission,  appointed  by  the  state  of 
Minnesota,  found  that  712  of  the  814  saloons  in  St. 
Paul  and  Minneapolis  were  owned  or  controlled  by 
brewers.  Forty  per  cent  of  the  licenses  in  Minneapolis 
and  seventy-eight  per  cent  in  St.  Paul  were  paid  for 
by  brewery  checks.  Four  hundred  and  twenty-eight 
saloon  buildings  were  owned  by  them. 

They  also  found  that  the  brewers  supplied  beer  to 
blind  pigs,  maintained  a fund  to  pay  fines  for  them,  and 
employed  men  to  defend  them  in  court.  There  were 
129  convictions  of  blind  pigs  in  1909  and  104  in  1910, 

In  view  of  the  success  of  the  brewers  in  “reforming” 
in  St.  Paul  and  Minneapolis,  where  they  control  such  a 
large  proportion  of  the  saloons,  we  do  not  wonder  that 
National  President  Timothy  McDonough  of  the  Liquor 
League  of  the  United  States,  in  an  address  before  the 
State  Convention  of  the  Iowa  Liquor  Dealers’  Associa- 
tion, May  23,  1911,  said:  “The  resolutions  of  the  brew- 
ers sound  well,  but  they  are  ALL  ROT.” 

But  St.  Paul  and  Minneapolis  do  not  present  the  only 
testimony  to  the  hypocrisy  of  the  “reform”  cry  on  the 
part  of  the  brewers.  Possibly  nowhere  are  saloon 
conditions  worse  than  in  Pittsburgh,  but  an  investiga- 


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Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 


tion  by  the  Gazette-Times  in  that  city  revealed  the 
fact  that  Pittsburgh  saloons  owe  the  breweries,  on 
mortgages  and  judgments,  more  than  $5,000,000.  The 
Gazette-Times  asserts  that  the  brewers  and  wholesalers 
use  the  license  transfer  court  as  a collecting  agency, 
and  that  “scores  of  places  could  not  exist  if  the  finan- 
cial backing  now  given  them  by  the  brewers  were  with- 
drawn.” It  seems  that  the  wholesalers  habitually  estab- 
lish places  and  set  up  saloon  keepers  where  no  existing 
trade  demands  such  action.  They  are  sent  forward 
as  trade  scouts  to  cultivate  the  appetite  for  alcohol. 

In  Collusion  with  Criminals 

The  attitude  of  the  brewers  toward  law  and  society 
in  general  was  also  made  quite  clear  by  President  Sam- 
uel Dickie  of  Albion  College,  Albion,  Mich.,  at  the  time 
he  was  preparing  for  his  debate  with  Mayor  Rose  of 
Milwaukee.  Dr.  Dickie  suggested  to  friends  in  Illinois, 
Michigan,  and  Indiana  that  they  write  to  the  most 
widely-known  brewing  firms  of  Milwaukee,  frankly 
asking  in  what  way  they  would  cooperate  in  locating 
blind  pigs  in  prohibition  districts.  One  man  wrote  from 
the  prohibition  town  of  Harrisburg,  111.,  to  the  Fred 
Miller  Brewing  Company,  and  got  the  following  reply: 

“We  should,  of  course,  like  to  supply  that  district 
with  our  beer,  and  we  can  either  arrange  to  supply  you 
from  Cairo,  or  we  can  make  casks  that  have  an  appear- 
ance the  same  as  a sugar  barrel.  * * * We  could  send 
our  advertising  matter,  also  order  postals,  and  we  would 
inquire  whether  this  arrangement  would  be  satisfactory 
to  you.  * * * We  have  similar  arrangements  with  a 
lot  of  our  customers,  and  hope  to  hear  from  you  cov- 
ering this  matter  further  by  return  mail.” 

♦ ♦ ♦ 

The  Pabst  Brewing  Company,  asked  for  similar  trade 
from  a “dry”  county  of  Michigan,  revealed  their  every- 
day attitude  toward  this  sort  of  thing  by  eagerly  encour- 
aging their  supposed  prospective  customer  and  “thank- 
ing” him  for  his  request.  Similar  inquiries  brought 
similar  responses  from  the  Schlitz  Brewing  Company, 
from  the  Joseph  Schultz  Brewing  Company,  the  Jung 
Brewing  Company,  and  the  Gutsch  Brewing  Company, 
all  beer  firms  of  Wisconsin’s  metropolis.  In  fact,  the 
replies,  plainly  betraying  the  brewing  companies’  under- 


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77 


standing  of  the  supposed  legal  status  of  their  prospec- 
tive patrons,  were  in  several  cases  in  the  form  of 
printed  circular  letters,  showing  the  backbone  of  the 
“blind  pig”  industry  in  prohibition  states  is,  in  reality, 
the  big  brewer  in  the  license  cities  of  near-by  license 
states. 

The  brewers  are  no  more  law-abiding  in  license  terri- 
tory. 

“Every  time  I arrest  a man  who  is  running  a blind 
pig  I find,  when  I get  to  court,  that  the  representative 
of  the  brewery  has  been  there  before  me.  He  threatens 
whatever  judge  is  sitting  there  with  political  death  if 
he  doesn’t  ‘listen  to  reason,’  ” said  Detective  J.  N. 
Flynn  of  Chicago. 

And  Mr.  Robert  J.  Northold,  an  attorney  of  that  city, 
stated  that  “the  breweries  are  behind  the  Chicago  blind 
pig  men  and  fight  tooth  and  nail  to  have  them  dis- 
charged when  we  have  them  arrested.” 

His  testimony  was  backed  up  by  Lieutenant  John 
McCarthy  of  the  police.  Lieutenant  McCarthy  asserted 
that  “if  it  wasn’t  for  the  politicians  and  the  influence 
of  the  breweries,  I would  drive  the  blind  pigs  out  of 
Rogers  Park  in  four  weeks.” 

How  the  Brewers  Fight 

The  present  line  of  opposition  to  the  prohibition 
movement  on  the  part  of  the  brewers  seems  to  involve 
a divorce  from  the  distillery  interests,  the  development 
of  the  liquor  appetite  among  women  and  children,  the 
building  up  of  the  family  beer  wagon  trade,  and  the 
extension  of  the  European  idea  of  beer  gardens  “where 
a man  may  take  his  wife  and  children.” 

In  a leading  editorial  of  May  1,  1914,  the  Brewers' 
Journal,  under  the  head,  “Divorce  Yourselves  from 
Whisky,”  clearly  outlined  this  defensive  campaign : 

“The  franchise  will  be  extended  to  all  women  in 
this  country — some  day.  There  is  little  doubt  about 
that.  Within  a few  years  most  of  our  large  and  indus- 
trially developing  states  will  grant  the  vote  to  the 
opposite  sex,  and  where  will  the  brewing  industry  be 
then,  if  it  is  still  considered  to  be  in  alliance  with  the 
distillers  and  whisky  selling  saloons? 

“The  interests  of  the  brewing  industry  demand  a 
clean  and  resolute  separation  from  the  interests  of  the 
distilling  industry.  This  separation  must  be  effected 


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at  once,  unless  the  brewing  industry  shall  suffer  with 
those  whom  an  ever-growing  number  of  voters  are 
determined  to  eliminate  from  our  social  and  economic 
fabric.” 

The  Brewers’  Journal  acknowledges  that  “the  saloon 
has  become  an  eyesore  to  hundreds  of  thousands  of 
Americans, ”^and  it  concludes  that,  therefore,  the  saloon 
must  go;  that  the  brewing  trade  has  no  right  to  assist 
in  its  own  destruction  by  continuing  a detrimental  alli- 
ance. It  offers  this  program  of  reconstruction: 

“It  will  be  comparatively  easy  to  convince  the  women 
voters  that  beer  and  light  wines  are  not  detrimental  to 
those  accustomed  to  consuming  them.  The  rapid  devel- 
opment of  the  bottling  trade  shows  that  beer  is  a wel- 
come adjunct  to  the  family  meal,  and  women  themselves 
enjoy  taking  a glass  of  beer  in  their  own  homes.” 

This  is  not  simply  an  isolated  editorial  for  practically 
all  of  the  brewing  press  is  constantly  preaching  the 
development  of  the  trade  along  these  lines.  On  Octo- 
ber 1,  1914,  the  Journal  said : 

“Newspaper  advertising  for  beer  should  be  designed 
to  attract  and  appeal  to  women  as  well  as  men,  for  if 
beer  is  to  be  used  in  the  home,  women  must  be  won 
over  to  it.” 

How  It  is  to  Be  Done 

And  on  a date  somewhat  previous  (August  1,  1914) 
to  the  publication  of  the  last  paragraph  we  have  quoted, 
the  Journal  suggests  how  this  development  may  proceed : 

“The  next  step  in  order  will  be  to  invest  part  of  the 
brewers’  capital  in  the  purchase  of  land  or  buildings 
available  for  places  of  recreation  and  public  entertain- 
ment. There  should  no  longer  be  a brewery  in  this 
country  that  does  not  own  or  finance  one  or  several 
beer  gardens,  restaurants,  or  other  places  where  beer 
is  served,  the  arrangement  to  be  according  to  the  w^ell- 
known  and  profitable  European  plan. 

“More  beer  will  be  consumed  in  places  of  that  kind 
than  in  saloons  where  only  comparatively  few  men 
will  stand  at  the  bar  and  hastily  swallow  the  contents 
of  a glass  or  two.  Beer  gardens  and  restaurants,  as 
they  exist  everywhere  in  Germany,  Austria,  and  some 
other  European  countries,  are  visited  by  a far  larger 
proportion  of  the  population  than  the  American  saloon. 

“Another  important  step  to  be  taken  by  brewers, 
who  have  not  done  so  already,  is  the  stimulation  of  the 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance  79 

bottling  trade.  It  increases  the  sale  of  the  brewers’ 
product,  as  bottled  beer  goes  to  the  families  where  it 
formerly  was  an  unknown  item  in  the  housewife’s 
economy. 

“There  are  many  thousands  of  families  where  bottled 
beer  appears  on  the  table  at  noon  and  evenings.  The 
bottled  beer  is  an  effective  weapon  in  the  hands  of  the 
brewer  who  desires  to  do  a profitable  business  and 
leave  his  brewery  in  the  possession  of  his  sons  and 
daughters.” 

In  promoting  development  along  this  line  the  brewers 
are  using  advertising  illustrated  with  women  holding 
glasses  of  beer  in  their  hands,  and  are  outlining  such 
courses  of  advertising  in  their  trade  periodicals  for 
the  benefit  of  the  retail  trade.  In  Chicago,  very  recently, 
young  men  of  attractive  appearance  were  sent  around 
to  the  residence  districts  to  solicit  orders  for  beer  by 
the  case.  Premiums  of  chinaware  and  other  articles 
interesting  only  to  women  and  children  were  freely 
offered  to  promote  sales. 

The  Liberal  Advocate,  organ  of  the  retail  liquor  deal- 
ers in  Ohio,  suggests  that  barmaids  would  improve  the 
social  tone  of  the  retail  places  and  induce  the  attend- 
ance of  women.  The  makers  of  whisky  are  trying  to 
edge  into  the  brewers’  line  of  play.  Bon  fort’s  Wine 
and  Spirit  Circular  of  December  10,  1914,  said: 

“It’s  a long  lane  that  has  no  turning  and  a strange 
tide  that  has  no  ebb — so  we  may  confidently  count  on 
the  prohibition  movement  retreating  one  of  these  days. 
Before  this  occurs,  however,  the  American  saloon  with 
its  bar  and  its  screens  and  its  perpendicular  drinking 
and  its  treating  habit  must  be  changed  into  a cafe 
which  a man  may  enter  without  hesitation  accompanied 
by  his  wife  and  daughter.” 

How  can  any  man  who  is  not  an  idiot  fail  to  see 
that  the  thing  most  obnoxious  to  an  American  is  the 
spectacle  of  women  drinking,  at  home,  in  a cafe,  or  any- 
where else?  Of  course,  this  is  middle-class  provincialism, 
but  it  is  also  Americanism,  and  if  the  liquor  people 
despise  that  sentiment  the  quicker  they  get  out  of  the 
country  the  quicker  they  will  be  in  harmonious  sur- 
roundings. 


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After  the  Babies,  Too 

And  the  brewers  are  not  hesitating  to  push  their 
propaganda  not  only  among  women,  but  among  chil- 
dren. 

Among  the  booklets  circulated  at  the  Brewers’  Con- 
gress in  Chicago  and  now  being  widely  circulated  was 
one,  entitled,  “A  Genial  Philosopher,”  which  glorifies 
in  conversational  form  the  “food  and  tonic  properties 
of  beer.” 

“Have  I ever  told  you,”  remarks  the  “philosopher,” 
“how  my  wife  started  beer  drinking  up  at  our  house? 
She  and  the  new  baby  hadn’t  been  in  the  best  of  health. 
In  fact,  we  were  all  more  or  less  run  down.  The  little 
woman  became  imbued  with  the  idea  that  we  must 
have  bottled  beer  and  drink  it  with  our  meals.”  “And 
baby,  too?”  queried  Huston.  “Well,  obviously  the  boy 
would  participate  in  its  benefits,”  replied  Morgan. 

(For  the  effect  of  beer  upon  children,  see  Child  Wel- 
fare.) 

The  writer  holds  in  his  hand  an  advertisement  of  the 
Hennepin  Brewing  Company,  the  Moorhead  (Minn.) 
branch.  It  is  illustrated.  The  final  picture,  which  is  of 
a man,  his  wife,  and  a little  boy,  all  drinking  beer,  has 
under  it  this  verse : 

“And  now,  dear  reader,  you  see. 

There  is  a new  branch  on  the  Brau  family  tree, 

If  you  want  to  know  why. 

This  kid  is  so  spry. 

Just  order  some  Brau  and  you  will  see.” 

(In  this  connection,  see  also  Women,  and  Heredity.) 

BREWING — The  art  of  brewing  is  one  of  the  oldest 
arts  of  which  we  have  any  knowledge.  Brewing  was 
known  and  practiced  by  the  Egyptians,  perhaps  1,000 
years  before  the  beginning  of  the  Christian  era.  It  was 
practiced  by  the  Greeks,  Romans,  and  ancient  Gauls. 
Herodotus,  450  B.  C.,  tells  us  how  Egyptians  made  wine 
from  grain.  Pliny  repeats  the  same  statement  and 
many  others  of  those  early  writers  refer  to  it.  Tacitus 
states  in  the  first  century  A.  D.  that  it  was  the  usual 
beverage  among  the  Germans,  and  further,  the  art  of 
malting  and  brewing  was  probably  introduced  into 
Great  Britain  by  the  Romans.  Even  the  Kaffirs,  a race 
in  Africa,  make  beer  from  millet  seed.  As  early  as 
the  twelfth  century  beer  was  used  in  England  and  was 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance  81 

especially  prepared  from  malt  made  by  the  monks. 
The  convent  at  Burton  on  Trent  became  celebrated  at 
a very  early  date  for  the  quality  of  its  ale,  which  was 
attributed  to  the  special  quality  of  the  water.  As  early 
as  1585  there  were  twenty-six  breweries  in  London, 
with  an  output  of  650,000  barrels  per  annum.  It  is 
interesting  to  note  that  New  York  City  produces  ten 
times  that  quantity,  and  the  entire  United  States  pro- 
duces one  hundred  times  that  quantity.  The  term  ale 
was  used  in  England  before  the  introduction  of  hops 
and  probably  came  from  the  Scandinavians.  The  use 
of  hops  was  derived  from  Germany  and  the  name  beer 
was  first  applied  to  malt  liquor  containing  hops. 

Dr.  Chandler,  in  speaking  before  the  United  States 
Master  Brewers’  Association,  said  that  when  hops  was 
first  introduced  into  England  in  1649  the  people  peti- 
tioned the  King  against  its  use,  saying  that  it  was  a 
“wicked  weed’’  which  would  spoil  the  drink  and  endan- 
ger the  lives  of  the  people.  The  English  made  a mis- 
take common  to  the  present  generation,  which  frequently 
attributes  the  evil  of  the  saloon  to  tables,  or  chairs,  or 
music,  or  screens,  whereas  the  real  evil  in  beer  is 
spelled  “alcohol.” 

(For  a description  of  the  process  of  making  the 
beverage,  see  Beer;  for  information  as  to  the  develop- 
ment and  strength  of  brewing  industry  and  the  pres- 
ent attitude  of  the  brewing  trade,  see  Brewers.) 

BRIBERY — See  Brewers;  and  Lawlessness. 

BRYAN.  WILLIAM  JENNINGS— Mr.  Bryan’s 
action  in  refusing  to  serve  his  guests  with  liquor  and 
proffering  instead  grape  juice  was  the  logical  culmina- 
tion of  a life  of  total  abstinence  and  temperance  advo- 
cacy. Long  ago  he  said : “A  saloon  is  a nuisance.  Its 
influence  for  evil  cannot  be  confined  to  the  building 
in  which  it  is  conducted  any  more  than  can  the  odors 
of  a slaughter  house  be  confined  to  the  block  in  which 
it  is  located.” 

BULGARIA — (See  Balkan  countries.) 

BUSINESS — (For  the  effect  of  prohibition  upon 
business,  see  State  Prohibition,  Local  Prohibition,  Kan- 
sas, West  Virginia,  North  Carolina,  and  North  Dakota. 
For  the  relation  of  the  liquor  industry  to  workmen. 


82 


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see  Labor;  and  for  its  relation  to  the  producer  of  raw 
materials,  see  Farmer.  For  the  effect  of  alcohol  upon 
industrial  efficiency  and  the  changing  attitude  of  great 
business  organizations  toward  drinking,  see  Industry. 
See  also  Objections  to  Prohibition.) 

BUSINESS  ORGANIZATIONS.  FAKE— Under 
the  head  of  “Brewers”  may  be  found  a reference  to 
the  fondness  of  the  liquor  interests  for  operating  under 
an  alias.  Never  do  they  conduct  a fight  against  prohibi- 
tion under  their  own  name.  They  wear  such  masks  as 
“Business  Men’s  Association,”  “Manufacturers’  and 
Merchants’  League,”  etc.,  etc. 

The  action  of  Attorney-General  Looney  of  Texas  in 
starting  suit  against  the  “Business  Men’s  Association  of 
Texas”  revealed  that  this  organization  was  composed 
of  seven  breweries. 

The  evidence  introduced  by  Attorney-General  Looney 
showed  that  these  breweries  had  violated  their  charter 
by  pretending  that  they  were  organized  for  a certain 
purpose  when  they  were  really  organized  for  another; 
that,  contrary  to  state  law,  they  had  systematically  paid 
the  poll  tax  of  Negroes  and  Mexicans  in  order  to  qual- 
ify them  for  voting;  that  they  had  used  coercion  in 
securing  signatures  to  protests  against  national  prohibi- 
tion ; and  had  been  guilty  of  many  other  grave  mis- 
demeanors. 

The  evidence  introduced  involved  a number  of  let- 
ters. One  letter  to  the  president  of  the  Texas  Brewing 
Company,  Zane  Gotti,  from  Adolphus  Busch,  under  date 
of  October  19,  1905,  urged  him  to  pay  his  assessment  to 
the  “Educational  Bureau,”  and  said: 

This  work  has  got  to  be  done  systematically,  and  the  best 
writers  of  onr  country  will  have  to  lend  their  assistance. 
It  may  cost  us  a million  dollars  and  even  more,  but  what  of 
it  if  thereby  we  elevate  our  position?  We  will  have  to  be 
liberal  with  the  press  of  many  states  and  with  friends  to 
gain  the  ear  of  Senators  or  Members  of  Congress. 

In  another  letter  Mr.  Busch,  writing  from  Pasadena, 
Cal.,  asserts  that  he  is  willing  to  “give  $100,000  extra, 
if  necessary,”  to  defeat  state-wide  prohibition  in  Texas 
in  the  election  of  1911,  and  he  concludes  his  letter  in 
this  striking  way : 

Besides  losing  our  business  by  state-wide  prohibition,  we 
would  lose  our  honor  and  standing  of  ourselves  and  families, 
and  rather  than  lose  that  we  should  risk  the  majority  of 
our  fortunes.  Now  this  is  the  way  we  have  to  talk  to  the 
boys  in  order  to  get  them  all  in  line  to  subscribe  without 
hesitation. 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance  83 

Some  of  the  letters  offered  by  Attorney-General 
Looney  in  evidence  threatened  various  business  firms 
with  loss  of  trade  if  they  did  not  subscribe  to  the  anti- 
prohibition fund,  some  of  these  letters  even  being 
directed  as  far  as  Bohemia.  One  communication  chides 
a field  worker  for  putting  into  writing  an  account  of 
how  they  had  paid  the  poll  tax  of  Negroes. 

And  it  was  all  done  under  the  name,  “Business  Men’s 
Association  of  Texas.” 

CALIFORNIA — One  hundred  and  fifty-three  super- 
visoral  districts  are  dry  and  117  wet.  Only  seven 
counties  are  entirely  wet.  Twenty  counties  are  entirely 
dry  outside  incorporated  towns.  During  the  year,  one 
city  substituted  a “Regulation  Ordinance”  for  prohibi- 
tion, and  one  dry  town  disincorporated,  but  one  town 
incorporated  and  voted  dry,  and  one  county  seat  voted 
dry,  leaving  ninety-eight  dry  cities  and  incorporated 
towns.  One  county  adopted  a county-wide  prohibi- 
tion ordinance,  thus  adding  three  dry  districts,  and  three 
districts  previously  wet  voted  dry  under  the  local 
option  law,  a net  gain  of  six  districts.  No  dry  dis- 
tricts have  been  lost  this  year,  though  the  liquor  in- 
terests have  made  attempts  in  seven  districts.  The 
Legislature  passed  the  “Blind  Pig  Abatement  Law”  and 
a law  prohibiting  sale  of  liquor  to  Indians  and  to  whites 
who  habitually  associate  with  Indians.  The  California 
Campaign  Federation,  formed  by  the  federation  of  the 
temperance  forces  of  the  whole  state,  began,  on  Octo- 
ber 1,  1915,  a campaign  to  carry  two  amendments  to 
the  state  constitution.  They  provide  for;  “Forbidding 
dispensing  alcoholic  liquors  in  public  places  after  Jan- 
uary 1,  1918”;  and  “Prohibiting  all  manufacture,  sale, 
importation  into  or  transportation  within  the  state  after 
January  1,  1920.”  They  will  be  voted  upon  November 
7,  1916. 

CANADA — Temperance  sentiment  in  Canada,  to- 
quote  the  Canadian  Royal  Templar,  is  “making  enor- 
mous strides,  especially  in  Ontario  and  Manitoba.  The- 
cause  is  at  least  holding  its  own,  and  here  and  there 
gaining  ground,  m Quebec  and  the  maritime  provinces. 
There  is  every  indication  of  early  fruition  of  earnest" 
efforts  in  Saskatchewan,  Alberta,  and  British  Columi- 
bia.  In  a word,  Canada  is  rapidly  turning  white.'' 


84 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 


The  European  war  has  given  a great  impetus  to  the 
Canadian  temperance  movement.  The  Toronto  Globe, 
the  organ  of  liberal  opinion,  early  in  1915  said:  “The 
people  of  Ontario  care  not  one  whit  for  petty  matters 
of  party  advantage,  but  they  do  care  and  will  insist 
that  their  elected  representatives  in  the  Legislature  shall 
care,  and  shall  care  supremely,  for  those  things  that 
make  for  sober  citizenship  as  against  intemperance,  for 
economic  prudence  as  against  waste,  for  industrial  effi- 
ciency as  against  unfitness,  and  for  moral  reform  as 
against  reaction.  The  searchlight  may  have  to  be  turned 
on  the  lobbyists  of  the  liquor  traffic  who  haunt  the 
corridors  of  Parliament  session  after  session,  if  indeed 
they  do  not  sometimes  fill  the  seats  of  legislation.” 


CAPITAL — The  amount  of  capital  tied  up  in  the 
production  of  alcoholic  liquors,  according  to  the  last 
available  census  returns,  was  $771,516,000.  The  invest- 
ment has  grown  in  the  past  sixty  years  from  about 
$10,000,000.  The  next  census  will  probably  show  a 
distinct  decrease  in  the  amount  of  capital  invested,  but 
in  the  decade  ending  1910  there  had  been  an  increase 
of  68.5  per  cent.  The  following  table  from  a bulletin 
of  the  United  States  Census  shows  the  development  of 
the  liquor  manufacturing  industry  during  the  past  sixty 
years : 


Census  Spirits  Malt  Liquors  Wines  Total 


1850 

1860 

1870 

1880 

1890 

1900 

1910 


$ 5,409,334 
12,445,675 
15,545,116 
24,247,595 
31,006,178 
32,551,604 
72,450,000 


$ 4,072,380 

15,782,342 
48,779,435 
91,208,224 
232,471,290 
415,284,468 
671,158,000 


306,300 

2,334,394 

2,581,910 

5,792,783 

9,838,015 

27,980,000 


$ 9,481,714 

28,534,317 
66,658,945 
118,037,729 
269,270,251 
457,674,087 
771,516,000 


The  capital  involved  is  distributed  as  follows : 


Total  capital  of  the  distilled  liquor  traffic  of  the 


United  States $ 72,450,000 

Total  capital  of  the  malt  or  fermented  liquor  traf- 
fic (beer)  671,158,000 

Total  capital  of  the  vinous  liquor  traffic  27,908,000 


Total  capital  invested  in  liquor  traffic  $771,516,000 

(For  the  relation  of  the  capital  involved  to  wages, 
producer  of  raw  materials,  etc.,  see  Labor,  and  Farmer.) 


CATCH-MY-PAL  MOVEMENT— The  catch-my- 
pal  movement  in  Ireland  is  uniquely  described  by  Dr. 
Clarence  True  Wilson  in  the  following  words : 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 


85 


“One  of  the  most  interesting  features  of  the  mod- 
ern temperance  reform  originated  in  old  Ireland.  One 
thing  that  makes  it  fascinating  is  that  it  is  so  strictly 
Irish.  The  Rev.  Robert  J.  Patterson  of  Armagh  was 
one  day  walking  down  the  street,  when  he  saw  six  men 
standing  around  a lamp  post.  One  of  them  accosted 
him  with  the  query,  ‘Don’t  you  think  it  would  be  a good 
thing  to  take  a temperance  pledge  to  these  fellows  and 
get  them  to  sign  it?’  Some  of  the  men  were  half  un- 
der the  influence  of  liquor  at  that  time.  This  preacher 
did  not  despise  his  opportunity,  but,  turning  and  join- 
ing the  company,  began  to  appeal  to  those  warm-hearted 
Irishmen  on  behalf  of  their  native  land.  He  showed 
them  that  the  drinkers  make  the  liquor  problem,  and 
the  men  who  have  made  the  problem  ought  to  settle 
it;  that,  worse  than  absentee-landlordism  for  old  Ire- 
land, is  rum  rule  and  the  misery  and  poverty  of  drunk- 
enness. They  were  soon  all  ready  to  sign  the  pledge. 
‘No,’  said  Mr.  Patterson,  ‘we  don’t  want  any  more 
Christians  who  just  want  to  save  themselves,  nor  any 
more  temperance  men  who  are  doing  nothing  to  save 
the  world.  If  you  men  mean  business,  report  at  the 
manse  on  Friday  night  when  the  curfew  bell  rings, 
and  each  one  of  you  bring  one  of  your  pals.’  On  Fri- 
day night,  July  16,  1909,  fourteen,  all  drinkers,  filed  into 
the  Presbyterian  Manse,  and  before  the  evening  was 
over  they  had  formed  the  ‘Catch-My-Pal’  Society;  had 
taken  as  their  motto,  ‘We  will  see  this  thing  through’; 
and,  holding  each  other  by  the  hand,  had  taken  this 
pledge:  ‘For  God  and  home  and  native  land,  and  with 
the  help  of  Almighty  God  we  pledge  ourselves  that  we 
will  not  drink  a drop  of  intoxicating  liquor,  and  that 
on  the  weekly  anniversary  of  this  night  we  will  assemble 
ourselves  and  report  our  experience  and  bring  as  many 
of  our  pals  as  we  can  induce  to  join  us  in  this  work 
to  save  old  Ireland  from  rum.’ 

“No  other  temperance  movement  has  ever  grown  with 
such  rapidity.  They  do  not  add  each  week;  they  multi- 
ply. At  the  end  of  one  year  they  had  spread  over 
Ireland,  they  had  crossed  the  channel  into  Wales  and 
England.  The  celebration  of  their  first  anniversary 
was  one  of  the  biggest  holidays  .Ireland  ever  witnessed. 
Hundreds  of  saloons  have  been  closed  and  the  multi- 
plying process  is  moving  like  a Pentecost.  There  is 
no  counting  the  numbers.  In  a year  and  a half  some 


86 


Cyclopedia  of  Tempeiance 


estimate  them  at  a million.  But  whatever  the  number 
was  last  week,  it  is  larger  now.  God  bless  old  Ireland,” 

CATHOLIC  TEMPERANCE  SOCIETIES— 
The  Catholic  Church  has  not  been  generally  considered 
by  Protestants  to  be  an  asset  of  the  temperance  move- 
ment. Everybody  remembers  what  happened  to  the  boy 
who  was  trying  to  make  plain  to  his  companions  that 
nearly  every  saloon  keeper  is  a Catholic,  and  adopted 
the  demonstration  method  of  sticking  his  head  in  the 
first  saloon  and  yelling,  “To  hell  with  the  Pope!”  But 
the  Catholic  Total  Abstinence  Union  is  rapidly  grow- 
ing in  strength  and  prestige  and  many  Catholics  are 
earnestly  working  for  its  advancement.  On  August 
4,  5,  1914,  a Catholic  Prohibition  League  was  organized 
at  Niagara  Falls,  N.  Y.,  and  it  looks  as  if  it  would 
realize  its  ambition — the  enrollment  of  100,000  Catholic 
men  and  women  before  July,  1915. 

Some  utterances  by  leading  Catholics  against  the 
liquor  evil  are : 

“Let  pastors  do  their  best  to  drive  the  plague  of  intem- 
perance from  the  fold  of  Christ  by  assiduous  preaching  and 
exhortation,  and  to  shine  before  all  as  models  of  abstinence, 
that  so  many  calamities  with  which  this  vice  threatens  both 
church  and  state  may,  by  their  strenuous  endeavors,  be 
averted.” — Letter  dated  Rome,  March  27,  1887,  to  Arch- 
bishop Ireland. 

“As  to  the  right  of  the  state  to  prohibit,  there  can  be  no 
question,  since  the  right  to  suppress  crime  involves  the  right 
to  suppress  its  chief  cause.  Suppression  of  the  manufacture 
and  sale  of  alcoholic  beverages  is  the  only  adequate  remedy.” 
— Bishop  Spaulding,  Peoria,  111. 

Archbishop  Ireland  would  wipe  out  the  accursed 
traffic. 

“Would  God  place  in  my  hand  a wand  with  which  to  dispel 
the  evil  of  intemperance,  I would  strike  the  door  of  every 
saloon,  of  every  distillery,  of  every  brewery,  until  the  ac- 
cursed traffic  should  be  wiped  from  the  face  of  the  earth.” 
— “Catholics  and  Prohibition  Quarterly.” 

Cardinal  Manning  says  liquor  is  the  antagonist  of 
the  Holy  Ghost: 

“For  thirty  years  I have  been  priest  and  bishop  in  Lon- 
don, and  now  approach  my  eightieth  year.  I have  learned 
some  lessons,  and  the  first  thing  is  this.  The  chief  bar  to 
the  working  of  the  Holy  Spirit  of  God  in  the  souls  of  men 
and  women  is  intoxicating  drink.  I know  no  antagonist  to 
the  Holy  Spirit  more  direct,  more  subtle,  more  stealthy,  more 
ubiquitous  than  intoxicating  drink.” — “Catholics  and  Pro- 
hibition Quarterly.” 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 


87 


CELL  LIFE — Alcohol  is  a deadly  enemy  to  the  unit 
of  animal  life.  The  amoeba,  that  beautiful  unicellular 
animal,  is  profoundly  affected  by  even  small  doses  of 
alcohol,  actually  by  one  drop  of  alcohol  in  one  thou- 
sand drops  of  normal  saline  solution,  the  fluid  in  which 
it  is  best  at  home.  By  alcohol  it  is  irritated,  “stimu- 
lated,” if  you  like,  just  at  first,  but  quickly  numbed,  then 
paralyzed,  and  finally  killed. 

The  white  blood  cell  is  practically  an  amoeba.  Alco- 
hol taken  into  the  stomach  is  rapidly  absorbed  through 
the  mucous  membrane  into  the  blood  vessels.  There 
it  comes  into  contact  with  the  white  corpuscles  of  the 
blood,  and  they  likewise  are  irritated,  numbed,  paralyzed, 
and  even  killed.  Thus  these  cells,  which  should  be  alert, 
discriminating,  and  efficient,  like  any  well-trained  con- 
stable, become  lazy,  inert,  and  altogether  inefficient, 
when  any  undesirables  in  the  shape  of  bacteria  cause 
“riot  in  the  veins.” 

(See  also  Leucocytes.) 

CENTRAL  AMERICA — The  manufacture  of  spir- 
its is  to  a large  extent  a government  monopoly  in  Cen- 
tral America.  Only  San  Salvador  prohibits  minors 
from  entering-  saloons  or  being  served  with  liquors. 
Mr.  Guy  Hayler  says : 

“There  is  no  restriction  in  the  hours  of  sale  or  the 
number  of  places,  the  idea  being  that  the  larger  the 
number  of  saloons  and  the  more  liquor  disposed  of, 
the  better  for  the  revenue.  There  is  also  no  law  pro- 
hibiting the  sale  of  intoxicating  liquors  to  the  Indians, 
and  it  is  stated  that  the  Maya  Indians,  which  were  once 
a great  race,  are  being  ‘wiped  out  of  existence  by  the 
liquor  traffic.’  The  English  and  American  traders  are 
accused  by  the  missionaries  of  distributing  gin  to  the 
natives  at  Christmas,  by  which  an  enormous  amount  of 
mischief  is  done.  At  one  time  prohibition  was  thor- 
oughly enforced  in  the  Moskito  Indian  Reservation  in 
Nicaragua,  but  the  government  is  now  so  decidedly  in 
favor  of  the  liquor  traffic  that  even  this  restraint  has 
been  removed.  It  is  greatly  to  be  regretted  that  so 
little  temperance  work  is  being  done  there.” 

CHAMPAGNE — An  effervescent  wine  containing 
about  twelve  per  cent  of  alcohol.  It  gets  its  name  from 
the  province  of  Champagne,  France. 


88  Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 

The  effervescent  quality  of  the  wine  is  due  to  the 
presence  of  carbonic  acid  gas.  Champagne  is  made  by 
bottling  the  wine  before  the  second  fermentation  is 
completed.  The  gas  in  the  bottle  is  retained  by  careful 
sealing.  The  word  “dry,”  used  in  qualifying  cham- 
pagne, means  the  absence  of  any  great  amount  of  sugar 
or  acid. 

CHESTERFIELD,  LORD — In  speaking  against 
the  Gin  Act  before  the  House  of  Lords,  February  21, 
1743,  Lord  Chesterfield  assailed  the  principle  of  license 
in  the  following  brilliant  indictment: 

“To  pretend,  my  lords,  that  the  design  of  this  bill  is 
to  prevent  or  diminish  the  use  of  spirits  is  to  trample 
upon  common  sense  and  to  violate  the  rules  of  decency 
as  well  as  reason.  For  when  did  any  man  ever  hear 
that  a commodity  was  prohibited  by  licensing  its  sale, 
or  that  to  offer  and  refuse  is  the  same  action?  Surely 
it  never  before  was  conceived  by  any  man  entrusted 
with  the  administration  of  public  affairs  to  raise  taxes 
by  the  destruction  of  the  people.” 

CHILD  WELFARE — There  are  29,499,136  children 
under  fifteen  years  of  age  in  America. 

The  liquor  interests  take  great  delight  in  ignoring 
these  thirty  million  Americans  when  a prohibition  argu- 
ment is  toward.  Then  they  say,  “You  assume  that 
Americans  are  children;  we  are  men.” 

They  ignore  the  thirty  million  children  and  the  sixty 
million  minors  in  the  United  States  do  not  count  at 
all  with  them,  at  least  for  purposes  of  argument.  They 
count  all  right  when  it  comes  to  creating  an  appetite. 

An  investigation  of  259  alcoholized  patients  at  Belle- 
vue Hospital  showed  6.5  per  cent  began  to  drink  at 
from  one  to  twelve  years  of  age,  twentj'-three  per  cent 
began  to  drink  from  twelve  to  sixteen  years,  thirty- 
nine  per  cent  began  from  sixteen  to  twenty-one  years. 
Only  31.5  per  cent  began  the  habit  after  they  were 
of  age. 

But  in  their  opinion,  children  are  not  Americans ; let 
them  all  go  to  hob.  Hie,  hie,  hurrah ! for  Budweiser. 

An  investigation  conducted  by  Mrs.  L.  A.  Rufe,  a 
social  worker  widely  known  in  northwestern  Philadel- 
phia, revealed  the  fact  that  out  of  a total  of  18.503 
school  children  who  were  pupils  in  twenty-three  public 
schools  of  Philadelphia.  4,438,  or  nearly  one  fourth,  ad- 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperaace 


89 


mitted  that  they  drank  beer.  Mrs.  Rufe  declares  that 
she  has  reason  to  believe  that  the  proportion  is  really 
much  larger. 

Mr.  John  F.  Cunneen,  the  eminent  labor  leader,  says; 

“Wet  orators  and  writers  devote  considerable  time 
to  denouncing  child  labor  conditions  in  the  Southern 
prohibition  states.  We  have  no  apology  for  child 
labor  anywhere.  From  the  |^ay  the  wets  talk  some 
people  may  get  the  impression  that  child  labor  exists 
only  in  the  Southern  States  which  have  espoused  pro- 
hibition. We  call  attention  of  the  Wets  to  the  follow- 
ing facts  given  in  United  States  Census  of  Manufac- 
ture for  1910: 

“ ‘In  Georgia  there  were  employed  6,041  children 
under  sixteen  years  of  age,  but  in  wet  Pennsylvania 
there  were  employed  29,107  children  under  sixteen 
years  of  age.  In  dry  Mississippi  there  were  employed 
1,058  children  under  sixteen,  but  in  wet  Massachu- 
setts there  were  employed  21,488  children  under  six- 
teen. In  wet  Maryland  there  were  6,548,  in  wet  Rhode 
Island  4,625.  The  wets  ought  to  look  at  the  wet  states 
for  child  labor  conditions.’ 

“The  same  United  States  Census  report  tells  us  that 
in  Maine  there  were  only  1,387  children  employed  in 
manufacturing  industries  who  were  under  sixteen 
years  of  age.  In  North  Dakota  only  fifty-seven,  Kansas 
235,  Oklahoma  only  123.  In  the  eight  prohibition  states 
of  Georgia,  Kansas,  Maine,  Mississippi,  North  Caro- 
lina, North  Dakota,  Oklahoma,  and  Tennessee  there 
were  employed  25,044  children  under  sixteen  years  of 
age  in  manufacturing  industries,  while  in  the  one  wet 
state  of  Pennsylvania  there  were  employed  29,107  or 
4,063  more  than  in  all  the  eight  prohibition  states.” 

In  a letter  to  the  Temperance  Society,  Mr.  Owen  R. 
Lovejoy  of  the  National  Child  Labor  Committee  said: 
“I  am  very  sure  that  a large  percentage  of  child  labor 
is  due  to  the  intemperance  of  parents.” 

If  “children”  include  young  people  in  the  period  of 
adolescence,  the  problem  becomes  much  more  complex. 
A great  many  students  of  the  question  assert  that  fully 
one  half  of  all  the  minors  and  females  of  the  wage- 
earning and  salaried  classes  in  our  great  cities  patron- 
ize the  family  entrances  of  saloons  or  procure  beer 
regularly  by  the  can  or  by  the  case.  The  writer  counted 
seventy-five  girls  in  the  adolescent  period,  evidently 


90 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 


working  girls  or  the  daughters  of  mechanics  and  clerks, 
entering  a Chicago  saloon  in  one  evening. 

Brewers  Poison  the  Children 
The  brewers  are  not  only  strenuously  endeavoring  to 
extend  the  consumption  of  liquor  by  children  through 
the  extension  of  the  bottling  trade  and  the  institution 
of  places  “where  a man  may  take  his  wife  and  babies,” 
but  they  are  doing  everything  possible  to  capture  recrea- 
tion centers.  An  investigation  of  241  Chicago  dance 
halls  showed  190  of  them  adjoining  or  controlled  by 
saloons,  and  children  buying  liquor  in  146.  Liquor  was 
sold  in  eighty-eight  per  cent  of  these  places,  and  many 
dance  halls  allow  five  minutes  for  dancing  and  twenty 
minutes  for  drinking.  These  statements  were  on  dis- 


play at  the  Child  Welfare  Exhibit  in  Chicago  in  1911. 

It  is  estimated  that  3,500  babies  die  in  Chicago  each 
year  from  “preventable”  causes,  and  what  proportion 
of  these  preventable  deaths  is  due  to  liquor  may  be 
judged  from  the  fact  that  Mr.  George  R.  Sims,  who 
found  in  England  an  infant  mortality  of  123,000,  and 
475,000  cruelly  neglected  children  in  a single  year,  said: 
“We  can  leave  poverty  and  environment  and  the  hous- 
ing question  out  of  the  argument.  We  have  to  recog- 
nize the  dominant  fact  that  where  children  are  cruelly 
neglected  there  is,  in  ninety  per  cent  of  the  cases,  a 
history  of  habitual  intemperance  in  one  or  both  parents.” 

The  church  is  faced  with  the  vital  necessity  of  over- 
throwing the  liquor  traffic  to  prepare  the  way  for  con- 
structive work  among  certain  classes  of  our  young  peo- 
ple. Of  370,000  young  people  of  school  age  in  Chicago, 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 


91 


only  120,746  attend  Sabbath  School.  The  remainder  are 
either  kept  from  the  Sabbath  Schools  by  the  saloons, 
saloon-controlled  recreation  centers,  or  by  the  irreligious 
atmosphere  inevitable  to  saloon  conditions. 

Statistics  based  on  an  investigation  of  5,184  children 
by  the  Committee  of  Fifty,  in  1899,  showed  that  45.8 
per  cent  of  childhood’s  burdens  are  caused  by  abuse 
or  neglect  traceable  to  intemperance  in  parents  or 
guardians.  Of  every  dollar  given  to  relieve  neglected 
or  destitute  children,  forty-six  cents  goes  to  care  for 
the  results  of  drink. 

The  Committee  on  Hygiene  and  Safety  for  the  De- 
partment of  the  Seine,  in  France,  attributes  a very  large 
per  cent  of  congenital  debility  in  children  to  alcoholism 
in  parents,  but  this  properly  belongs  to  Heredity,  which 
please  see  in  this  connection. 

CHINA — The  use  of  alcohol  in  China  is  not  exten- 
sive, but  trade  methods  of  the  brewers  are  rapidly  fix- 
ing drinking  customs  upon  that  country.  They  call 
beer  “the  Jesus  poison.”  There  are  at  the  present  time 
two  large  breweries  in  China,  and  the  outbreak  of 
war  prevented  the  erection  of  a third. 

The  use  of  opium  has  been  largely  wiped  out  by 
drastic  governmental  measures,  and  complete  victory 
over  this  curse  has  only  been  prevented  by  the  atrocious 
bullying  of  Christian  nations. 

CHURCHES — The  Protestant  Churches  which  have 
made  declarations  against  the  saloon  and  the  liquor 
traffic,  to  the  best  of  the  information  available  to  the 
Temperance  Society  of  the  Methodist  Church,  are  as 
follows : 

The  Methodist  Episcopal  Church. 

The  Baptist  Church. 

The  Congregational  Churches. 

The  Presbyterian  Church. 

The  Disciples  of  Christ. 

The  Free  Methodist  Church. 

The  Methodist  Episcopal  Church,  South. 

The  Evangelical  Lutheran  Church. 

The  Friends  Church. 

The  Reformed  Presbyterian  Church. 

The  Cumberland  Presbyterian  Church. 

The  Protestant  Episcopal  Church. 

The  Unitarian  Church. 

The  Seventh  Day  Adventists. 

The  United  Evangelical  Church. 

The  United  Norwegian  Lutheran  Church. 

The  Pentecostal  Church  of  the  Nazarene. 


92 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 


The  Baptist  Young  People’s  Union,  the  Epworth 
League,  and  the  Christian  Endeavor  have  also  spoken 
strongly.  (See  Epworth  League.) 

(For  her  historical  attitude,  see  Methodism;  and  for 
information  in  regard  to  our  own  Church  Temperance 
Society,  see  Temperance  Society  of  the  Methodist  Epis- 
copal Church.) 

CIDER — This  beverage  is  usually  produced  by  hand 
presses  in  family  orchards.  When  newly  pressed,  sweet 
cider  is  wholesome,  but  it  soon  becomes  intoxicating. 
When  the  percentage  of  alcohol  has  reached  nine  the 
ferment  of  acetic  acid  begins  to  work,  and  it  soon 
changes  to  vinegar. 

CITIES — A careful  survey  of  the  state  of  prohibi- 
tion sentiment  and  liquor  law  enforcement  in  cities  of 
the  second  class  was  made  by  the  Temperance  Society 
of  the  Methodist  Church  some  months  ago.  In  eighty 
per  cent  of  the  cities  investigated  there  was  anoarent 
a distinct  increase  in  prohibition  sentiment,  and  in 
nearly  all  of  them  the  enforcement  of  such  laws  as 
Sunday  closing  measures,  etc.,  was  much  better  than 
five  years  previous  to  the  time  at  which  the  investigation 
was  made. 

The  most  sensational  advance  of  this  character  during 
1915  was  the  decision  of  the  mayor  of  Chicago,  Mr. 
Thompson,  to  enforce  the  Illinois  law  requiring  sa- 
loons to  close  on  Sunday.  The  result  of  the  first 
Sunday  of  Sundaj'  closing  was  summarized  by  the 
Chicago  Herald  as  follows: 


Dry  Sunday — What  it  Meant 

Total  saloons  in  Chicago 7.132 

Number  of  saloons  closed 7,146 

Number  of  saloon  emploj'ees  resting 20,000 

Violations  of  closing  law  28 

Number  of  saloons  found  open  Sunday 6 

Number  technically  violators  21 

Saloon  keeper  found  treating  luncheon  guests 1 

Number  of  arrests  for  drunkenness  Saturday 47 

Number  of  arrests  for  drunkenness  Sunday 16 

Usual  number  of  arrests  on  same  two  days 243 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance  93 


Number  of  suicides  None 

Usual  number  of  suicides  Two  to  three 

Number  of  murders  None 

Usual  number  of  murders 20  a month 

Automobile  fatalities  Four 

Average  number  18  a month 


After  some  weeks  of  the  policy,  manufacturers  and 
other  employers  of  labor  in  great  numbers  testify  to 
its  benefits,  especially  upon  the  reporting  of  workmen 
for  duty  on  Monday  morning. 

CIVIL  DAMAGE  ACTS — A number  of  states  have 
laws  making  saloon  keepers  liable  for  damages  result- 
ing from  their  sale  of  liquor.  So  troublesome  have 
been  civil  actions  brought  under  these  various  laws 
that  the  liquor  dealers  have  formed  an  insurance  society 
to  write  policies  covering  such  liability.  Especially  in 
Illinois  have  court  actions  of  this  nature  been  numerous. 

In  1914  the  United  States  Supreme  Court  approved 
the  principle  of  all  of  these  acts  when  it  ruled  the 
Nebraska  damage  law  to  be  constitutional.  The  case 
came  to  the  Supreme  Court  on  the  appeal  of  a saloon 
keeper  of  Nebraska  City,  Neb.,  from  a judgment  of 
the  state  courts  holding  him  liable  in  the  sum  of  $5,000 
to  Mrs.  May  Bulger,  because  her  husband  had  become 
an  habitual  drunkard.  The  decision  was  considered 
a severe  blow  to  the  trade  generally. 

There  is  in  Ohio  a movement  to  compel  the  creation 
of  a sinking  fund  by  assessments  upon  liquor  dealers, 
proceeds  to  be  used  in  guaranteeing  damages  allowed. 

The  Supreme  Court  of  Massachusetts  has  recently 
rendered  a decision  in  which  it  holds  that  the  employer 
is  liable  for  actions  committed  by  a drunken  employee. 

CLARET — A red  wine  of  a slight  acid  taste.  It  has 
a less  proportion  of  alcohol  than  any  other  wine. 

CLARK,  BILLY  JAMES — Born  in  Northampton, 
Mass.,  January  4,  1778;  died  in  Glens  Falls,  N.  Y., 
March  20,  1867.  He  was  a physician.  On  April  30, 
1808,  he  organized  “The  Union  Temperance  Society  of 
Moro  and  Northumberland,”  which  is  thought  to  haye 
been  the  first  temperance  society  in  the  United  States. 
It  started  with  forty-three  members.  The  pledge  for- 
bade members  to  drink,  except  by  adyice  of  physicians 
or  at  public  dinners.  Intoxication  was  punished  by  a 


94  Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 

fine  of  fifty  cents,  and  a fine  of  twenty-five  cents  was 
assessed  against  anyone  offering  liquor  to  any  other 
person.  (See  Pledges.) 

COCAINE— {See  Drugs.) 

COFFEE  HOUSES — See  Substitutes. 

COLLEGES — Half  the  colleges  of  the  United  States 
are  now  organized  for  the  study  of  the  liquor  problem. 
This  situation  has  been  brought  about  largely  through 
the  work  of  the  Intercollegiate  Prohibition  Associa- 
tion, which  for  fourteen  years  has  been  engaged  in  or- 
ganizing the  students  of  American  colleges  for  the  pur- 
pose of  training  them  for  the  duties  of  citizenship  and 
for  leadership  in  the  antiliquor  reform. 

The  association  is  now  organized  in  thirty-two  states, 
with  248  college  branches  and  approximately  7,500  mem- 
bers. It  reaches  and  influences  annually  through  its 
administrative  and  secretarial  force  275  American  col- 
leges and  75,000  college  students. 

Fourteen  years  ago  the  work  of  the  association  was 
confined  to  a dozen  colleges  in  five  states.  Slowly  but 
steadily  it  has  pushed  forward.  The  ideal  of  intelli- 
gent leadership  has  everywhere  been  emphasized  and 
exalted,  and  a successful  effort  has  been  made  to  link 
up  this  ideal  with  the  need  for  leadership  in  the  solu- 
tion of  the  liquor  problem. 

The  work  of  the  I.  P.  A.  is  carried  on  through  three 
principal  channels : 

1.  Systematic  study  of  the  liquor  problem  through 
study  classes,  lectures,  and  scientific  research.  Stu- 
dents are  led  to  investigate  the  problem  in  all  its 
phases,  chiefly  under  faculty  direction.  During  the 
present  year,  systematic  study  courses  are  being  con- 
ducted in  about  two  hundred  colleges,  sixty-five  of  which 
grant  full  college  credit  for  such  study. 

2.  Oratorical  contests,  local,  state,  interstate,  and 
national,  constituting  the  most  extensive  system  in 
America  and  leading  to  the  highest  national  honors  in 
college  oratory.  In  preparation  for  the  last  national 
contest  held  in  Topeka,  December  29,  1914,  over  eleven 
hundred  original  orations  were  written  and  delivered 
by  college  students  in  all  parts  of  the  United  States. 

3.  Practical  field  work  in  local  and  state-wide  cam- 
paigns, providing  opportunity  for  the  development  of 


Cyclopedia  oi  Temperance 


95 


the  qualities  of  leadership  through  experience  with 
actual  conditions  and  for  effective  service  to  the  prohi- 
bition cause. 

The  efficiency  of  the  I.  P.  A.  is  attested  by  the  scores 
of  leaders  which  the  organization  has  trained  for  the 
prohibition  movement,  many  of  whom  are  now  in  the 
forefront  of  the  fight.  These  include  such  men  as 
Daniel  A.  Poling,  president’s  associate.  United  Society 
of  Christian  Endeavor,  president  National  Temperance 
Council,  member  Flying  Squadron;  Virgil  G.  Hinshaw, 
National  Chairman  Prohibition  Party;  Dan  B.  Brum- 
mitt,  editor  Bpworth  Herald;  Harry  G.  McCain,  ex- 
tension secretary  Methodist  Temperance  Society;  Rev. 
Elmer  L.  Williams,  the  “fighting  parson”  of  Chicago; 
E.  S.  Shumaker,  J.  Frank  Burke,  Herbert  H.  Sawyer, 
R.  P.  Hutton,  Peter  J.  Youngdahl,  present  or  former 
state  superintendents  of  the  Anti-Saloon  League;  Ernest 
E.  Taylor  and  J.  Raymond  Schmidt,  state  chairmen  of 
the  Prohibition  Party;  D.  Leigh  Colvin  and  Harry  S. 
Warner,  president  and  general  secretary  of  the  1.  P.  A.; 
and  Miss  Mary  F.  Balcomb,  general  secretary  of  the 
Young  People’s  Civic  League,  Chicago. 

In  addition  to  these  more  conspicuous  examples,  the 
I.  P.  A.  has  furnished  scores  and  hundreds  of  secre- 
taries and  field  workers  in  state,  county,  and  local  cam- 
paigns. 

The  present  officers  of  the  association  are:  President, 
D.  Leigh  Colvin,  Ph.D. ; General  Secretary  and  Treas- 
urer, Harry  S.  Warner;  First  Vice-President,  Daniel 
A.  Poling;  Second  Vice-President,  Harry  G.  McCain; 
Secretary,  Elon  G.  Borton;  Members  Executive  Com- 
mittee, Neil  D.  Cramer,  and  Harley  H.  Gill.  Head- 
quarters are  in  the  Security  Building,  Chicago. 

The  association  maintains  a force  of  six  to  nine  field 
secretaries  who  visit  each  branch  of  the  association 
an  average  of  twice  each  college  year.  It  also  issues 
monthly  the  Intercollegiate  Statesman,  a twelve  to 
twenty- four-page  publication.  In  addition,  the  associa- 
tion maintains  a monthly  news  service  for  the  purpose 
of  providing  college  publications  with  live  news  regard- 
ing the  activity  of  the  college  world  toward  the  liquor 
problem.  This  department  has  already  won  recognition 
from  the  National  Wholesale  Liquor  Dealers’  Asso- 
ciation, which  has  recently  inaugurated  a similar  serv- 
ice to  counter  the  activities  of  the  I.  P.  A. 


96 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 


The  biennial  national  convention  in  Topeka,  Kan., 
December  29  to  January  1,  1915,  was  the  first  great 
student  gathering  of  a civic  character  ever  held.  Four 
hundred  student  delegates  were  in  attendance,  some 
from  the  most  distant  parts  of  the  country.  A new 
program  of  extension  was  adopted,  in  accordance  with 
which  the  association  will  undertake  to  extend  its  or- 
ganization to  all  the  leading  colleges  of  the  United 
States.  It  is  expected  that  this  will  be  accomplished 
within  the  next  two  years. 

The  I.  P.  A.  occupies  a strategic  field.  It  is  inspired 
by  a high  patriotic  purpose  and  an  abundant  faith  in 
college  men  and  women  as  a most  vital  factor  in  the 
early  solution  of  the  liquor  problem.  Judged  by  its 
record  of  fourteen  years  the  association  has  made  good. 
It  has  proven  its  efficiency  in  training  leaders  for  the 
antiliquor  fight.  It  has,  in  fact,  demonstrated  that  it  is 
indispensable  in  the  economy  of  the  American  prohibi- 
tion movement.  No  other  department  of  the  movement 
is  doing  a more  vital  and  effective  work;  no  other 
phase  is  greater  in  its  possibilities. 

John  F.  Warner. 

COLORADO — Voted  dry  November  3,  1914.  The 
law  goes  into  effect  January  1,  1916.  The  last  Legis- 
lature passed  a very  stringent  law  providing  for  the 
enforcement  of  the  constitutional  amendment.  The 
main  provisions  of  the  law  are  as  follows : Statutory 
prohibition;  anticlub  law;  antiadvertising  law,  unlawful 
to  solicit  orders  within  the  state;  defining  a bootlegger; 
nuisance  law ; law  regarding  common  carriers  handling 
liquors;  search  and  seizure;  citizen  may  employ  an 
attorney  to  prosecute ; law  concerning  medicinal  and 
sacramental  use;  penalties;  governor  given  special 
power  to  enforce;  ouster  law. 

COMMERCIAL  TEMPERANCE  LEAGUE— 
This  organization  was  effected  in  New  York  in  1886, 
and  at  one  time  had  a considerable  membership.  The 
pledge  was  twofold:  One  to  drink  no  intoxicating 
liquors  as  a beverage;  second,  to  try  to  get  ten  others 
to  join  the  League. 

COMMITTEE  OF  FIFTY — This  committee  was 
organized  in  1893.  It  was  composed  of  fifty  distin- 
guished men.  Hon.  Seth  Low  of  Columbia  College, 
New  York,  was  the  president.  The  Committee  con- 


Cyclopedia  oi  Temperance 


97 


ducted  a great  number  of  valuable  investigations  of 
various  phases  of  the  liquor  problem  and  its  figures  are 
freely  used  in  this  volume.  It  was,  however,  an  ultra- 
conservative body,  tainted  with  prejudice  against  pro- 
hibition, which  was  not  at  that  time  popular. 

COMMUNION  WINE — It  is  grossly  improper  to 
make  use  of  a decayed  product — fermented  wine — to 
celebrate  the  victory  of  Jesus  Christ  over  death  and 
d^cay. 

The  Passover  wine  used  in  the  celebration  of  the  He- 
brew rites,  of  which  the  communion  may  be  said  to  be 
the  successor,  was  unfermented,  and  in  the  accounts 
given  by  the  three  evangelists  of  the  original  Supper 
the  drink  used  is  spoken  of  as  “the  fruit  of  the  vine.” 
During  Christ’s  life  the  preservation  of  wines  from 
fermentation  was  well  understood  and  widely  practiced, 
and  the  terms  used  by  Paul  in  tl;e  discussion  of  the 
Lord’s  Supper  give  a splendid  ground  for  contending 
that  it  was  celebrated  then  as  it  should  be  now,  with 
the  pure  and  undefiled  product.  Not  even  leavened 
bread  was  permitted  at  the  Passover  feast.  (See  Bible 
and  Drink.) 

COMPARISONS — See  Cost  of  the  Liquor  Traffic. 

COMPENSATION — Civilization  rises  up  to  de- 
throne King  Alcohol  whose  reign  has  been  so  oppres- 
sive that  the  world  rises  in  its  wrath  to  destroy  its 
great  destroyer,  and  the  hopelessness  of  the  traffic  is 
discovered  in  the  whimpering  plea  of  compensation  for 
losses. 

No  ConHscation 

A few  things  must  be  made  clear.  First,  that  pro- 
hibition is  not  the  confiscation  of  property  or  even  of 
property  rights.  When  prohibition  prevails  everywhere, 
every  saloon  keeper,  brewer,  distiller,  and  wholesaler 
will  have  all  the  property  and  all  the  rights  that  any- 
body else  can  have.  We  will  not  take  an  inch  of 
ground  or  a single  building  or  equipment  from  a 
building.  We  simply  propose  to  say  you  shall  not  use 
your  property  to  debauch  mankind. 

When  we  broke  the  power  of  slavery,  stopped  public 
gambling,  outlawed  the  lottery  systems  and  forbade 
Louisiana  to  advertise  her  lotteries  through  the  mails 
of  a Christian  nation,  it  was  never  considered  right, 


98 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 


just,  or  appropriate  to  compensate  any  of  these  evil- 
doers for  the  losses  they  sustained  when  they  could 
no  longer  ply  their  nefarious  trades.  We  did  not 
take  their  property  from  them,  but  refused  to  let  them 
use  property  to  injure  the  whole  body  politic  or  the 
people’s  morals. 

We  owed  them  nothing;  for  they  never  had  a nat- 
ural, inherent,  or  constitutional  right  to  debauch  the 
American  people;  and  the  liquor  traffic  belongs  in  this 
category,  and  has  only  been  tolerated  because  of  our 
long  inertia,  and  if  now  we  should  demand  compensa- 
tion for  our  losses,  there  is  not  enough  invested  in  it 
of  money  or  of  men,  if  they  sold  their  propertj',  their 
bodies  and  their  souls,  to  pay  a millionth  part  of  the 
bill  they  owe  to  modern  civilization. 

Its  Day  of  Grace  Sinned  Away 

The  liquor  traffic  has  brought  this  present  move- 
ment upon  itself.  It  has  everywhere  violated  our  laws, 
trampled  on  our  rights,  corrupted  our  politics,  de- 
bauched our  Legislatures,  and  even  defiled  our  courts 
of  justice,  and  compensation  will  therefore  never  be 
considered  by  anyone  who  is  not  grabbing  at  the  last 
straw  to  save  the  liquor  traffic  from  drowning  in  its 
own  infamy. 

Hence  the  plea  of  liquor  dealers  for  a money  indem- 
nity reminds  me  of  the  man  who  killed  both  his  father 
and  his  mother,  and  was  convicted  for  it.  When  asked 
by  the  court  if  he  had  anything  to  say  before  sentence 
was  pronounced,  he  remarked ; “Judge,  you  ought  to 
be  merciful  to  me.  Remember  I’m  an  orphan.” 

What  the  Courts  Say 

Society  has  a right  to  adopt  prohibition.  Twelve 
different  times  the  supreme  court  of  the  United  States 
has  used  this  language : 

“There  is  no  inherent  right  in  a citizen  to  thus  sell 
intoxicating  liquors;  it  is  not  a right  of  a citizen  of  a 
state  or  of  a citizen  of  the  United  States.” 

Similar  statements  have  been  made  by  the  Supreme 
Courts  of  practically  all  the  states. 

In  Crowley  vs.  Christenson  (137  U.  S.  86)  the  Su- 
preme Court,  speaking  of  liquor  making  and  selling, 
said : “As  it  is  a business  attended  with  danger  to  the 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance  99 

community,  it  may,  as  already  said,  be  entirely  pro- 
hibited.” 

The  Supreme  Court  has  also  repeatedly  decided  that 
there  can  be  no  just  claim  for  compensation  either  for 
the  liquor  manufacturer  or  for  the  retail  dealer.  Their 
trade  was  conducted  under  a license,  which  was  a per- 
mit granted  to  do  a thing  which,  without  that  license, 
would  be  illegal.  The  license  was  for  a year  only,  sub- 
ject always  to  the  chance  that  it  might  not  be  renewed. 
The  court  practically  held  that  an  investment  made 
under  it  was  the  taking  of  a gambler’s  chance;  in  ef- 
fect, a bet  that  the  license  would  be  renewed!  But 
millions  of  voters  will  take  you  up  and  bet  that  it  won’t 
be,  permanently  1 


What  is  a License? 

It  is  worth  considering  what  a license  to  sell  liquor 
is.  Some  people  speak  of  it  as  though  it  were  a re- 
striction put  on  the  liquor  traffic.  It  is  a permission 
extended  to  one  to  traffic  in  liquor.  Without  this  per- 
mission we  would  be  under  prohibition  now.  There  is 
not  a saloon  which  could  not  be  suppressed  as  a com- 
mon nuisance  should  our  license  provisions  all  be  re- 
pealed. The  license  is  not  a restriction;  it  is  not,  on 
the  other  hand,  a vested  right.  It  is  acquired  with 
money,  but  with  certain  well-known  provisions.  It 
extends  its  privileges  for  one  year.  It  may  or  may 
not  be  renewed.  Its  renewal  is  not  solely  dependent 
on  good  behavior.  It  can  be  withdrawn  for  bad  con- 
duct, on  ground  of  lawlessness,  or  because  the  people 
change  their  mind  and  think  the  trade  unprofitable  to 
them.  License  does  not  even  reach  the  dignity  of  a 
contract. 

Everyone  knows  that  the  courts  have  repeatedly  held 
that  the  liquor  traffic  is  so'  bad  that  it  has  no  inherent 
right  to  exist  at  all  and  no  right  of  compensation  when 
the  people  prohibit  it.  The  United  States  Supreme 
Court,  in  Beer  Company  vs.  Mass.,  97  U.  S.  32,  says : 

“If  the  public  safety  or  the  public  morals  require 
the  discontinuance  of  any  manufacture  or  traffic  the 
hand  of  the  Legislature  cannot  be  stayed  from  pro- 
ceeding for  its  discontinuance  by  any  incidental  incon- 
venience which  individuals  or  corporations  may  suffer.” 

CONFISCATION — See  Compensation. 


100 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 


CONGRESS — See  Hobson-Sheppard  Bill. 

CONGRESSIONAL  TEMPERANCE  SOCIETY 

— A Congressional  Temperance  Society  was  formed  on 
call  of  twenty-five  members  of  Congress  February  26, 
1833.  The  first  president  of  the  society  was  Lewis  Cass 
of  Michigan,  who  was  at  that  time  secretary  of  war. 
After  a subsidence  of  activity,  the  society  was  revived 
in  1867  with  Schuyler  Colfax  and  Henry  Wilson  as 
leaders. 

CONNECTICUT — There  are  eighty-nine  dry  towns 
and  seventy-nine  wet.  There  were  sixty-five  votes  in 
the  Legislature  for  the  submission  of  a state-wide 
amendment;  the  first  time  it  has  ever  had  any  support 
License  fees  were  advanced  about  sixty  per  cent  as  a 
purely  revenue  measure.  Other  legislation  was  in  the 
line  of  more  stringent  regulation  both  of  saloons  and 
clubs. 

CONSTITUTIONAL  PROHIBITION— 
The  placing  of  prohibition  in  the  federal  constitution 
requires  its  submission  by  a two-thirds  vote  of  the 
House  of  Representatives  and  the  Senate  and  the  sub- 
sequent approval  of  three  fourths  of  the  state  Legis- 
latures. A state  may  refuse  to  approve  the  amendment 
and  afterward  reverse  its  action,  but  if  it  once  ap- 
proves it  cannot  withdraw  that  approval.  There  is  no 
limit  of  time  in  which  a state  may  act  favorably,  con- 
sequently the  submission  of  the  amendment  would  in- 
sure national  prohibition  at  some  time. 

The  liquor  men  protest  vigorously  against  the  sub- 
mission of  the  amendment,  because  of  the  fact  that 
“the  small  states  could  force  prohibition  upon  the  states 
of  large  population.” 

This  is  quite  true.  The  principle  involved  lies  at  the 
very  foundation  of  our  Union,  for  it  was  only  upon 
this  concession  that  the  small  states  could  be  induced 
to  ratify  the  Constitution.  To  attack  this  principle  is 
to  attack  the  Union  itself.  (See  National  Prohibition 
and  Objections  to  Prohibitioji.) 

CONSUMPTION  OF  LIQUORS— The  per  capita 
consumption  of  spirituous  and  malt  liquors  during  the 
federal  fiscal  year  ending  June  30,  1914,  was  22.68 
gallons,  a figure  below  that  of  both  1907  and  1911.  The 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 


101 


preliminary  report  of  the  Commissioner  of  Internal 
Revenue  for  the  year  ending  June  30,  1915,  indicates 
that  this  per  capita  consumption  has  decreased  by  2.18 
gallons,  by  far  the  greatest  decrease  in  many  years. 

The  sale  of  spirituous  liquors  for  the  year  ending 
June  30,  1915,  was  14,983,323  gallons  less  than  for  the 
year  ending  June  30,  1914. 

The  sale  of  fermented  liquors  (beer,  etc.)  was  6,358,- 
774  barrels  less  during  the  year  ending  June  30,  1915, 
than  in  the  year  ending  June  30,  1914. 

The  revenue  from  spirit  and  allied  taxes  was  $14,- 
478,477.94  smaller  for  the  fiscal  year  1915  than  for  the 
fiscal  year  1914.  There  was  an  increase  in  the  revenue 
taxes  on  beer  of  $12,247,434.27,  due  to  the  addition  of 
fifty  cents  per  barrel  to  the  tax  in  1915.  But  for  this 
increase  in  the  tax,  the  revenue  from  this  source  would 
show  a decrease  of  $6,358,743.56. 

The  number  of  retail  liquor  dealers  decreased  by 
12,295;  the  number  of  wholesale  liquor  dealers  de- 
creased by  672;  the  number  of  wholesale  liquor  dealers 
in  malt  liquors  decreased  by  1,233;  and  the  decrease  in 
the  number  of  retail  dealers  in  malt  liquors  will  bring 
a total  decrease  of  nearly  17,000  liquor  dealers  during 
the  year. 

It  is  estimated  that  twenty-five  and  one-half  per 
cent  of  the  total  population  of  the  United  States  are 
users  of  alcoholic  stimulants.  This  indicates  a per 
capita  consumption  by  users  of  eighty-nine  gallons,  of 
which  about  ninety-one  per  cent  is  beer. 

The  following  table  shows  the  annual  per  capita  con- 
sumption of  malt  and  spirituous  liquors  in  the  United 
States  for  ten  years : 


Year  ending 


June  30: 

Spirits. 

Wines. 

Beers. 

Total. 

1904.  

1.45 

.52 

17.91 

19.87 

1905 

.41 

18.02 

19.85 

1906 

.53 

19.54 

21.55 

1907 

1.58 

.65 

20.56 

22.79 

1908 

1.39 

.58 

20.26 

22.22 

1909 

1.32 

.67 

19.07 

21.06 

1910 

1.42 

.65 

20.09 

22.19 

1911 

1.46 

.67 

20.66 

22.79 

1912 

.58 

19.96 

21.98 

1913  

1914  

1.50 

.56 

20.62 

22.68 

22.68 

20.50 

1915  (preliminary 

estimate) 

The  final  figures  for  the  year  ending  June  30,  1915, 
will  not  be  available  until  the  early  part  of  1916. 


102 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperaace 


How  Prohibition  Affects  the  Consumption 

The  significance  of  these  figures  cannot  be  grasped 
without  an  understanding  of  the  rapid  and  steady  in- 
crease in  the  consumption  of  alcoholic  liquors  up  to 
the  beginning  of  the  recent  prohibition  movement. 
Simply  to  check  the  increase  is  an  achievement  in  view 
of  the  fact  that  the  country  is  receiving  practically  a 
million  immigrants  every  year,  nearly  all  of  whom  go 
to  great  license  centers  and  continue  an  already  estab- 
lished practice  of  drinking.  In  1870  the  per  capita  con- 
sumption of  liquors  was  only  7.70  gallons;  in  1907  it 
had  reached  the  figure  of  22.79  gallons ; and  in  1913 
had  declined  by  eleven  points,  to  22.68  gallons  per 
capita.  This  alone  was  significant  enough,  but  the  late 
decline  of  2.18  gallons  per  capita  is  astonishing.  It  is 
all  the  more  remarkable  in  view  of  the  fact  that  Arizona 
and  West  Virginia  constitute  the  only  additional  dry 
states  in  1914.  Most  of  the  prohibition  laws  enacted  in 
1914  and  1915  will  not  go  into  effect  until  1916. 

But  the  campaigns  which  resulted  in  so  many  prohi- 
bition victories  had  a great  effect  upon  the  tendency 
of  the  people  to  drink.  Also,  the  popular  education 
caused  by  the  hostility  of  warring  nations  to  alcohol 
undoubtedly  affected  the  popular  conception  of  drink’s 
relation  to  efficiency  and  health. 

The  hundreds  of  local  option  victories  decreased  the 
consumption  of  liquor  largely. 

“Hard  times”  apparently  had  nothing  to  do  with  it. 
The  decrease  in  revenues  on  other  “luxuries”  was  ver3' 
slight  in  comparison  with  the  decrease  in  the  revenue 
from  liquor. 

It  may,  therefore,  be  accepted  that  prohibition  has 
checked  a rapidly  rising  tide  of  alcoholism.  The  Amer- 
ican Grocer  is  very  generally  accepted  as  an  authority 
in  estimating  the  annual  liquor  consumption  and  cost 
and  they  share  this  opinion.  In  reviewing  the  figures 
for  1914,  the  Grocer  says: 

“This  indicates  that  the  prohibition  movement  is 
holding  in  check  any  marked  increase  in  the  use  of 
alcoholic  beverages.” 

The  American  Issue,  the  organ  of  the  Anti-Saloon 
League,  has  an  interesting  little  table  illustrating  this. 
It  is  as  follows : 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance  103 


Per  Capita  Consumption  of  Liquor  in  Gallons  in  United  States. 


1850  4.08 

1860  6.43 

1870  7.70 

1880  10.09 

1890  15.53 

1900  17.76 

1907  22.79 

1913  22.68 

Percentage  of  Increase. 

Increase  1850  to  1860  57.5 

Increase  1860  to  1870  19.7 

Increase  1870  to  1880  31.0 

Increase  1880  to  1890  53.9 

Increase  1890  to  1900  14.2 

Increase  1900  to  1907  28.0 

Decrease  1907  to  1913  0.5 

Decrease  in  1915 10.0 


It  will  be  noticed  that  from  1850  up  to  1907  the  con- 
sumption of  liquor  advanced  with  leaps  and  bounds. 
There  is  not  a decade  but  that  decided  increase  is 
shown.  A check  was  put  upon  this  increase  beginning 
in  the  year  1907.  This  was  the  year  when  the  states 
throughout  the  nation  began  to  enact  legislation  which 
resulted  in  the  closing  of  thousands  of  saloons  and 
from  that  year  to  the  present,  covering  a period  of  six 
years,  a natural  decrease  is  shown. 

So  decided  was  the  effect  of  prohibition  upon  the  con- 
sumption of  liquors  in  1915  that  a number  of  concerns, 
including  the  great  twelve  million  dollar  Hoster-Colum- 
bus  Breweries  Company  of  Ohio,  failed.  The  An- 
heuser-Busch Company  lost  ten  per  cent  of  its  business 
during  the  year,  and  its  secretary  said : “Prohibition 
elections  have  hit  us  hard.”  The  whisky  distillers,  by 
agreement,  curtailed  the  production  of  whisky  by  half. 

Whisky,  when  it  is  produced  and  put  into  the  bonded 
warehouses,  is  locked  up  by  the  government.  It  may 
be  withdrawn  for  sale  at  any  time  if  the  tax  is  paid, 
but  it  must  be  withdrawn  at  the  end  of  eight  years. 
The  figures  given  by  the  federal  government  as  “con- 
sumption figures”  simply  indicate  the  number  of  gallons 
of  whisky  withdrawn  from  the  government  warehouses 
or  “tax  paid.”  After  being  withdrawn,  it  may  have 
been  that  the  whisky  was  sold,  or  it  may  have  been 
stored  in  private  warehouses.  Millions  of  gallons  which 
were  necessarily  withdrawn  from  government  ware- 
houses in  recent  years  because  their  eight-year  term 
had  expired,  are  still  on  the  shelves  of  private  ware- 


104 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 


houses,  but  according  to  the  only  available  govern- 
ment figures  they  have  been  “consumed.” 

The  Champion  of  Fair  Play,  the  organ  of  the  Illi- 
nois retail  liquor  dealers,  in  reporting  that  the  con- 
sumption of  beer  in  Alilwaukee  was  89,920,000  glasses 
less  for  September,  1914,  than  for  September,  1913, 
asserted  that  a leading  brewer  exclaimed : “I  will  not 
be  surprised  if  I read  that  Hades  has  gone  Methodist!”, 

Truth  from  the  “Brewers’  Review” 

If  you  go  back  to  the  annual  report  of  the  Com- 
missioner of  Internal  Revenue  for  the  year  ending  June 
30,  1913,  you  will  find  that  the  increase  in  the  produc- 
tion of  beer  was  2,998,219  barrels  greater  than  for  the 
previous  year.  This  afforded  an  excellent  opportunity 
for  beer  editorials  pointing  to  the  fact  that  prohibi- 
tion had  failed  to  curtail  the  beer  flood,  but  for  some 
strange  reason  the  editor  of  the  Brewers’  Reznew  de- 
cided to  speak  truth  in  the  family  circle,  and  the  result 
was  an  illuminating  study  showing  that  the  increase  in 
that  year  had  been  in  license  centers.  The  editorial 
mentioned  reads : 

“It  has  been  suggested  that  this  increase  of  production 
might  in  part  be  due  to  the  purchase  of  beer  by  the 
dry  communities.  This  would  naturally  suggest  an 
increase  of  production  on  the  part  of  the  export  brew- 
eries. But,  if  we  compare  the  production  of  fermented 
liquors  by  states  during  the  fiscal  year  with  the  corre- 
sponding figure  for  the  previous  year,  this  surmise  is 
not  borne  out.  Thus  we  find  for  the  state  of  Missouri, 
with  the  large  export  breweries  of  St.  Louis,  an  increase 
of  production  of  about  three  and  one-half  per  cent, 
and  for  Wisconsin,  embracing  the  big  export  breweries 
of  Milwaukee,  an  increase  of  about  three  per  cent, 
whereas  the  increase  for  the  entire  country  is  about 
four  and  three-fourths  per  cent.  It  is  thus  seen  that 
the  states  containing  the  principal  export  breweries  fell 
below  the  percentage  of  increase  for  the  entire  coun- 
try.” 

Local  and  State  Figures  Showing  Decrease  Under 
Prohibition 

The  United  States  Government  does  not  show  the 
consumption  of  liquor  by  states,  although  it  does  show 
the  production.  But  in  a number  of  prohibition  states, 
including  Kansas,  there  are  laws  requiring  that  all  in- 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 


105 


coming  liquor  shipments  be  reported  to  county  clerks. 
As  no  liquor,  or  practically  none,  is  made  in  “dry” 
states,  these  state  laws  give  the  approximate  liquor  con- 
sumption by  counties  and  for  the  state. 

How  Much  Does  Kansas  Drink? 

Under  Kansas  law  the  Methodist  Temperance  Society, 
with  the  aid  of  Governor  George  H.  Hodges,  investi- 
gated with  a view  to  ascertaining  just  how  much  liquor 
is  being  consumed.  A number  of  counties  were  inves- 
tigated, but  Wyandotte,  which  contains  Kansas  City; 
Marion,  which  is  half  way  agricultural  and  half  way 
urban;  and  Johnson,  a typical  farming  county,  were 
taken  for  the  purpose  of  study. 

Taking  these  three  counties  as  a basis  the  per  capita 
consumption  of  liquor  in  the  state  is  estimated  at  3.69 
gallons,  as  against  twenty-three  gallons  per  capita  for 
the  nation  as  a whole.  As  one  of  these  counties  con- 
tains the  largest  city  in  the  state  it  can  easily  be  seen 
that  the  average  for  the  state  would  probably  be  smaller 
rather  than  larger  than  that  for  the  three  counties 
taken  as  the  basis  for  estimate. 

The  total  Kansas  consumption  of  alcoholic  beverages, 
estimated  on  these  three  counties,  is  6,239,601.81  gallons 
per  year.  If  the  state  used  its  due  proportion  of  twenty- 
three  gallons  per  capita,  the  total  consumption  yearly 
would  be  38,891,827  gallons,  a difference  of  more  than 
32,000,000  gallons. 

On  this  basis  of  estimate,  Kansas  paid,  as  her  liquor 
bill,  $5,303, 666,.04.  This  allows  $4.00  per  gallon  for 
whislcy  and  fifty  cents  per  gallon  for  beer.  Had  the 
state  paid  its  quota  of  the  liquor  traffic’s  receipts  the 
bill  would  have  been  $34,509,929  instead  of  $5,303,666. 

According  to  Kansas  officials,  these  shipments  go 
mostly  to  foreign-born  laborers — chiefly  Mexicans  and 
Russians.  The  Temperance  Society  report  thus  tabu- 
lates the  facts  learned  under  the  operation  of  the 
Mahin  Law : 

Kansas  population  1,690,949 

Liquor  consumption,  gallons  6,239,601.81 

Paid  for  liquors  $5,303,666.04 

Paid  per  capita  $3.04 

Per  capita  cost  in  nation  as  a whole $21.00 

At  rate  of  $21  per  capita  Kansas 

would  pay  $34,509,929 

Saving  due  to  prohibition  $29,206,263 


106 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 


The  figures  of  the  three  counties  selected  as  a basis 
for  estimating  the  consumption  in  the  state  are  even 
more  impressive  considering  the  fact  that  a large  city 
— Kansas  City — is  in  one  of  them  and  smaller  cities  are 
in  another. 

The  county  of  Wyandotte,  in  which  is  located  Kansas 
City,  according  to  the  report  of  Mr.  Frank  M.  Hol- 
comb, county  clerk,  to  the  governor,  used  46,833  gallons 
of  liquor  in  August,  1913,  when  the  average  temperature 
was  close  to  one  hundred  degrees.  There  are  100,068 
inhabitants  of  that  county  and  they  drink  more  than 
any  other  one  hundred  thousand  people  in  Kansas.  But 
if  the  consum.ption  for  August  is  taken  as  a basis, 
each  citizen  of  that  county  used  only  five  and  one-half 
gallons  annually.  Shy  nearly  eighteen  gallons. 

Marion  County,  half  rural,  half  urban,  B.  B.  Reimer 
county  clerk,  has  a population  of  22,415.  During  the 
hot  weather  of  August,  this  county  drank  9,943.75  gal- 
lons of  liquor,  indicating  a per  capita  annual  consump- 
tion of  5.51  gallons.  During  the  month  of  September, 
when  it  had  grown  somewhat  cooler,  the  consumption 
of  Marion  County  fell  to  4,160.50  gallons,  which  indi- 
cates a per  capita  yearly  consumption  of  only  2.25  gal- 
lons. 

Johnson  County,  agricultural,  and  which  may  be  taken 
as  typical  of  the  large  majority  of  counties  in  the  state, 
reports  through  W.  J.  Moore,  its  county  clerk,  a con- 
sumption during  both  months  of  August  and  Septem- 
ber of  4,575.25  gallons,  a per  capita  consumption  for 
the  18,288  people  of  that  county  of  one-fourth  gallon 
for  the  two  months,  or  at  the  rate  of  one  and  one-half 
gallons  a year. 

At  the  time  of  the  campaign  on  the  Pacific  Coast  the 
liquor  people  ran  large  paid  advertisements,  asserting 
that  in  September,  1913,  Shawnee  County,  Kansas,  which 
contains  the  capital  city,  Topeka,  had  registered  as  in- 
coming shipments  with  the  county  clerk  95,062  quarts 
of  alcoholic  liquors.  Note  that  it  is  quarts  and  not 
gallons.  This  was  the  “top”  month.  In  November  the 
record  was  67,308  quarts. 

The  September  figures,  as  the  brewers  took  pains  to 
comment,  allowed  nearly  two  quarts  of  liquor  for  every 
man,  woman,  and  child  in  Shawnee  County,  and  the 
liquor  people  asserted  that  this  was  a “terrible  com- 
mentary” on  prohibition. 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 


107 


The  Temperance  Society  wishes  to  make  the  “terrible 
commentary”  that  if  Topekans  had  gratified  their  thirst 
with  a per  capita  consumption  equal  to  that  of  the 
country  as  a whole,  THEY  WOUED  HAVE  CON- 
SUMED MORE  THAN  400,000  QUARTS  OF 
LIQUOR. 

These  paid  advertisements  further  said:  “The  Topeka 
State  Journal,  on  July  8,  1913,  quoted  the  Mahin  Law 
as  proving  that  18,000,000  quarts  of  liquor  had  been 
consumed  in  the  state  of  Kansas  during  the  fiscal  year 
preceding  the  publication,  according  to  the  record  taken 
from  the  clerks  of  the  various  counties.” 

Eighteen  million  quarts  of  liquor  is  a vast  consump- 
tion, but  if  the  average  per  capita  consumption  of 
liquors  in  Kansas  were  equal  to  the  average  for  the 
country  as  a whole  THE  KANSAS  CONSUMPTION 
WOULD  HAVE  BEEN  EXACTLY  226,556,000 
QUARTS.  According  to  the  figures  they  themselves 
quoted,  the  average  per  capita  consumption  of  liquors 
in  Kansas  is  ten  and  one-half  quarts,  according  to  the 
government  records,  the  average  consumption  in 
the  United  States  as  a whole  is  86.72  quarts. 

As  a matter  of  interest,  the  Temperance  Society’s 
estimate  of  Kansas  consumption  (given  above)  was 
somewhat  larger. 

Similar  Figures  from  Elsewhere 

Similar  investigations  bring  almost  exactly  the  same 
results  in  other  prohibition  states  and  localities.  The 
Chattanooga  Morning^  Times  some  time  ago  said  that 
no  less  than  78,180  drinks  of  liquor  had  been  consumed 
by  the  thirsty  of  Chattanooga  within  the  past  thirty 
days.  The  Times  concluded  that  prohibition  was  a 
failure. 

Had  the  people  of  Chattanooga  been  under  license  and 
consumed  their  due  monthly  proportion  of  this  annual 
twenty-three-gallon  average,  they  would  have  used,  in- 
stead of  1,300  gallons,  which  they  are  reported  by  the 
Times  to  have  consumed,  about  89,208  gallons. 

So  prohibition,  although  a dire  failure,  nevertheless 
lessened  the  monthly  consumption  of  the  people  of 
Chattanooga  from  89,208  to  1,300  gallons.  What  would 
it  do  if  it  succeeded? 

About  the  same  per  capita  consumption  was  uncov- 
ered by  figures  in  Lauderdale  County,  Tennessee,  and 


108 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 


when  a representative  of  the  Richmond  (Va.)  Evening 
Journal  traveled  to  Durham,  N.  C.,  in  order  to  round 
up  conclusive  proof  that  the  Tar  Heelers  use  much 
liquor,  this  is  what  he  found: 

Three  hundred  gallons  of  liquor  are  used  in  Dur- 
ham every  day. 

Durham  is  a city  of  20,000  population. 

300X365=109,500  gallons  per  year. 

This  is  some  liquor,  as  the  Journal  man  remarked. 

But : 

109,500-^20,000  gives  5.95  gallons  as  the  yearly  per 
capita  consumption  of  liquor  in  Durham,  taking  the 
figures  of  the  Journal  man. 

The  average  per  capita  consumption  of  liquors  in 
the  United  States  is  21.68  gallons. 

Prohibition  in  Durham,  N.  C.,  prohibits  to  the  tune  of 
15.73  gallons  per  capita  every  year. 

Some  prohibition ! 

The  Liquor  is  Principally  Beer 

It  is  a favorite  statement  of  the  brewers  to  assert 
that  prohibition  decreases  the  consumption  of  beer, 
but  increases  the  use  of  whisky.  It  is  interesting  in 
this  connection  to  note  that  the  Kansas  figures  compiled 
showed  ninety  per  cent  of  the  shipments  into  the  state 
were  beer. 

CONVICTS — The  year  1914  saw  a truly  remarkable 
temperance  movement  among  convicted  criminals.  From 
various  prisons  and  penitentiaries  in  the  nation,  and 
from  many  prison  publications,  the  states  and  nation 
were  called  upon  to  prohibit  the  sale  of  alcohol,  to 
which  from  fifty  per  cent  to  ninety  per  cent  of  the 
convicts  attribute  their  downfall.  A petition  to  the 
Pennsylvania  Legislature  asking  for  prohibition  was 
signed  by  1,008  of  the  1,478  prisoners  in  the  Eastern 
penitentiary  of  that  state  The  petition  read  as  follows: 
To  the  Senate  and  House  of  Representatives  of  the  Common- 
wealth of  Pennsylvania,  in  General  Assembly  Met: 

Your  petitioners,  representing  the  major  portion  of  the  in- 
mates of  the  Eastern  State  Penitentiary,  of  Pennsylvania,  re- 
spectfully aver: 

That  they  believe  fully  70  per  cent  of  crime  within  the 
state  is  directly  attributable  to  the  excessive  use  of  intoxica- 
ting liquors,  and 

That  many  of  them  have  a personal  knowledge  of  its  de- 
basing influence  as  exemplified  in  their  own  lives,  and 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 


109 


That,  believing  if  the  sale  of  intoxicating  liquors  was  pro- 
hibited by  the  enactment  of  laws  by  your  honorable  body, 
that  the  effect  would  be  to  reduce  crime  at  least  50  per  cent, 
if  not  more.  They  therefore 

Respectfully  pray  that  you  will  favorably  consider  the  in- 
troduction of  any  measure  having  for  its  object  the  curtail- 
ment of  the  sale  of  intoxicating  liquors,  and  use  the  great 
power  with  which  you  are  clothed  to  obtain  the  passage  of  an 
act  to  prohibit  the  sale  of  such  intoxicating  liquor  anywhere 
within  the  bounds  of  the  commonwealth  of  Pennsylvania. 

We  further  pray  that  you  will  give  due  consideration  to 
this  petition,  coming  to  you  as  a voluntary  deed  of  a body 
of  earnest  men  and  women,  acting  entirely  on  their  own 
initiative,  without  suggestion  from  others. 

Twelve  hundred  convicts  in  the  Joliet  (111.)  prison 
were  preparing  a similar  petition  to  the  Legislature  of 
that  state  when  it  was  forbidden  by  the  warden. 

The  crusade  in  the  Eastern  penitentiary  of  Pennsyl- 
yania  was  launched  by  the  Umpire,  the  prison  paper, 
and  was  taken  up  by  Lend  a Hand,  in  the  prison  of 
Salem,  Ore.;  the  New  Bra,  published  in  the  federal 
prison  at  Leayenworth,  Kan. ; the  Better  Citizen,  issued 
at  the  New  Jersey  Reform  School,  and  similar  publica- 
tions. These  papers  were  full  of  pleas  signed  by  con- 
victs. 

Here,  for  instance,  is  a letter  to  the  Umpire  from 
B 6815 : 

An  open  confession  is  good  for  the  soul.  I myself  am 
willing  to  admit  that  intoxicating  drink  caused  me  to  commit 
crimes  which  I would  not  have  done  had  I been  in  my  right 
mind.  It  is  said  that  drunkenness  is  no  excuse  in  law.  Be 
that  as  it  may.  SufScient  to  say  that  when  I committed  my 
crime  my  mind  was  diseased  from  the  effect  of  liquor.  I ex- 
plained this  to  the  judge.  I believe  he  realized  that  I was 
not  responsible  for  my  actions  at  the  time  of  my  arrest.  I 
have  no  patience  with  the  class  of  persons  who  swell  up  their 
chest  and  say,  “I  can  take  a drink  and  I can  leave  it  alone.” 
It  sounds  good,  but  as  a rule  they  never  leave  it  alone.  In 
conclusion,  let  us  get  the  good  notion  to  dump  the  booze  into 
the  ocean. 

In  the  same  paper  is  this  communication  from  B 6828 : 

I favor  the  state  prohibition  of  selling  intoxicating  drinks, 
as  I believe  it  to  be  a curse  to  many.  There  are  many  good 
and  honest  men  that  are  behind  bars  to-day  that  would  not 
be  there  but  for  liquor. 

In  the  editorial  columns  is  this  comment : 

An  exchange  says  that  ‘‘Out  in  Everett,  Ind.,  a drunken 
man  clubbed  his  wife  to  death  with  an  ax,  then  slashed  her 
face  and  neck  with  a razor.  Then  he  sent  his  oldest  son  for 
a rope,  intending  to  hang  himself.  The  state  is  going  to 
attend  to  this  matter  for  him,  however,  and  then  nine  little 
children  will  be  orphans.” 

There  is  not  a man  who  reads  this  but  has  a knowledge  of 
just  such  a whisky-inspired  crime.  There  is  scarcely  a 


110  Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 


prison  in  the  country  to-day  that  does  not  contain  one  or 
more  men  undergoing  punishment  for  just  such  a brutal  of- 
fense. 

Under  the  caption  “Eliminate  the  Cause,”  the  New 
Era,  published  in  the  federal  penitentiary  at  Leaven- 
worth, Kan.,  says  editorially : 

The  city  of  Chicago  has  passed  an  emergency  ordinance 
prohibiting  the  purchasing  of  a revolver,  except  on  a permit 
signed  by  the  chief  of  police  on  the  signed  recommendation 
of  two  taxpayers. 

Goodl  Now  when  legislation  also  eliminates  that  which 
so  often  causes  the  lamentable  use  of  firearms — whisky — 
the  lawmakers  and  the  public  will  have  made  another  long 
stride  toward  the  reduction  of  much  crime  to  a minimum. 
Whenever  society  starts  at  the  bottom  to  investigate  and 
eliminate,  just  that  soon  will  wrongdoing  against  it  diminish 
and  the  so-called  “criminal  classes"  disappear. 

In  another  issue  of  the  same  weekly  we  find  the  fol- 
lowing item : 

Recent  studies  of  the  vital  statistics  of  this  country  have 
revealed  an  alarming  increase  in  the  disease  of  degeneracy  as 
a result  of  alcohol,  which  makes  it  necessary  to  take  an  in- 
ventory of  the  moral  and  physical  stock  of  the  people.  Among 
these  unfortunates  we  find;  Insane,  200,000;  feeble-minded 
and  epileptics,  250,000;  deaf  and  dumb,  100,000;  blind,  100,- 
000;  juvenile  delinquents  in  institutions,  50,000;  paupers, 
100,000;  prisoners  and  criminals,  150,000,  making  a grand 
total  of  950,000,  which  annually  cost  taxpayers  $250,000,000. 

Evidently  the  editor  of  the  New  Era  was  set  think- 
ing by  these  startling  figures,  for  he  follows  up  this 
economic  observation  with  further  statistics ; 

Careful  investigation  reveals  the  startling  fact  that  about 
90  per  cent  of  all  inmates  of  penitentiaries  in  this  country 
have  been  victims  of  John  Barleycorn,  directly  or  indirectly. 
The  federal  government  receives  about  $375,000,000  annually 
as  a tax  on  this  magnificent  crime-breeding  system,  and  tax- 
payers and  the  nation  pay  about  $600,000,000  per  annum  in 
an  effort  to  protect  themselves  against  crime  and  criminals. 
Any  mathematician  can  figure  it  out  for  himself. 

One  of  the  convicts  struck  the  rotten  heart  of  the 
whole  license  system  when  he  wrote : 

One  of  the  King’s  Daughters  asked  me  if  I intended  to  stop 
drinking  whisky  when  I left  here,  and  I told  her  I didn't 
know.  As  long  as  it  is  being  shoved  under  your  nose  at 
every  street  corner  in  the  city,  I don’t  believe  any  drinking 
man  can  safely  promise  to  leave  it  alone.  But  if  the  tempta- 
tion was  not  at  hand,  then  I for  one  feel  that  I could  safely 
make  the  promise.  That  is  the  way  I feel  about  prohibition. 

If  you  are  still  not  impressed,  read  this  communica- 
tion from  No.  8780,  as  published  in  a recent  issue  of 
the  New  Era : 

To-day  I am  a husband  without  a wife — a father  without 
a child  and  a man  without  a home;  all  having  been  swal- 
lowed up  in  the  maelstrom  of  drink. 


Cyclopedia  oi  Temperance 


111 


COST  OF  THE  LIQUOR  TRAFFIC— The  cost 
of  the  drink  traffic  to  the  American  people  divides  into 
two  broad  streams  of  waste.  The  money  spent  at  re- 
tail for  intoxicating  drinks  is  lost,  for  the  transaction 
does  not  mark  the  production  and  use  of  wealth.  The 
poverty  and  crime,  insanity,  and  idiocy,  the  loss  of  effi- 
ciency and  lives,  constitute  an  indirect  loss  which  is 
also  chargeable  to  the  liquor  trade. 

The  expenditures  at  retail  for  intoxicating  liquors 
in  the  course  of  a year  in  the  United  States  are  vari- 
ously estimated  at  from  $1,724,607,519,  which  is  the 
impartial  estimate  of  the  authoritative  American  Grocer, 
to  $2,290,000,000,  which  is  the  estimate  of  the  society 
and  takes  into  account  adulterations,  the  large  amount 
of  beer  sold  as  small  beers,  the  bottled  beers  bringing 
fancy  prices  in  resorts,  etc. 

The  American  Grocer  arrives  at  its  estimate  as  fol- 


lows : 

Malt  Liquors,  Imported  and  Domestic  $999,338,054 

Spirituous  Liquors,  Imported  and  Domestic  ....  590,633,301 
Wines,  Imported  and  Domestic  134,636,164 


Total  $1,724,607,519 

The  estimate  of  the  Temperance  Society  is  based 
upon  the  following  retail  price  per  gallon: 

Kind  of  Liquor.  Price  per  gallon. 

Domestic  spirits  $6.25 

Domestic  spirits  added  in  rectification  6.25 

Imported  spirits  8.00 

Domestic  beer  64% 

Imported  beer  1.00 

Domestic  wine  2.00 

Imported  wine  4.00 


The  American  Grocer  estimates  that  only  one  fourth 
of  the  population  of  the  United  States  uses  liquors.  If 
this  be  true,  we  have  a price  of  nearly  $90  for  liquors 
consumed  by  each  individual  drinker  in  the  course  of  a 
year. 

But  it  is  not  the  cost  to  the  drinker  that  needs  to  be 
considered  so  much  as  the  cost  to  each  American  citi- 
zen, and  this  cost  should  take  into  consideration  not 
only  the  retail  liquor  bill,  but  the  consequential  cost, 
also. 

How  America  Loses  $5,000,000,000  Yearly 
The  liquor  traffic  last  year  cost  you  and  every  man, 
woman,  and  child  in  America  more  than  $50. 


112 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 


That  was  the  per  capita  cost  in  money  alone.  It  does 
not  take  into  account  the  misery  cost — the  cost  of 
manhood  destroyed,  character  debauched,  and  the  loss 
of  love  and  happiness  to  thousands  of  homes. 

Had  the  liquor  traffic  been  completely  wiped  out  in 
the  United  States  during  the  last  twelve  months,  the 
drunkards  protected  from  their  appetites,  the  young  man 
saved  from  temptation,  there  would  have  been,  at  the 
end  of  the  year,  something  like  $5,000,000,000  more  of 
wealth  in  the  land  than  there  is  to-day. 

Of  course,  the  money  spent  for  liquor  and  to  pay 
for  its  consequences  has  not  disappeared,  but  $5,000,000,- 
000  worth  of  food,  clothing,  and  legitimate  luxuries, 
which  should  have  been  called  into  existence  to  serve 
and  bless  mankind,  either  was  not  produced  because 
of  the  liquor  traffic,  or  if  it  was  produced,  was  not 
demanded  for  consumption  because  of  the  liquor  trafiBc. 

Here  is  the  problem  in  a nut  shell : If  a Chicago 
manufacturer  of  automobiles  should  get  $5,000,000,000  in 
cash  orders  from  his  customers,  and  instead  of  for- 
warding the  cars,  should  pack  them  on  board  a thou- 
sand barges  and  dump  them  into  Lake  Michigan,  the 
$5,000,000,000  paid  down  would  not  be  lost,  but  its  fair 
equivalent  to  the  patrons  of  the  manufacturer  would  be. 
That  is  precisely  the  way  the  liquor  traffic  deals  with 
its  victims — money  received,  but  no  value,  and  far 
worse  than  no  value,  returned. 

Every  bit  of  material  used  in  the  manufacture  of 
liquor  was  destroyed,  so  far  as  its  value  to  the  world 
is  concerned.  Every  dollar  of  wages  paid  represented 
waste  of  valuable  time  which  should  have  contributed 
to  the  world’s  wealth.  Every  cent  paid  for  liquor  over 
the  bar  represented  loss. 

We  give  below  a table  which  suggests  something  of 
the  enormous  robbery  the  people  of  America  perpetu- 
ate by  the  license  system. 

Summary  of  Losses  and  Waste  for  a Single  Year, 
Due  to  the  Liquor  TrafBc 


Waste  in  Consumption. 

(1) 

The  retail  liquor  bill  for  1914  $2,290,000,000 

Waste  of  Productive  Time  and  of  Efilciency. 


Seven  per  cent  decreased  efficiency  of  20,000,000  (2) 

moderate-drinking  workers  840,000,000 

Three-fourths  time  of  600,000  drunkards 270,000,000 

Three-fourths  time  of  paupers  and  prisoners 

(220,670,  census  of  1910)  99,301,500 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance  113 

One-fouTth  time  of  insane  and  feeble-minded 

(207,791,  census  of  1910)  f 31,168,650 

Full  time  of  handlers  and  sellers  of  liquor  esti- 
mate, 1,000,000)  600,000,000 

Waste  of  Productive  Life 

By  premature  deaths,  65,897  (3)  yearly 513,909,600 

By  premature  deaths  of  insane  and  idiotic  ....  240,899,600 

Interest  on  three-fourths  cost  of  alms  houses..  1,200,000 

Interest  on  three-fourths  cost  of  asylums 5,500,000 

Interest  on  three-fourths  cost  of  prisons,  re- 
formatories, etc 28,000,000 

Three-fourths  cost  of  arrests,  temporary  deten- 
tions, etc 60,000,000 

Total  $4,979,989,410 

(1)  Our  estimate. 


(2)  Based  on  conclusions  of  Drs.  Mayer,  Berg  and  Kinz. 

(3)  Based  on  Phelps’,  the  insurance  authority,  estimate 
of  this  number  of  deaths  caused,  wholly  or  in  part,  by  al- 
cohol. 

To  which  should  be  added  a large  but  unknown  figure 
as  the  liquor  traffic’s  share  in  the  cost  of  maintaining 
courts,  police  and  special  officers,  hospitals,  orphanages, 
private  charities,  and  its  share  in  causing  drunken  acci- 
dents, bad  debts,  fires,  one  third  of  all  the  gambling 
and  prostitution,  and  the  cost  of  taking  necessary  pre- 
cautions against  crime. 

This  is  the  price  the  American  people  pay  for  con- 
tinuing a foolish  governmental  policy,  maintaining  a 
corrupt,  high-handed,  and  oppressive  trade,  submitting 
to  the  overriding  of  state  authority  under  the  protec- 
tion of  the  federal  government,  and  constant,  unbear- 
able insolence  from  the  invading  horde  of  conscience- 
less men  who  are  not  Americans  by  birth  or  in  spirit, 
and  who  hate  American  ideals. 

(See  also  Labor,  Farmer,  and  Consumption  of 
Liquors.) 

A traveling  salesman  on  a train  suggested  to  a rep- 
resentative of  the  Temperance  Society  recently  that 
the  most  effective  weapon  in  fighting  the  liquor  traffic 
would  be  to  let  the  abstainers  know  how  large  a por- 
tion of  the  burden  of  drink  falls  upon  them.  The 
traveling  man  was  from  Dayton.  He  said:  . 

“Why  don’t  you  secure  the  enactment  of  laws  caus- 
ing each  locality  to  pay  for  the  expense  of  its  own 
crime,  etc.?  If  you  did  you  would  wipe  out  the  saloons 
in  a hurry.  The  trouble  is  that  the  cities  license  the 
saloon,  collect  the  revenue,  and  then  pay  only  a part 
of  the  expense  for  the  resulting  crime.  The  remainder 
of  the  cost  must  be  met  by  the  county,  state,  and  nation. 


114 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 


“Within  ninety  days  Dayton  has  had  five  murders 
directly  attributable  to  the  saloon.  Very  possibly  they 
will  cost  the  state  $50,000.  If  Dayton  had  to  pay  this 
$50,000,  few  additional  arguments  for  prohibition  would 
be  needed.” 


Some  Comparisons  That  Throw  Light  on  the 
Subject 

Dr.  Charles  W.  Eliot,  president  of  the  American 
Federation  of  Sex  Hygiene,  has  prepared  the  following 
table  of  expenditures : 


Intoxicating  liquors  . 

Tobacco  

Jewelry  and  plate  . . . 

Automobiles  

Church  work  at  home 

Confectionery 

Soft  drinks  

Tea  and  coffee  

Millinery  

Patent  Medicines  . . . . 

Chewing  Gum  

Foreign  Missions  . . . . 


$2,290,000,000 
. 1,200,000,000 
800,000,000 

500.000. 000 

250.000. 000 

200.000. 000 
120,000,000 
100,000,000 

90.000. 000 

80.000. 000 

13.000. 000 

12.000. 000 


The  government  crop  reports  indicate  that  the  total 
value  of  farm  products  this  year  will  be  $10,000,000,000, 
which,  however,  is  only  five  times  the  amount  annually 
spent  for  liquor.  Five  years  of  the  liquor  bill  would 
buy  all  the  real  estate  in  New  York  and  Chicago  at 
assessed  valuation,  would  pay  the  national  debts  of 
France  and  Germany,  and  would  pay  our  own  national 
debt  nearly  ten  times  over,  or  meet  its  interest  charges 
about  four  hundred  and  twenty  times.  Ten  years  of 
the  liquor  bill  would  buy  every  railroad  in  the  coun- 
try. The  money  spent  on  drink  in  1913  would  pur- 
chase the  annual  output  of  coal  at  the  mines  twice  over, 
and  would  pay  the  price  of  our  iron  products  four  times 
over.  It  is  about  fifteen  times  the  value  of  the  latest 
reported  annual  production  of  gold  and  silver  com- 
bined, is  one  seventh  the  value  of  all  the  gold  dug, 
coined,  and  consumed  in  the  arts  in  all  the  world  since 
Columbus  discovered  America.  It  would  pay  the  ex- 
penses of  every  city  in  the  United  States  having  a 
population  of  30,000  or  over  for  four  years. 


The  total  government  revenue  of  the  fifty  leading 
countries  of  the  world  at  the  end  of  the  year  1913  was 
$11,245,399,000.  The  direct  and  indirect  loss  of  Amer- 
ica because  of  drink  during  the  three  years  1912-13-14 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance  115 

would  exceed  the  total  revenue  of  these  fifty  leading 
countries  by  not  less  than  $4,000,000. 

America  loses  a great  deal  more  by  fire  than  any 
other  nation.  A house  burns  on  an  average  of  every 
ten  minutes,  and  the  houses  destroyed  during  a year, 
if  set  side  by  side  on  both  sides  of  the  road,  would 
line  an  unbroken  avenue  of  desolation  from  Chicago 
to  New  York.  But  the  financial  loss  from  fire,  accord- 
ing to  a recent  statement  by  the  head  of  the  New  York 
City  Fire  Department,  is  only  $2.68  per  capita,  while 
the  direct  loss  alone  because  of  drink  is  $23  per  capita. 

The  national  debt  per  capita  is  only  $10.83 ; the  gov- 
ernment expenditures  per  capita  only  $7.04.  The  United 
States  exports  annually  goods  to  the  value  of  $24.66  per 
capita,  and  receives  into  the  country  values  to  the  extent 
of  $18.41  per  capita.  The  amount  of  money  in  circu- 
lation in  1913  was  $34.64  for  every  man,  woman,  and 
child.  Two  out  of  three  dollars  in  existence  in  Amer- 
ica pass  through  the  hands  of  a liquor  dealer  during 
the  year. 

Two  years  and  eight  months  of  the  Boer  War  cost 
Great  Britain  $900,000,000. 

During  the  same  time,  the  liquor  traffic  was  costing 
the  United  States  $5,500,000,000. 

COST  OF  LIVING — The  high  cost  of  living  will 
never  be  properly  understood  except  in  the  light  of 
the  truth  that  nothing  is  of  value  in  this  world  save 
the  product  of  labor,  mental  or  physical,  and  this  prod- 
uct must  increase  the  aggregate  wealth  of  the  world 
and  conduce  to  the  continued  productivity  of  its  citi- 
zens. 

The  employment  of  capital  in  the  production  of  that 
which  is  not  wealth  does  not  decrease  in  the  least  the 
need  of  the  world’s  inhabitants,  but  it  does  prevent  a 
part  of  the  production  which  should  satisfy  legiti- 
mate needs.  Money  spent  in  the  production  of  flour 
makes  it  easier  for  man  to  satisfy  his  hunger.  Money 
spent  in  the  production  of  clothing  makes  it  easier 
for  him  to  ward  off  cold.  Money  spent  on  good  roads, 
good  schools,  sanitation,  etc.,  increases  his  productivity. 
But  money  spent  in  the  production  of  drink  makes  it 
harder  for  men  to  satisfy  their  hunger,  harder  for  them 
to  ward  off  cold,  and  decreases  their  power  to  produce 
food  and  clothing.  The  employment  of  capital  in  the 


116 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 


production  of  any  evil  product  is  exactly  similar  to  the 
filching  of  useful  material  from  the  storehouse  of  the 
world’s  commonwealth,  and  as  the  stock  is  decreased 
the  amount  of  money  representing  labor  which  is  nec- 
essary to  secure  a portion  of  the  stock  that  remains 
is  greater  in  a fixed  ratio  to  the  value  of  the  goods 


abstracted  by  wasteful  production.  The  more  labor 
wasted  in  the  production  of  liquors,  the  higher  prices 
for  legitimate  nroductions  must  be. 

COURTS — The  increasing  hostility  of  the  courts  to 
the  liquor  traffic  was  recently  noted  by  Mida’s  Criterion, 
a leading  liquor  organ,  in  the  following  words: 

“The  trend  of  the  courts  of  this  country  seems  of 
late  years  to  be  all  in  the  direction  of  the  curtailing  of 
personal  libertj',  so  that  the  only  alternative  that  sug- 
gests itself  is  to  leave  society  as  far  behind  as  possible 
and  get  back  to  nature.’’ 

The  right  of  prohibition  was  clearly  and  finally  rec- 
ognized by  the  United  States  Supreme  Court  in  the 
cases  of  Mugler  vs.  Kansas,  and  Ziebold  and  Hegelin 
vs.  Kansas,  United  States  Supreme  Court,  Vol.  123, 
page  623,  in  the  following  words,  which  should  also 
be  taken  as  conclusive  of  the  compensation  controversy: 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 


117 


“The  power  which  the  states  unquestionably  have  of 
prohibiting  such  use  by  individuals  of  their  property  as 
will  be  prejudicial  to  the  health,  the  morals,  or  the 
safety  of  the  public,  is  not,  and  consistently  with  the 
existence  and  safety  of  organized  society  cannot  be, 
burdened  with  the  condition  that  the  state  must  com- 
pensate such  individual  owriers  for  pecuniary  losses 
they  sustain  by  reason  of  their  not  being  permitted,  by 
a noxious  use  of  their  property,  to  inflict  injury  upon 
the  community.  It  is  true  that  when  the  defendants 
in  these  cases  purchased  or  erected  their  breweries,  the 
laws  of  the  state  did  not  forbid  the  manufacture  of 
intoxicating  liquors.  But  the  state  did  not  thereby  give 
assurance,  or  come  under  any  obligation,  that  its  legis- 
lation upon  that  subject  would  remain  unchanged.” 

Justice  Harlan  of  the  Supreme  Court  also  denied  the 
inherent  right  of  trafficking  in  liquors  in  a notable 
decision  which,  in  part,  said : 

“But  surely  it  will  not  be  said  to  be  a part  of  anyone’s 
liberty  as  recognized  by  the  supreme  law  of  the  land 
that  he  shall  be  allowed  to  introduce  into  commerce 
among  the  states  any  element  that  will  be  confessedly 
injurious  to  public  morals.” 

Other  historic  decisions  by  various  courts  which  are 
of  special  interest  to  prohibitionists  are  given  below: 

“A  saloon  license  is  a mere  permit.” — Supreme  Court 
of  Indiana  (five  times  repeated),  Indiana  Appellate 
Court,  Court  of  Appeals  of  New  York,  Supreme  Court 
of  Massachusetts,  and  several  other  states. 

“The  privilege  of  keeping  a saloon  is  a derivative 
right,  springing  alone  from  the  provisions  of  the  license 
statute.” — Supreme  Court  of  Indiana. 

“A  license  is  a permission,  granted  by  some  com- 
petent authority,  to  do  an  act  which,  without  such  per- 
mission, would  be  illegal.” — Supreme  Court  of  Ohio  (in 
two  different  saloon  license  cases). 

“The  licensed  saloon  keeper  does  not  sell  liquor  by 
reason  of  an  inalienable  right,  inherent  in  citizenship, 
but  because  the  government  has  delegated  to  him  the 
exercise  of  such  rights.” — Supreme  Court  of  South 
Carolina,  in  State  vs.  Aiken,  42  S.  C.,  231. 

“The  result  of  the  definitions  which  have  been  given 
of  a license,  as  implied  in  its  etymology,  is  in  con- 
formity with  the  sense  in  which  the  word  is  ordinarily 
used,  and  may  be  regarded  as  strictly  accurate  in  all 


118 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 


respects.  That  is  permitted  that  cannot  be  done  with- 
out permission;  and  to  say  a person  is  permitted — 
licensed — to  do  what  he  may  lawfully  do  without  per- 
mission, is  a misuse  of  words.” — Supreme  Court  of 
Ohio,  in  Adler  vs.  Whitbeck,  9 N.  E.,  672. 

In  Plender  vs.  State,  10  N.  W.,  481,  the  Supreme 
Court  of  Nebraska  held  that  the  object  of  a license  is 
to  grant  permission  to  do  an  act  which,  without  the 
permission,  would  be  illegal,  adding:  “So  we  say  that 
the  prohibition  of  the  traffic  is  absolute,  except  upon 
certain  specified  conditions,  and  one  of  these  condi- 
tions is  the  provision  for  its  legalization  by  the  pro- 
curement of  a license.” 

Judge  Cooley,  speaking  for  the  Supreme  Court  of 
Michigan  (see  Youngblood  vs.  Sexton,  20  Am.  Rep., 
654),  said:  “The  popular  understanding  of  the  word 
‘license’  undoubtedly  is  a permission  to  do  something 
which,  without  the  license,  would  not  be  allowable. 
This  we  are  to  suppose  was  the  sense  in  which  it  was 
made  use  of  in  the  constitution.  But  this  is  also  the 
legal  meaning.” 

An  Indiana  court  says  it  again : “The  right  to  sell 
intoxicating  liquors  is  not  a natural,  inherent,  or  in- 
alienable right,  or  a property  or  personal  right,  and 
may  therefore  be  restricted  both  in  the  number  of 
licenses  and  the  manner  of  their  exercise.” — State  ex 
rel.  Ferguson  vs.  Board  of  Comr’s  of  Morgan  County 
et  al.,  101  N.  E.,  813. 

So  does  Alabama:  “There  can  be  no  vested  right  or 
an  unqualified  irrevocable  privilege  in  traffic  in  liquors; 
and  the  state  may  close  all  possible  avenues  through 
which  its  prohibitory  laws  may  be  evaded  or  violated.” 
— Ex  parte  Woodward,  61  So.  295. 

“Licenses  to  sell  liquor  are  not  contracts,  and  create 
no  vested  rights.  They  are  merely  permits  to  do  what 
would  otherwise  be  an  oflense  against  the  law.  and  the 
license  of  plaintiff  in  error  stated  on  its  face  that  it 
was  subject  to  all  the  laws  of  the  state  and  ordinances 
of  the  village  which  then  were  or  might  be  thereafter 
in  force.  Counsel  admits  that  the  license  is  not  prop- 
erty; the  liquor  law  may  be  changed  and  the  license 
ended,  although  paid  for,  and  that  in  such  a_  case,  a 
dram  shop  keeper  has  no  vested  rights  to  continue  the 
business  by  virtue  of  his  license ; but,  he  contends  that 
he  has  a vested  right  in  the  property  which  cannot  be 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance  119 

used  for  anything  else.  To  say  that  a dram  shop 
keeper  has  a right  to  continue  the  use  of  his  bar  fixtures 
for  the  sale  of  liquor  because  he  can  put  them  to  no 
other  use  would  authorize  him  to  continue  the  business, 
and  be  equivalent  to  holding  that  the  law  could  not  be 
changed  so  as  to  deprive  him  of  his  license,  or  the 
right  to  continue  the  business,  and  that  clearly  is  not 
the  law.” — The  People  vs.  McBride,  234  111.,  page  17d. 

CRIME — The  Committee  of  Fifty  found  that  49.9 
per  cent  of  crime  in  more  than  12,000  cases  investigated 
was  due  to  the  consumption  of  alcoholic  liquors.  (See 
Committee  of  Fifty.) 

Court  officials  at  various  times  have  testified  that 
as  high  as  ninety  per  cent  of  the  cases  brought  into 
court  seem  to  have  some  alcohol  connection,  and  offi- 
cials of  penitentiaries  give  similar  testimony.  (See 
Convicts.) 

Of  269  murderers  committed  to  Wisconsin  State  peni- 
tentiary at  Waupun  in  recent  years,  nearly  half  were 
under  the  influence  of  alcohol  when  the  crime  was  com- 
mitted, and  27.9  had  been  arrested  before  for  drunken- 
ness, according  to  a report  made  by  Dr.  Rock  Sleyster, 
superintendent  of  the  Wisconsin  State  Hospital  for  the 
Criminal  Insane,  and  formerly  physician  in  charge  of 
the  Wisconsin  state  prison  hospital.  Alcohol  was  used 
to  excess  by  41.5  per  cent  of  these  269  murderers,  while 
only  12.6  per  cent  were  abstainers. 

The  National  Temperance  Quarterly  of  London  says 
that  since  1887  it  has  been  the  practice  in  Sweden  to 
make  careful  inquiry  and  report  as  to  how  many  prison- 
ers were  intoxicated  at  the  moment  of  commission  of 
crime  and  how  many  were  addicted  to  drink  before  the 
crime.  Between  1887  and  1905,  of  the  men  prisoners, 
71.9  per  cent  were  either  intoxicated  when  the  crime 
was  committed  or  were  habitual  drinkers. 

The  influence  of  alcohol  was  proved  as  follows:  In 
86.5  per  cent  of  the  cases  of  breaches  of  regulations 
and  public  order,  in  85.2  per  cent  of  assassinations,  mur- 
ders, and  other  acts  of  violence ; in  82.3  per  cent  of 
cases  of  robbery  with  violence,  in  71.2  per  cent  of 
breaches  of  military  law,  in  68.3  per  cent  of  thefts  and 
larcenies,  and  in  66.9  per  cent  of  sexual  crimes.  Swind- 
ling, on  the  other  hand,  showed  38.8  per  cent;  perjury. 


120 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 


34.6;  and  libel,  thirty-three  per  cent  of  the  cases  com- 
mitted under  the  influence  of  alcohol. 

The  growth  of  crime  is  alarming.  In  Missouri,  since 
1904,  the  number  of  men  in  confinement  has  increased 
sixty-five  per  cent,  and  there  is  a similar  state  of  affairs 
in  Illinois.  In  1891  the  appropriations  for  penal  and 
reformatory  institutions  in  the  latter  state  amounted 
to  only  $574,100,  but  in  1911  the  sum  of  $2,092,100  was 
required.  The  cost  of  crime  in  that  state  had  increased 
during  the  period  eight  times  faster  than  the  population. 

The  Effect  of  Prohibition  Upon  Crime 
If  we  compare  the  three  wettest  states  (Pennsylvania, 
Montana,  and  Nevada)  with  three  representative  pro- 
hibition states  (Maine,  Kansas,  and  North  Dakota), 
we  find  some  very  interesting  facts  in  regard  to  the 
eifect  of  prohibition  upon  crime.  This  is  the  result: 

Prisoners  per  100,000  Population. 


Maine  

98 

Pennsvlvania  ..... 

106 

90 

256 

fiS 

356 

Rate  of  Commitment  to  Prison. 

Maine  

707 

Pennsylvania  .... 

200 

1,069 

North  Dakota 

163 

Nevada  

All  figures  are  on  the  basis  of  the  last  census  returns 
(1910).  . 

It  is  also  most  interesting  to  compare  the  statistics 
from  Kansas  and  North  Dakota  with  the  other  states 
in  their  respective  geographical  divisions  and  with  the 
United  States  as  a whole.  This  comparison  shows: 


Prison  Rates,  1910. 

United  States  121.4 

Minnesota  77.7 

Missouri  107.1 

South  Dakota  47.8 

Kansas  91.1 

West  North  Central  Division 80.2 

Iowa  60.9 

North  Dakota  63.6 

Nebraska  55.1 

Rate  of  Commitment  to  Prison. 

United  States  520 

Minnesota  499 

Missouri  481 

South  Dakota  273 

Kansas  200 

West  North  Central  Division  465 

(Average  of  license  states) 

Iowa  585 

North  Dakota  163 

Nebraska  482 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 


121 


During  1910  there  were  actually  committed  to  prison 
in  the  United  States  493,934  men  and  women.  If  the 
rate  for  the  entire  United  States  had  been  the  same  as 
the  average  for  the  prohibition  states,  the  number  would 
have  been  only  283,274.  If  the  rate  for  the  United 
States  had  been  the  same  as  in  Kansas,  there  would 
have  been  only  194,981  commitments,  and  if  the  rate 
throughout  the  United  States  had  been  the  same  as  in 
the  prohibition  state  of  North  Carolina,  there  would 
have  been  only  114,045  commitments. 

Just  to  give  an  instance  which  shows  the  need  of 
vigilance  in  dealing  with  liquor  statistics : These  people 
very  often  compare  the  number  of  Kansas  life  prisoners 
with  the  number  of  life  prisoners  in  license  states.  The 
simple  explanation  is  that  Kansas  does  not  have  capital 
punishment,  therefore,  it  does  not  remove  its  worst 
offenders  from  the  statistical  column  by  death. 

The  annual  report  of  the  manager  of  the  Allegheny 
County  (Pennsylvania)  workhouse  declares  that  of  the 
3,798  prisoners  received,  3,472  were  addicted  to  the  use 
of  liquors.  In  part,  the  report  says : 

Most  of  the  men  are  alcoholics,  presenting,  as  they  do,  a 
wealth  of  ailments  directly  referable  to  their  excessive  use  of 
alcohol.  Some  of  these  are  border  line  delirium  tremens  cases, 
while  others  present  marked  arterio  sclerosis  and  cirrhosis 
of  the  liver.  We  mention  these  to  emphasize  the  lower  phys- 
ical resistance  these  men  have  to  the  common  infectious 
diseases,  such  as  pneumonia  and  tuberculosis. 

It  is  indeed  amazing  to  note  the  rapid  progress  of  these 
diseases  upon  this  class  of  patients.  This  also  accounts  for 
the  seriousness  of  the  ordinary  infections,  such  as  infected 
fingers,  scalps,  etc.  The  mentality  of  the  'men  comes  below 
par. 

A Study  of  prohibition  in  any  locality  where  it  is 
well  enforced  never  fails  to  show  a startling  effect 
upon  the  crime  rate.  In  January,  1913,  when  Little 
Rock,  Ark.,  had  licensed  saloons,  fifteen  days  showed  278 
cases  in  the  police  court,  of  which  eighty-six  were 
drunks.  In  the  corresponding  days  of  1914,  when  the 
town  was  temporarily  dry  under  the  Going  Law,  the 
number  of  cases  in  the  police  court  was  138,  only  five 
of  which  were  drunks. 

Lima  and  Findlay,  O.,  are  county  seat  towns  of 
adjoining  counties.  Lima  is  wet,  Findlay  is  dry;  Lima 
has  double  the  population  of  Findlay.  In  1912  there 
were  2,101  arrests  in  wet  Lima,  while  in  dry  Findlay  the 
number  was  182. 


122 


Cyclopedia  oi  Temperance 


During  the' year  ending  June  30,  1913,  22,994  prison- 
ers were  confined  in  the  county  jails  of  Ohio.  Of  these 
3,528  were  in  the  jails  of  forty-four  dry  counties  and 
19,466  in  the  jails  of  the  forty-two  wet  counties.  Vin- 
ton, dry,  and  Clark,  wet,  not  included.  On  the  basis  of 
the  1910  census  there  was  one  person  in  jail  in  dry 
counties  to  each  366  of  the  population,  but  in  the  wet 
counties  there  was  a person  in  jail  for  each  178  of  pop- 
ulation. The  number  of  jail  prisoners  was  more  than 
twice  as  great,  according  to  population,  in  wet  counties 
as  in  dry  counties. 

According  to  the  report  of  the  State  Board  of  Chari- 
ties and  Corrections  of  Virginia,  one  person  in  each 
118  of  the  population  was  sent  to  jail  during  1912 
Taking  all  the  wet  territory  of  the  state  there  was 
one  jail  commitment  to  each  fifty-six  of  the  popula- 
tion. In  the  dry  territory  for  the  same  period  there 
was  one  jail  commitment  to  each  527  of  the  population. 
Virginia  has  since  voted  “dry.” 

These  are  simply  instances  taken  at  random  and 
might  be  multiplied  indefinitely. 

There  is,  however,  another  illustration  of  the  effect 
of  drink  upon  crime  which  is  striking  in  the  extreme.  In 
May,  1906,  the  city  of  San  Francisco  was  just  beginning 
to  recover  from  the  demoralization  brought  about  by 
the  earthquake  of  the  previous  month.  On  May  5 the 
following  editorial  appeared  in  the  Daily  Chronicle : 

“A  CITY  WITHOUT  CRIME” 

“THE  SALUTARY  EFFECT  OF  CLOSING  THE 
SALOON” 

“San  Francisco  for  the  past  fortnight  has  been  abso- 
lutely free  from  disorder  and  virtually  free  from  crimes 
of  yiolence.  There  haye  been  no  street  brawls.  No 
drunken  brute  has  beaten  his  wife.  No  gamblers  have 
murdered  each  other  in  low  resorts.  Except  for  some 
dealings  with  sneak  thieves  the  occupation  of  the  police 
courts  is  gone.  It  is  a most  impressive  object  lesson 
of  the  value  to  society  of  the  restriction  of  the  liquor 
traffic.  We  are  promised  a continuation  of  this  peaceful 
condition  for  a considerable  time  to  come,  save  only 
as  drunken  men  may  drift  over  from  Oakland,  where 
the  authorities  have  been  so  reckless  as  to  allow  saloons 
to  open.  We  may  be  compelled  to  renew  quarantine 
against  Oakland.  This  absolute  demonstration  that 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 


123 


the  saloons  are  responsible  for  all  crimes  of  violence 
make  it  imperative  that  whenever  they  shall  be  allowed 
to  reopen  in  this  city,  their  license  fees  will  be  fixed 
at  a rate  which  will  support  the  police  department. 
There  must  be  increased  taxation.  The  public  generally 
will  protest  against  being  taxed  for  the  control  or 
suppression  of  those  forms  of  crime  for  which  the 
saloons  are  now  proved  to  be  solely  responsible.  The 
public  will  look  to  the  board  of  supervisors  to  place 
the  cost  of  dealing  with  crime  on  the  occupation  which 
is  responsible  for  all  of  it.” 

CRUSADE — The  “Women’s  Crusade”  began  in  Ohio 
in  December,  1873,  and  rapidly  spread  to  other  states. 
Bands  of  women  visited  the  saloons,  praying  for  the 
saloon  keepers  and  entreating  them  to  close  up.  Scores 
of  saloons  were  closed. 

DEATHS  FROM  DRINK— See  Mortality  from 
Alcohol. 

DELAWARE — Of  the  three  counties  the  two  lower 
ones  are  totally  dry  and  a portion  of  rural  New  Castle 
County  is  also  dry.  Wilmington  is  wet.  The  question 
of  a constitutional  amendment  for  state-wide  prohibi- 
tion will  enter  into  the  legislative  campaign  in  the  spring 
of  1916. 

DELIRIUM  TREMENS — Delirium  tremens  is  a 
nervous  disorder,  the  technical  name  of  which  might 
properly  be  translated  “drinkers’  mania.”  (See  Alco- 
holism.) 

DEMOCRATIC  PAJ?TF— Broadly  speaking,  the 
Democratic  Party  in  the  North  is  opposed  to  prohibi- 
tion, while  in  the  South  it  is  overwhelmingly  in  favor 
of  that  policy.  (See  Hobson-Sheppard  Bill  for  in- 
formation as  to  Democratic  votes  on  that  measure.) 

DENATURED  ALCOHOL — This  is  alcohol  which 
has  been  rendered  unfit  for  drinking,  but  which  is 
valuable  for  industrial  and  similar  purposes.  The  pro- 
duction and  use  of  denatured  alcohol  in  this  country 
is  increasing  rapidly.  There  are  indications  that  the 
time  will  come  when  the  industrial  demand  for  dena- 
tured alcohol  will  take  all  of  the  output  possible  to 
eyery  distillery  now  existing. 


124  Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 

DENMARK — The  Danish  temperance  movement  is 
fast  ripening  into  national  prohibition.  In  1903  the 
government  appointed  a commission  to  recommend  re- 
forms, but  their  recommendations  were  not  accepted. 
In  1908  445,396  adults,  more  than  half  of  the  adult 
population,  signed  a local  option  petition  and  when  the 
law  failed  to  pass  the  people  began  to  hold  voluntary 
votings  with  the  purpose  of  inducing  the  magistrates 
to  end  the  sale  of  liquors.  The  latter  have  usually 
respected  these  unofficial  mandates.  Between  January, 
1907,  and  April,  1913,  there  were  196  such  votings.  In 
172  of  them  the  prohibitionists  showed  a majority  and 
the  aggregate  number  of  voters  favoring  prohibition 
was  three  times  as  great  as  those  opposed.  Such  na- 
tional organizations  as  that  of  the  farm  laborers,  the 
farmers,  etc.,  have  approved  national  prohibition  by  a 
practically  unanimous  vote.  A majority  of  the  national 
Parliament  are  said  to  be  known  abstainers  and  pro- 
hibitionists. It  is  only  a matter  of  time  until  Denmark 
will  be  a prohibition  country. 

The  dependencies  of  Denmark  include  the  Faroe 
Islands,  Greenland,  and  Iceland,  The  Faroes,  b}'  parish 
vote,  abolished  the  liquor  traffic  in  1907,  the  vote  for 
prohibition  being  1,541  to  sixty-four  against.  Green- 
land prohibits  the  importation  of  any  kind  of  intoxi- 
cating liquor.  Iceland  in  1909  passed  a prohibition  law 
prohibiting  the  importation  January  1,  1912,  and  all  sale 
in  1915.  In  signing  this  law  the  King  said:  “Few,  if 
any,  of  my  actions  since  I became  king  have  given  me 
more  satisfaction  than  that  of  signing  the  prohibition 
law  for  Iceland,  and  if  the  Parliament  of  Denmark  will 
pass  a similar  law  I shall  be  more  willing  yet  to 
approve.” 

DIPSOMANIA — The  inability  to  control  the  appe- 
tite for  liquor. 

DIRECT  VETO — An  English  term  for  option. 

DISEASES  CAUSED — Sir  Victor  Horsley,  in  his 
“Alcohol  in  the  Human  Body,”  presents  the  following 
tabulations  of  the  diseases  caused  wholly  or  in  part  by 
the  use  of  alcohol: 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 


125 


Table  1.  Diseases  Due  to  Alcohol  Alone. 

Acute  Alcoholic  Poisoning. 

Acute  Mania  (mania  e potu). 

Delirium  Tremens. 

Chronic  Alcoholic  Insanity. 

Alcoholic  Epilepsy. 

Alcoholic  Neuritis  (Inflammation  of  the  Nerve  Sheaths). 
Alcoholic  Paralysis. 

Table  2.  Diseases  of  Which  Alcohol  is  Frequently  a Deter- 
mining or  Frequently  a Contributing  Cause. 


Throat  Pharjmgitis  (Catarrhal  or  Granular  Sore 

Throat). 

Stomach  Gastric  Catarrh  and  Chronic  Dyspepsia. 

Dilatation  of  Stomach. 

Liver  Congestion  of  Liver. 

Hypertrophic  Cirrhosis. 

Cirrhosis  of  Liver. 

Fatty  Liver. 

Kidney  Albuminuria. 

Chronic  Bright’s  Disease. 

Faulty  Metabolism. . Gout. 

Altered  Tissue  Glycosuria. 

Change  Obesity. 

Skin  Congestion  and  Overgrowth  of  the  Skin 

and  its  Glands.  Inflammation  of  the 
Skin. 


Functional  Disorders  of  the  Ovaries  and  Breasts  leading  to — 


(1)  Sterility. 

(2)  Inability  on  the  part  of  mothers  to 
suckle  their  infants  at  the  breast. 

Heart  Dilatation  of  Heart. 

Fatty  Heart. 

Blood-Vessels  Arterio-sclerosis  (degeneration  and  fibroid 

change  in  the  vessels). 

Lungs Increased  susceptibility  to  inflammatory 

and  infectious  diseases,  i.e.,  Inflamma- 
tion of  the  Lungs,  Consumption,  Bron- 
chial Catarrh,  etc. 

Eyes  Increased  susceptibility  to  inflammatory 

diseases  of  the  eye. 

Nervous  System  ....Inflammation  and  degeneration  of  nerve 


structures,  including  the  optic  nerve. 
Epilepsy. 

Melancholia. 

Dementia. 

Imbecility. 

Hysteria. 

Idiocy. 

Sunstroke. 

Infectious  Diseases  e.g.  Erysipelas,  Blood-Poisoning  of  va- 
generally  rious  types.  Tubercle,  Syphilis,  Diph- 

theria, Cholera,  etc. 

Industrial  Diseases.. e.g  Lead  Poisoning. 

DISTILLATION — In  order  to  produce  liquors  in 
which  the  proportion  of  alcohol  is  more  than  thirteen 
and  one-half  per  cent,  it  is  necessary  to  place  fermented 
liquor  in  a still  and  heat  it.  Alcohol  boils  at  170  de- 


126 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 


grees  and  water  at  212  degrees,  hence  the  alcohol  be- 
comes vapor  first  and  passes  through  the  still  which 
is  kept  cool.  The  cold  tube  condenses  the  vapor  and 
it  falls  into  the  receiver  in  the  form  of  a liquid.  This 
is  simply  a process  of  separating  the  alcohol  from  the 
fermented  liquor. 

DISTILLED  LIQUORS — See  Alcoholic  Bever- 
ages; Distillation. 

DISTRICT  OF  COLUMBIA— [JnAtr  the  Jones- 
Works  excise  law  the  number  of  barrooms  in  the  Dis- 
trict of  Columbia  was  reduced  November  1,  1915.  to  271, 
and  wholesale  licenses  to  eighty-nine.  In  1893  there 
were  1,100  licensed  liquor  places,  one  for  every  218 
of  the  population.  Year  by  year  the  number  was 
gradually  reduced  until  1914,  when  the  Jones-Works 
law  eliminated  more  than  two  hundred.  November  1. 
1915,  there  was  one  licensed  place  for  each  1,000  of 
the  population,  approximately.  It  is  noteworthy  that 
during  the  past  year  a number  of  more  or  less  notori- 
ous and  objectionable  liquor  resorts  were  closed,  among 
them  a hotel  located  on  United  States  propertj'.  On 
November  1 the  bar  in  Union  Station  was  closed,  a 
license  being  denied  for  another  year. 

A prohibition  measure  for  the  District  was  intro- 
duced in  the  United  States  Senate  last  winter  and  was 
debated  for  two  days.  It  was  finally  defeated  by  a 
small  margin,  although  it  did  not  come  to  a direct 
vote.  A prohibition  bill  will  be  introduced  in  the 
coming  Congress,  and  many  connected  with  the  liquor 
traffic  share  with  prohibitionists  the  belief  that  it  will 
become  a law  before  the  session  closes. 

DIVORCE— From  1889  to  1906  there  were  184.396 
divorces  due  to  intemperance  on  the  part  of  husband 
or  wife,  according  to  a special  report  upon  marriage 
and  divorce  issued  by  the  Census  Bureau  in  1909.  This 
number  of  such  divorces  constitutes  19.5  per  cent  of 
all  cases  of  divorce.  Drunkenness  is  not  a ground  for 
divorce  in  Vermont,  New  York,  New  Jersey,  Pennsyl- 
vania, Maryland,  Virginia,  West  Virginia,  North  Caro- 
lina, or  Texas. 

According  to  the  statistical  study  of  the  Census 
Bureau,  where  the  charge  of  wives  against  husbands 
was  desertion  drunkenness  was  found  to  be  a factor 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance  127 

in  11.5  per  cent  cases;  where  it  was  adultery  drunken- 
ness was  present  in  13.9  per  cent  of  the  cases;  where 
it  was  neglect  to  provide  drunkenness  was  present  in 
21.2  per  cent;  and  where  it  was  cruelty  drunkenness 
was  present  in  32.4  per  cent.  Figures  taken  only  from 
the  Statistical  Abstract  of  the  Census  should  not  be 
admitted  in  any  controversy  because  they  do  not  con- 
sider the  influence  of  drink  upon  causes  for  divorce 
other  than  “drunkenness.”  Neither  should  the  student 
be  confused  by  comparisons  between  license  and  pro- 
hibition states  which  are  sometimes  not  to  the  advan- 
tage of  the  no-license  commonwealth.  The  character 
of  the  population  must  be  taken  into  consideration. 
Among  certain  classes  of  population  especially  strong 
in  some  states  divorce  is  not  thought  of  even  for 
cruelty,  whereas  in  a community  of  greater  intelligence 
a woman  will  hardly  put  up  with  verbal  abuse.  Where 
a large  percentage  of  the  people  are  Catholics,  divorce 
is  very  much  less  common  than  in  states  where  the 
people  are  Protestant. 

Again,  we  must  warn  the  reader  from  being  deceived 
by  skillful  handling  of  figures  by  the  liquor  interests. 
In  their  comparisons  they  frequently  accord  to  Kansas 
or  to  other  prohibition  states  a divorce  rate  based  upon 
the  married  population,  in  comparison  with  a rate  in 
other  states  based  upon  the  general  population.  Also, 
they  will  call  attention  to  the  fact  that  the  Kansas 
rate  is  high  without  admitting  that  the  divorce  rate 
throughout  the  West  is  much  higher  than  in  the  East. 
While  being  careful  to  shout  aloud  from  the  housetops 
that  Kansas  has  a divorce  rate  of  109,  which  is  higher 
than  the  average  in  the  East,  they  carefully  refrain 
from  letting  one  know  that  the  divorce  rate  in  the  pro- 
hibition state  of  North  Dakota  in  1910  was  only  eighty- 
eight;  that  in  Arizona  (then  license)  it  was  120;  in 
Arkansas  (then  license)  136;  in  Colorado  (then  license) 
158;  in  Idaho  (then  license)  120;  in  Indiana  142;  in 
Montana  167;  in  Oregon  (then  license)  134;  in  Wyo- 
ming 118;  in  Texas  131;  and  in  Washington  (then 
license)  184. 

In  an  article  in  the  National  Sunday  Magazine,  Evan- 
geline Booth,  commander  of  the  Salvation  Army  in 
the  United  States,  declared  that  reports  of  hundreds 
of  thousands  of  cases  of  rescues  by  the  Salvation  Army 
in  all  parts  of  the  world  indicate  that  drink  is  a cause 


128  Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 

and  seldom  a result  of  trouble  in  the  home.  Miss 
Booth  says : 

“Nine  tenths  of  the  drunkards  in  the  world  were 
habitual  drunkards  before  they  were  married,  having 
acquired  the  habit  in  clubs  or  saloons,  according  to  their 
social  status.  The  drink  habit  is  almost  invariably  due 
to  the  positive  influence  of  social  intercourse  of  the 
wrong  kind. 

“We  often  hear  of  cases  of  men  being  driven  to  drink 
because  of  the  daughter  having  gone  astray.  But  in 
an  incredible  number  of  cases,  the  daughter’s  down- 
fall is  due  to  the  fact  that  the  father’s  treatment  has 
made  home  life  unbearable  to  her  and  has  forced  her 
upon  the  street.  Then  comes  realization  by  the  father, 
remorse  and  cowardly  recourse  to  the  bottle — thus  forc- 
ing upon  the  mother,  the  natural  guardian  and  burden- 
bearer  of  the  family,  the  specter  of  drunkenness  and 
disaster.’’ 

Drinking,  however,  figures  in  many  more  divorces 
than  one  in  five,  as  it  is  frequently  a concealed  cause. 

Divorce  in  Ohio 

There  were  5,575  divorce  cases  pending  in  the  eighty- 
eight  counties  of  Ohio  on  June  30,  1913.  Of  this  num- 
ber 772  were  in  the  forty-five  dry  counties  and  4,803 
in  the  forty-three  wet  counties.  On  the  basis  of  the 
1910  census  one  divorce  case  was  pending  to  each  1.673 
of  the  population  in  the  dry  counties  and  one  to  each 
724  of  the  population  in  wet  counties.  There  were  more 
than  double  the  cases  in  proportion  to  population  in 
wet  than  in  dry  territory'.  From  1896  to  1913  4,726 
divorces  were  granted  in  Ohio  for  drunkenness  alone, 
while  thousands  more  were  granted  for  causes  grow- 
ing out  of  the  use  of  liquor.  This  record  bears  out 
the  systematic  investigation  and  conclusions  of  Judge 
Gemmill  of  the  Chicago  Court  of  Domestic  Relations, 
who  says  that  the  cause  in  forty-six  out  of  every  one 
hundred  divorce  cases  in  that  city  is  excessive  drink. 

“The  great  and  prevailing  cause  for  domestic  in- 
felicity is  drink,’’  says  Jud.ge  Andrew  H.  Wilson, 
Juvenile  Court  of  New  Orleans.  Says  the  Denver 
Times:  “Common,  unromantic  drunkenness  is  still  far 
in  the  lead  as  a home  wrecker.” 

DOW,  NEAL — Born  in  Portland,  Me.,  March  20, 
1804;  died  October  2,  1897.  He  was  the  third  candi- 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 


129 


date  of  the  Prohibition  Party  for  president,  having 
won  national  fame  for  his  labors  in  behalf  of  the 
Maine  prohibitory  law.  President  Lincoln  made  him 
a brigadier-general  in  the  volunteer  army  in  April, 
1862.  He  was  twice  wounded  in  battle. 

DRINKING  CUSTOMS,  DEVELOPMENT  OF 

— The  time  of  the  discovery  of  alcohol  is  not  known, 
but  some  place  it  at  the  very  beginning  of  the  agri- 
cultural period,  or  30,000  years  ago.  The  very  earliest 
Egyptian,  Babylonian,  and  Hebrew  writings  give  ac- 
counts of  drunkenness.  Ale  brewing  was  common  in 
Egypt  5,000  years  ago,  according  to  indications  of 
Egyptian  frescoes,  and  in  China  drunkenness  was  com- 
mon before  the  rise  of  Confucianism. 

The  custom  of  drinking  alcoholic  liquors  was  from 
the  first  polygenetic,  seemingly  originating  among  all 
peoples  independently,  and  not  spreading  from  tribe  to 
tribe.  This  does  not  indicate,  as  has  been  claimed, 
that  the  use  of  alcohol  is  natural,  and,  consequently,  to 
some  extent  necessary  and  goad.  It  rather  indicates 
that  the  cause  of  the  use  of  alcohol  is  a natural  impulse. 
Polygamy  and  sexual  promiscuity  were  also  poly- 
genetic, but  that  is  no  defense  of  these  practices. 

There  is  no  impulse  to  use  intoxicants,  but  there  is 
an  impulse  among  undeveloped  individuals  or  races  to 
surge  forward,  impatient  of  the  more  orderly  proc- 
esses of  development,  into  wider  spiritual  and  mental 
experience.  There  also  is  an  impulse  among  decadent 
nations  and  senile  individuals  or  among  nations  and 
individuals  which  are  approaching  decadence  or  senility 
to  attain  again  by  great  effort  or  special  means  to  the 
vigorous  mental  and  spiritual  life  of  their  better  days. 
Samuelson  says  that  in  every  nation  there  has  been  a 
period  just  preceding  the  time  of  highest  culture  when 
intoxication  was  prevalent;  and  that  again  after  the 
highest  point  of  culture  has  been  passed  a second  period 
of  intemperance  always  ensues. 

Our  savage  forefathers  sought  in  alcohol  ecstatic 
feeling,  a sense  of  increased, power,  dreams  that  ushered 
them  into  a world  of  wider  experience.  This  impulse 
flowed  in  a wrong  channel  when  it  led  to  the  use  of 
intoxicants,  but  nevertheless  it  was  an  impulse  point- 
ing to  a life  of  more  intense  action  and  intense  feeling, 
and  while  the  use  of  intoxicants  has  contributed  noth- 


130 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 


ing  to  the  advance  of  man,  the  impulse  behind  it  has 
been  the  force  that  has  propelled  us  forward. 

It  is  because  of  the  nature  of  the  motive  that  alcohol 
so  soon  became  associated  with  state  ceremonials,  wor- 
ship, marriage,  funerals,  festivals,  rites,  hospitality,  etc. 
Even  to  this  day  the  alcohol  tradition  is  encrusted  with 
superstition  and  myth. 

Undeveloped  peoples  seek  other  neurotic  conditions 
just  as  they  seek  intoxication.  Epilepsy  and  chorea  are 
frequently  regarded  by  them  as  divine.  Savages  work 
themselves  into  a frenzy  by  rhythmical  movement  and 
sound,  and,  for  that  matter,  so  do  birds  and  animals. 

Soma  worship,  perhaps  the  most  ancient  of  all  re- 
ligions, included  intoxication  as  a sacred  thing,  but, 
for  that  matter,  in  India  to-day  prostitution  is  prac- 
ticed in  the  temples  in  the  name  of  the  gods. 

As  a national  indication  the  general  use  of  intoxicants 
points  to  sluggish,  undeveloped  brain  power  or  to 
burnt-out  emotions. 

The  progress  of  the  drink  habit  has  been  verj' 
uniform.  In  the  time  of  Moses  and  Rameses,  and  5.0(W 
years  before  Christ,  in  China  public  bars  existed  as  they 
exist  to-day.  They  were  then,  as  now.  the  source  of 
social  disorders  and  were  associated  with  prostitution. 
The  discovery  of  the  art  of  distilling  was  especially 
notable  as  affecting  the  historj^  of  Anglo-Saxon  and 
Scandinavian  development.  If  the  development  of  the 
drink  institution  is  to  be  checked  the  impulse  to  seek 
inhibition  and  stimulation  must  be  directed  into  chan- 
nels of  legitimate  amusement  and  art  expression.  Music 
provides  beneficial  stimulation;  so  does  every  form  of 
art  and  play. 

DRUGS — Through  the  efforts  of  temperance  re- 
formers, Congress  was  induced  to  pass  an  antinarcotic 
bill  taking  effect  March  1,  1915.  Enforcement  is  vested 
in  the  Bureau  of  Internal  Revenue. 

The  law  provides  for  penalties  of  S2.000  and  five 
years  in  prison.  No  druggist  can  sell  habit-forming 
drugs  except  on  the  prescription  of  a physician  who  is 
authorized  by  special  license,  and  there  are  other  dras- 
tic restrictions.  It  is  estimated  that  at  the  time  of  the 
enactment  of  this  law  there  were  2,000,000  addicts  in 
the  United  States. 


Cyclopedia  oi  Temperance 


131 


The  liquor  interests  have  tried  strenuously  to  show 
that  prohibition  causes  those  who  have  been  robbed 
of  their  drink  to  turn  to  drugs,  but  drug  fiends  are 
much  more  numerous  in  license  territory,  indicating 
that  the  habit  of  drinking  alcoholic  liquors  leads  to 
drug  consumption. 

The  United  States  Government  convicted  a Chicago 
doctor  on  evidence  showing  that  he  had  issued  20,00(} 
prescriptions  to  drug  fiends  during  a period  of  a few 
months  beginning  March  1,  1915,  and  this  in  spite  of 
the  fact  that  Chicago  has  more  than  7,000  saloons. 

A liquor  writer  who  has  harped  strongly  on  the 
drug  argument  against  prohibition  is  Dr.  E.  H.  Williams 
of  Montclair,  N.  J.,  who  presents  a mass  of  “official”’ 
figures,  but  never  states  how  he  gets  these  “official” 
figures  and  whether  the  methods  of  arriving  at  them 
are  the  same  in  the  case  of  the  various  states.  Boiled 
down,  his  matter  amounts  simply  to  the  repetition  of  a 
lot  of  rumor.  The  splendid  enforcement  of  the  Harri- 
son antidrug  law,  which  is  a prohibitory  measure  of 
the  most  drastic  kind,  is  beginning  to  render  all  such 
arguments  absurd. 

License  Fosters  Drug  Vice 

A report  of  the  Federal  Public  Health  Service  issued 
late  in  1914  reveals  the  fact  that  there  are  far  more 
“dope”  fiends  in  Ohio,  Illinois,  New  York,  and  other 
license  states  than  in  the  prohibition  state  of  Tennessee, 
which  was  taken  as  a typical  horrible  example  of  pro- 
hibition’s influence  upon  drug  consumption  in  a sen- 
sational pamphlet  issued  by  the  liquor  dealers  during 
the  same  year.  The  Tennessee  conclusions  in  the 
Public  Health  Bulletin  were  based  on  data  showing 
the  result  of  the  operation  of  the  state  antinarcotic 
law  which  prohibits  the  sale  of  habit-forming  drugs  to 
anyone  not  holding  a permit.  During  the  first  six 
months  of  the  operation  of  the  law  1,403  permits  were 
issued  in  Tennessee.  Ohio,  which  has  just  about  double 
the  population  of  Tennessee,  has,  according  to  Mr. 
W.  R.  Hower,  chief  drug  officer  of  Ohio,  100,000  drug 
addicts,  instead  of  about  three  thousand  which  she 
would  have  at  the  Tennessee  rate.  The  Columbus 
Dispatch  declares  that  with  four  per  cent  of  the  popu- 
lation Ohio  consumes  five  per  cent  of  all  the  opium  and 
coca  leaves  imported. 


132  Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 

Other  license  centers  show  similar  things.  During 
the  past  two  years  there  have  been  drug  crusades  and 
scandals  in  St.  Louis,  New  York,  Chicago,  and  Phila- 
delphia. According  to  the  City  Health  Department  of 
Denver,  21,000  residents  of  that  city  are  drug  fiends. 
We  do  not  know  why  the  hundreds  of  license  saloons 
and  the  five  hundred  blind  pigs  of  Denver  do  not  save 
these  drug  victims.  Perhaps  Prohibition  after  January 
1,  1916,  will. 

Mr.  Fred  Kern  of  the  Board  of  Administration,  in 
requesting  the  State  Board  of  Pharmacy  to  prosecute 
offending  Chicago  druggists,  stated  that  alx)ut  fifteen 
per  cent  of  the  patients  of  the  Illinois  Hospital  for  the 
Insane  owe  their  downfall  to  drugs.  The  pamphlet 
which  the  liquor  interests  exploited  so  strongly  charged 
that  in  Georgia  one  out  of  every  forty-two  insane 
patients  is  so  because  of  drugs;  in  North  Carolina, 
one  in  eighty-four;  and  in  Tennessee,  one  in  seventy- 
four.  If  Mr.  Kern  was  correct,  his  statement  does 
not  lend  itself  to  the  effort  to  show  that  prohibition 
causes  drug  addiction. 

DRUNKENNESS— See  Arrests. 

EDUCATIONAL  LAWS — Largely  through  the  in- 
fluence of  the  W.  C.  T.  U.,  practically  every  state  in 
the  Union  now  has  laws  requiring  scientific  temperance 
instruction  in  the  schools.  The  first  such  law  passed 
was  in  1883,  and  the  last  general  law  of  this  kind  was 
enacted  in  Idaho  in  1909.  This  statement  does  not  take 
into  consideration  laws  passed  to  stren^hen  legislation 
already  in  existence.  Generally  speaking,  these  laws 
are  well  enforced,  but  there  is  greatly  needed  a move- 
ment looking  to  the  education  of  the  teachers  who 
handle  these  subjects.  Such  a movement  exists  at  the 
present  time  in  England. 

EFFECTS  OF  HIGH  LICENSE— See  License. 

EFFECTS  OF  PROHIBITION— See  Kansas. 
West  Virginia,  North  Carolina,  North  Dakota,  etc. 

ENGLAND— See  “Great  Britain.” 

EPWORTH  LEAGUE— AX  the  1914  convention  in 
Buffalo  the  Epworth  League  adopted  this  resolution : 

“Whereas,  the  national  prohibition  resolutions  now  pending 
in  both  Houses  of  Congress  measure  the  most  significant  and 
important  stage  in  the  fight  for  a stainless  flag. 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 


133 


‘ ‘Be  It  Resolved,  That  the  Ninth  International  Convention 
of  Epworth  Leagues  declare  it  to  he  the  conviction  of  the 
more  than  twenty  thousand  organizations  representing  a mil- 
lion Methodist  young  people  that  the  most  urgent  matter  now 
before  the  nation  is  the  national  prohibition  amendment  at 
present  pending. 

‘ ‘Be  It  Resolved,  That  we  ur  ge  upon  our  representatives  and 
senators  that  they  support  and  pass  these  resolutions  at  as 
early  a date  as  possible.” 

There  is  a growing  conviction  that  if  the  liquor  prob- 
lem is  to  be  permanently  settled  the  young  people  of 
the  churches  must  do  it.  Because  of  the  historic  atti- 
tude of  their  organization  and  of  Methodism  itself,  be- 
cause of  the  efficient  machinery  of  the  League  and  the 
fervor  of  its  spirit,  Epworthians  are  under  a peculiar 
obligation  to  lend  their  utmost  power  to  the  temperance 
movement. 

The  local  chapter  should  (a)  make  the  service  when 
temperance  is  the  devotional  topic  a memorable  occa- 
sion; (b)  study  the  liquor  problem;  (c)  do  definite 
work  for  the  overthrow  of  the  liquor  traffic. 

The  Devotional  Topic 

Weeks  should  be  taken  in  preparing  for  the  temper- 
ance devotional  service.  There  are  numerous  little 
experiments  which  can  be  conducted  with  the  co- 
operation of  a local  high  school  teacher,  and  there  are 
many  more  experiments  which  need  no  expert  super- 
vision at  all  and  the  results  of  which  will  lend  inter- 
est to  the  evening.  (See  “Sunday  School.”) 

The  discussion  of  the  topic  should  be  carefully  worked 
up.  It  is  well  to  have  a local  physician  discuss  the 
physiological  and  medical  phase  of  the  problem,  and  a 
lawyer  can  set  forth  its  social  phase,  but  if  local  men 
are  asked  to  participate  in  the  meeting  in  this  way, 
when  the  invitation  is  extended  they  should  be  handed 
some  suggestive  literature  which  will  be  furnished  free 
by  the  Temperance  Society,  as  it  is  often  impracticable 
for  busy  professional  men  to  get  together  the  material 
they  desire  to  use. 

If  members  of  the  chapter  themselves  will  undertake 
to  make  these  talks,  they  can  be  furnished  with  sugges- 
tive matter  supplied  by  the  Temperance  Society  which 
will  enable  them  to  do  so  in  a most  creditable  way. 

The  music  used  should  all  be  of  a special  nature. 
Popular  temperance  songs  and  patriotic  music  suit  the 


134 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 


occasion  much  better  than  hymns  selected  at  random. 
An  ideal  devotional  meeting  on  the  temperance  topic 
is  given  here ; 

Song,  “My  Country,  ’Tis  of  Thee.’’ 

Prayer. 

Song,  Special. 

Lesson  and  talk  by  leader. 

Discussion. 

(a)  Progress  of  the  temperance  movement. 

(b)  The  physical  effect  of  alcohol. 

(c)  Why  prohibition  pays. 

(d)  Has  the  saloon  a legitimate  appeal! 

(e)  What  is  Methodism  doing! 

Solo,  Special. 

Recitation. 

Song,  Special. 

The  program  outlined  is  intentionally  long,  but  can 
be  adjusted  to  the  needs  of  the  occasion. 

The  discussion  proposed,  if  properly  conaucted,  will 
make  an  interesting  evening.  The  swift  development 
of  the  prohibition  movement,  the  rapidly  changing  atti- 
tude of  business,  the  growth  of  total  abstinence  senti- 
ment— a short  account  of  these  developments  will  make 
a wonderful  story.  A talk  based  upon  the  physical  ef- 
fects of  alcohol  can  be  specialized.  For  instance,  it 
can  take  the  material  in  this  book  under  the  head  of 
Leucocytes  and  Cell  Life  and  the  result  will  be  splen- 
did. For  “Why  prohibition  pays,”  the  stoiy  of  West 
Virginia,  North  Carolina,  or  Kansas,  as  given  in  this 
book  would  be  good.  An  article  appearing  in  the 
Survey  and  reprinted  in  this  book  under  the  head  of 
“Substitutes”  will  furnish  matter  for  “Has  the  saloon  a 
legitimate  appeal?”  A fitting  climax  of  the  evening 
would  be  an  account  of  what  Methodism  and  the  Ep- 
worth  League  are  doing. 

But  the  most  important  work  for  Leaguers  is  to 
equip  themselves  for  intelligent  effort  against  the  license 
system. 


Why  the  League  Should  Study 
A great  many  people,  young  and  old,  are  afflicted 
with  the  belief  that  they  know  all  about  the  liquor 
proLlem  without  the  trouble  of  studying  it.  It  is  a 
pernicious  notion.  The  Central  Office  of  the  Epworth 
League  has  published  a little  book,  “The  Greatest  Com- 
mon Destroyer,”  which  they  sell  at  fifty  cents  in  cloth. 
It  has  only  eight  chapters,  but  it  gives  a glimpse  of 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 


135 


the  history  of  the  social,  political,  and  financial  con- 
nections of  the  liquor  traffic,  the  significance  of  the 
drinking  custom,  and  the  theory  of  prohibition  which 
could  not  be  obtained  by  a century  of  casual  reading. 
Every  Epworth  League  chapter  should  organize  a study 
class  in  “The  Greatest  Common  Destroyer.”  There 
can  be  no  efficient  opposition  to  the  liquor  traffic  except 
such  as  is  made  upon  knowledge. 

How  the  League  Can  Work 

One  of  the  most  effective  ways  in  which  the  League 
can  influence  the  local  situation  is  to  understand  the 
law  and  work  for  its  enforcement  whether  that  law 
provides  for  restriction  or  prohibition.  If  a local  no- 
license campaign  is  in  progress  the  League  should 
organize  to  distribute  literature,  and  this  should  be  done 
at  least  once  a year  whether  a campaign  is  on  or  not. 
If  the  local  secular  paper  is  not  publishing  temper- 
ance news,  try  to  make  an  arrangement  by  which  they 
will  give  your  League  a column  to  be  devoted  to  that 
purpose.  The  Temperance  Society  will  furnish  a weekly 
news  bulletin  which  has  splendid  standing  with  the 
newspapers  of  the  country.  Prohibition  oratorical  con- 
tests and  debates  can  be  conducted;  a quartet  can  be 
organized  for  propaganda  purposes.  A great  many 
League  chapters  are  conducting  poster  campaigns.  The 
Temperance  Society  publishes  a series  of  twelve  posters 
which  are  furnished  at  cost. 

One  of  the  most  effective  methods  of  educational 
work  is  the  “shop  window  display.”  Posters  can  be  used 
in  this  shop  window.  Piles  of  groceries  illustratirtg  the 
amount  of  food  that  can  be  bought  with  the  yearly 
drink  bill  of  a man  who  drinks  two  glasses  of  beer  a 
day  are  effective. 

The  League  should  always  count  upon  the  Temper- 
ance Society  of  the  Church  to  cooperate  in  the  fullest 
and  heartiest  way. 

ETHER — Produced  by  acting  on  pure  alcohol  with 
chlorine. 

EUROPE — A prohibition  map  of  Europe  before  the 
war  would  have  shown  the  entire  continent  black,  ex- 
cept Scotland,  which  will  have  local  option  after  1920, 
Norway  and  Sweden,  which  have  local  option  at  pres- 
ent, and  Denmark,  which  has  council  option.  Russia 


136  Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 

had  twice  vetoed  prohibition  in  Finland.  In  Russia  the 
sale  of  vodka  was  a government  monopoly. 

A detailed  statement  of  the  exact  present  situation 
in  Europe  may  be  found  under  the  head  of  “War.” 

EXCISE — A license  law  or  any  laws  taxing  the  sale 
of  liquors  are  often  called  excise  laws.  This  is  espe- 
cially the  case  in  New  York.  It  is  an  old  English  term 
which  was  formerly  applied  to  any  tax  upon  home- 
made articles. 

FARMERS — According  to  the  Abstract  of  the  Cen- 
sus of  1910,  “materials”  to  the  value  of  $139,199,000 
are  used  annually  in  the  manufacture  of  distilled,  malt, 
and  vinous  liquors.  “Materials”  used  in  this  connection 
includes  freight,  heat,  light,  etc.,  as  well  as  raw  mate- 
rial purchased  from  the  farmer. 

Aside  from  the  two  crops  of  molasses  and  hops,  the 
farm  products  generally  used  in  the  manufacture  of 
beer  and  whisky — crops  produced  in  practically  all  sec- 
tions of  the  country — are  wheat,  corn,  rj'e,  barley,  and 
oats,  and  of  these  crops  the  liquor  trade  uses  a value  of 
only  $61,151,094.  The  total  value  of  these  five  grain 
crops,  according  to  the  report  of  the  Department  of 
Agriculture,  issued  in  December,  1913,  was  $2,863,761,- 
000.  (See  Grains.)  Every  farmer  knows  that,  in  deal- 
ing with  figures  of  this  size,  it  is  not  uncommon  for 
the  Department  of  Agriculture  to  make  an  error  in  es- 
timating crops  of  at  least  sixty  million,  an  error  that 
never  affects  the  market  price  in  the  slightest. 

The  men  engaged  in  the  manufacture  of  liquor  very 
often  assail  these  figures  thus : “It  is  very  true  that  we 
only  use  $61,000,000  worth  of  grain,  but  still  we  do  use 
that  much,  and  if  you  cut  off  this  market  from  the 
farmer,  it  would  be  a loss  which  he  might  be  able  to 
bear,  but  a loss  nevertheless.  The  man  who  grows  these 
grains  is  not  going  to  see  this  much  of  a market  lost 
to  him  without  knowing  the  reason  why.” 

There  is  a reason  why  the  loss  of  this  market  would 
be  a tremendous  gain.  Very  generally,  the  farmers  of 
the  country  realize  this,  for  the  Grange  and  similar 
organizations  speak  out  annually  in  favor  of  prohibi- 
tion of  the  liquor  traffic,  and  if  a vote  of  the  farm- 
ers were  taken,  the  nation  over,  the  majority  against 
the  continuance  of  the  license  policy  would  be  enor- 
mous, but  still  it  is  well  to  review  the  facts  occasionally. 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 


137 


What  is  most  significant  is  the  effect  upon  the  farm- 
er’s market  of  the  use  of  $771,516,000  of  capital  ern- 
ployed  in  the  production  of  liquors.  In  twenty-six 
leading  industries  the  producer  of  raw  material  receives 
an  average  of  58.73  per  cent  of  the  entire  wholesale 
value  of  the  products.  In  the  industry  of  slaughtering 
and  meat  packing  this  percentage  rises  as  high  as  87.68 
per  cent.  But  the  liquor  industry,  ranking  lowest 
among  these  twenty-six  industries,  pays  only  23.53  per 
cent  for  all  of  its  raw  material,  including  light,  heat, 
freight,  etc.,  and  for  these  five  grain  crops  we  have 
been  considering,  it  pays  only  9.7  per  cent  of  the  whole- 
sale value  of  the  liquors  produced.  If  you  consider 
the  retail  value,  the  percentage  going  to  the  farmer 
would  be  almost  infinitesimal. 

Now,  suppose  the  liquor  industry  were  wiped  out 
suddenly  and  completely  over  every  inch  of  territory 
in  the  United  States.  Would  that  destroy  the  $771,- 
516,000  now  invested  in  producing  liquors?  It  would 
not.  It  would  simply  force  these  buildings,  the  land, 
and  the  other  capital  involved  to  employ  itself  in  the 
production  of  something  else.  Suppose,  for  instance, 
that  the  entire  $771,516,000  were  to  be  shifted  to  the 
lumber  and  timber  industry.  It  would  immediately  get 
to  paying  the  producer  of  raw  material  43.94  per  cent, 
a share  for  which  the  farmer  could  very  readily  afford 
to  lose  all  the  unfair  percentage  allowed  him  by  the' 
manufacturer  of  liquors.  If  it  went  into  the  slaughter- 
ing business,  it  would  pay  the  farmer  87.68  per  cent, 
or  if  it  were  scattered  through  the  entire  list  of  the 
twenty-six  leading  industries,  the  farmer  would  get  an 
average  in  return  of  58.73  per  cent.  Below  we  give 
a little  table  showing  the  percentage  of  the  wholesale 
price  of  various  products  going  to  the  producer  of 
raw  material,  as  compared  to  the  percentage  allowed 
by  the  liquor  industry: 


Agricultural  implements  41.21  per  cent 

Automobiles  52.82  per  cent 

Clothing  88.96  per  cent 

Furniture  45.34  per  cent 

Slaughtering  and  meat  packing.  .87.68  per  cent 

Liquors  23.53  per  cent 

These  industries  were  selected  at  random  from  the 
entire  list,  and  represent  fairly  the  average. 


138 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 


No  attempt  is  made  to  show  how  much  of  the  farm- 
er’s market  is  taken  from  him  by  the  trade  in  distillery 
slops,  rotten  feed,  etc.,  but  there  is  strong  reason  to 
believe  that  the  brewer  and  distiller  rob  the  farmer  of 
many  millions  of  this  market.  And  no  attempt  is  made 
to  show  how  much  of  liquor’s  crop  of  crime,  insanity, 
and  woe  must  be  taken  care  of  by  the  farmer’s  good 
money. 

Students  very  generally  agree  in  the  estimate  that 
not  less  than  one  half  of  all  the  crime  may  be  attributed 
to  the  liquor  traffic.  Other  moderate  estimates  are 
that  one  fourth  of  all  the  insanity,  a large  percentage 
of  the  vice,  about  forty  per  cent  of  the  pauperism,  and 
much  of  degeneracy,  is  due  to  the  sale  of  liquors. 

No  city,  county,  or  state  can  license  the  saloon  with- 
out inflicting  a grievous  wrong  upon  every  farmer 
throughout  the  land. 

FEDERAL  GOVERNMENT — The  Constitution  of 
the  United  States  limits  the  powers  of  the  federal 
government  in  dealing  with  the  liquor  traffic  to  taxa- 
tion, customs,  internal  revenue,  the  regulation  of  inter- 
state commerce  in  such  liquors,  and  the  control  of  the 
traffic  in  territory  owned  by  the  federal  government, 
and  with  the  Indian  tribes.  Congress,  therefore,  has 
no  police  power  over  the  traffic  in  liquors  excepting 
in  federal  territory,  on  the  high  seas,  and  such  as  is 
incident  to  taxation. 

The  first  federal  liquor  revenue  law  was  enacted 
March  1,  1791.  This  law  was  replaced  by  one  of  May 
8,  1792.  They  constituted  a part  of  Alexander  Hamil- 
ton’s fiscal  policy  and  were  repealed  upon  the  election  of 
President  Jefferson.  Another  liquor  revenue  law  was 
passed  August  2,  1813.  This  law  was  repealed  Decem- 
ber 31,  1817.  On  July  1,  1862,  the  present  liquor  rev- 
enue policy  was  adopted.  (See  Revenue.) 

The  amount  of  the  tax  has  varied,  but  the  principle 
has  never  been  changed.  At  first  the  tax  on  spirituous 
liquors  was  twenty  cents  per  gallon,  but  it  rose  to  $2.00 
by  the  close  of  1864;  in  1875  it  was  reduced  to  ninety 
cents,  and  at  the  beginning  of  the  Spanish-American 
War  it  was  raised  to  $1.10.  The  retailers’  tax  was 
fixed  at  $25  annually.  The  revenue  on  malt  liquors  was 
originally  placed  at  $1.00,  reduced  to  sixty  cents  in 
1863,  and  restored  to  $1.00  in  1864.  It  remained  at  this 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 


139 


figure  until  the  Spanish-American  War,  when  it  was 
temporarily  raised  to  $2.00.  At  the  end  of  the  war 
the  excess  taxation  was  taken  off,  but  in  1914  the 
amount  was  again  raised  from  $1.00  to  $1.50.  The 
retailers’  tax  was  fixed  at  $20.  (For  theory  of  taxation 
see  License.) 

The  result  of  the  federal  government’s  revenue  sys- 
tem has  been  to  place  it  in  an  exceedingly  intimate 
relation  to  the  liquor  traffic.  Revenue  officers  vigorously 
hunt  down  manufacturers  who  have  not  paid  the  tax. 

The  system  for  collecting  the  liquor  revenue  has  gone 
to  such  lengths  that  Uncle  Sam  virtually  conducts  the 
business  of  every  distiller.  The  distillery  is  under  the 
constant  supervision  of  revenue  agents  who  carry  the 
keys,  oversee  the  bookkeeping,  and  make  a record  of 
every  bushel  of  grain  used.  The  distiller  is  not  even 
allowed  to  come  upon  his  own  premises  except  during 
business  hours  and  under  certain  regulations  prescribed 
by  the  Treasury  Department.  He  cannot  go  into  his 
own  warehouses  unless  the  revenue  agent  is  present. 
He  can  take  nothing  out  and  put  nothing  in  without 
written  permission,  although  the  representatives  of  the 
government  may  come  and  go  as  they  please,  and  if 
the  distiller  should  attempt  to  hinder  their  movements 
they  would  be  authorized  to  break  in,  and  the  owner 
would  be  fined  $1,000  for  interference. 

One  of  the  greatest  evils  of  the  internal  revenue 
policy  was  the  federal  interference  with  the  police 
powers  of  the  state,  which  gradually  came  about.  In 
1827  Chief  Justice  Taney  held  that  Congress  had  no 
power  to  override  the  prohibition  of  any  state,  and 
that  a prohibition  commonwealth  could  assume  author- 
ity over  liquor  immediately  it  came  within  the  bounds 
of  state  lines.  His  decision  held  its  force  for  nearly 
a half  century,  when  the  federal  government  began  to 
assume  and  to  be  allowed  complete  authority  over  all 
interstate  shipments  until  they  were  in  the  hands  of 
consignees.  This  power  was  modified  by  the  enactment 
of  the  Webb-Kenyon  Bill.  (See  that  subject.) 

Federal  courts  have  consistently  recognized  the  pro- 
hibition principle  (see  Courts),  and  their  policy  toward 
the  liquor  traffic  in  the  federal  possessions  has  never 
been  very  friendly.  At  the  present  time,  however,  the 
sale  of  liquor  is  permitted  in  all  of  our  territorial  pos- 
sessions, although  under  strict  regulation.  (For  fed- 


140  Cyclopedia  of  Tempeiance 

eral  policy  in  regard  to  military  and  naval  forces  see 
Army,  and  Navy.) 

The  close  relation  of  the  government  to  the  manu- 
facturer of  liquors  has  permitted  many  distillers  to  de- 
ceive the  public.  When  an  advertisement  says,  “Uncle 
Sam  guarantees  our  liquors,”  or  anything  of  that  nature, 
it  is  a falsehood  pure  and  simple.  There  is  no  federal 
guarantee  of  the  purity  of  liquors. 

FERMENTATION — See  Beer;  Brewing;  and 
Wines. 

FERMENTED  LIQUORS— Ste  Alcoholic  Bever- 
ages; Beer;  Malt  Liquors;  and  Wines. 

FINLAND — The  Finnish  Landtag  voted  twice  for 
national  prohibition  before  the  war  but  Russian  sanc- 
tion was  withheld.  In  the  meantime  the  Legislature, 
by  raising  beer  taxes  eightfold  in  three  years,  succeeded 
in  ruining  a full  fifth  of  the  breweries,  and  in  reducing 
alcohol  consumption  to  a record  low  point — 1.2  liters 
per  capita.  Finland,  of  course,  as  a dependency  of 
Russia,  is  affected  by  Russia’s  prohibition  since  the  be- 
ginning of  the  war. 

FLORIDA — Has  forty-five  dry  counties,  nine  coun- 
ties are  wet.  The  Davis  Law,  passed  at  the  last  ses- 
sion of  the  Legislature,  closed  up  over  two  hundred 
saloons  in  the  state,  leaving  now  only  about  seventy- 
five  wholesale  mail  order  and  retail  liquor  houses.  The 
Davis  Act  abolishes  the  treating  system,  also  the  free 
lunch ; also  closes  saloons  at  6 P.  M.  until  7 A.  M.  The 
next  Legislature  will  probably  pass  a Submission  Bill. 

FLYING  SQUADRON  OF  AMERICA— When 
the  present  national  prohibition  movement  was  launched 
at  Columbus,  O.,  a group  of  men  called  together  in  the 
historic  Neil  House,  where  Lincoln  slept  on  his  way  to 
Washington,  decided  to  make  the  movement  impressive 
and  popular  by  a great  spectacular  and  nation-embracing 
campaign.  Headed  by  Governor  J.  Frank  Hanly,  sec- 
onded by  the  young  and  brilliant  Daniel  A.  Poling  as 
secretary,  the  speakers  were  selected  and  the  plans 
laid  to  reach  every  state  capital,  metropolis,  educational 
center,  and  town  of  25,000  population  in  the  United 
States.  Captain  R.  P.  Hobson  suggested  the  name. 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance  141 

“Flying  Squadron.”  The  officers  canvassed  the  coun- 
try for  money  to  float  the  Squadron. 

The  campaign  began  Wednesday,  September  30,  1914, 
at  Peoria,  111.,  and  closed  in  Atlantic  City,  N.  J.,  Sun- 
day, June  6,  1915 — 235  days  traveling  and  speaking,  not 
a date  or  place  being  missed.  Two  mass  meetings  were 
held  every  day,  afternoon  and  evening;  and  sometimes 
two  cities  were  visited  by  each  group  a day.  Three 
groups  visited  each  place,  making  a continuous  three- 
day  meeting;  thus  on  each  day  three  cities  heard  the 
message  at  the  same  time.  In  the  235  different  cities 
they  were  heard  by  a million  people.  Everywhere  the 
cause  is  stronger  because  of  the  consecration  of  the 
twenty  men  and  women  who  made  up  the  Squadron 
force. 

First  division:  Daniel  A.  Poling;  Clarence  True  Wilson; 
Charles  M.  Sheldon;  Wilhur  F.  Sheridan;  and  the  musicians. 

Second  division:  Clinton  N.  Howard;  Eugene  W.  Chafin; 
Mrs.  Ella  R.  Boole;  Mrs.  Culla  J.  Vayhinger;  and  the  mu- 
sicians. 

Third  division : Gov.  Hanly ; Oliver  W.  Stewart ; Ira  W. 
Landrith ; and  the  musicians. 

Mrs.  Ella  S.  Stewart  took  the  place  of  absentees  on 
any  division  and  did  notable  work,  appealing  to  the 
newly  enfranchised  women  in  all  the  Western  States 
where  women  vote.  Hon.  John  B.  Lewis,  who  con- 
tributed $10,000  to  the  movement,  acted  throughout  as 
treasurer  and  spoke  effectively  in  many  places. 

All  the  speeches  are  published  in  a notable  volume. 
The  Flight  of  the  Squadron  is  told  in  a story  of  great 
interest. 

The  Flying  Squadron  foundation  has  incorporated 
under  the  laws  of  Indiana.  It  is  to  publish  a weekly 
newspaper,  the  National  Enquirer,  maintain  a speaking 
force,  and  conduct  a nation-wide  propaganda  for  total 
abstinence  and  national  prohibition.  Its  officers  are : 
President,  J.  Frank  Hanly;  Vice-President,  Oliver 
Wayne  Stewart;  Treasurer,  Edward  E.  Mittman.  Head- 
quarters : Indianapolis,  Ind. 

FOOD  VALUE — “It  is  only  lately  that  we  have 
begun  to  regard  alcohol  in  its  true  light  as  a drug  and 
not  as  a food,”  said  the  late  Sir  Spencer  Wells,  M.D., 
F.R.S. 

There  is  hardly  a reputable  physician  to-day  who 
could  be  induced  to  assign  any  food  value  to  alcohol. 
A slight  quantity  of  the  drug  may  be  oxidized  in  the 


142 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 


body,  but  it  is  incorrect  to  say  that  it  has  food  value 
because  of  this.  As  Dr.  Harvey  W.  Wiley  says,  “It  is 
without  question  a substance  which  does  not  nourish 
the  body,  build  tissue,  or  repair  waste.” 

Beer  ordinarily  has  about  four  per  cent  of  nutritive 
material.  Flour  has  about  eiehty-eight  per  cent  The 
amount  of  poison  in  the  beer  exceeds  the  amount  of 
nutritious  material.  (See  Baron  Liebig’s  statement  un- 
der the  head  of  Beer.) 

FRANCE — (For  further  developments  since  the  war 
see  “War.”) 

Before  the  outbreak  of  hostilities  France  was  un- 
doubtedly being  undermined  by  alcohol,  but  a temper- 
ance movement  of  considerable  proportions  was  devel- 
oping. The  antialcohol  group  of  the  French  Parliament 
had  grown  to  150  in  number  and  included  such 
men  as  Millerand,  F.  Buisson,  Labori,  Jaures,  Doumer, 
Deschanel,  Ribot,  J.  Reinach,  Depuy,  Meline,  and  Ber- 
enger. 

The  men  who  claim  that  the  use  of  wine  in  France 
had  “solved  the  problem”  make  statements  wide  of  the 
truth.  Instead  of  saying  that,  “No  one  is  ever  drunk 
in  France,”  one  might  better  say,  in  regard  to  certain 
sections  of  France  at  least.  “No  one  is  ever  sober  in 
France.”  The  amount  of  brandy  manufactured,  the 
growing  consumption  of  absinthe,  the  great  quantities  of 
wine  used,  were  producing  the  inevitable  results. 

“You  cannot  make  men  good  by  law,”  says  M.  Joseph 
Reinach,  deputy,  quoting  the  foolish  adage  of  the 
friends  of  alcohol.  “No,  but  j'ou  can  make  them  crazy. 
In  1881  France  had  367.000  saloons  and  47.000  insane ; 
in  1907,  477,000  saloons  and  70,000  insane.  Cause — the 
legislation  of  ’80.” 

Also,  the  traffic  in  wines  had  taken  on  many  institu- 
tional evils.  “Of  our  half  million  drink  shops,”  said 
AI.  Joseph  Reinach,  “one  tenth  provide  at  the  same  time 
alcohol  and  women.  There  are  in  France  fift\’  thou- 
sand of  these  cabarets  furnishing  filles  en  carte.  In 
Lille,  Rennes,  the  garrison  towns,  the  seaport  towns, 
one  half  of  these  girls  are  minors.” 

Also,  AI.  Reinach  was  not  of  the  opinion  that  the  use 
of  light  wines  did  not  have  physiological  perils.  At 
one  time  he  exclaimed : 

“We  have  not  a year  to  lose.  It  is  a question  of  stopping 
this  noble  country,  the  land  of  Jeanne  d‘Arc,  and  of  the  Kev- 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 


143 


olution,  of  Tincent  de  Paul  and  of  Voltaire,  upon  the  declivity 
of  the  most  shameful  of  destructions.” 

And  Dr.  Dupre,  Medecin  des  Hopitaux,  asserted : 

‘ ‘Alcoholism,  agent  in  all  physical  and  moral  degeneracies, 
is,  under  the  eyes  of  an  indifferent  and  powerless  govern- 
ment, moving  on  to  the  destruction  of  our  land.  I cannot 
too  much  insist  on  the  literal  truth  of  the  sorrowful  predic- 
tion and  I affirm  that  one  can  inscribe  this  formula  over  all 
the  drink  shops  of  Prance:  ‘Finis  Galliae’.” 

M.  Alfred  Fouillee  declares  that  “statisticians  have 
proved  twenty  times,  figures  in  hand,  that  the  actual 
resources  of  charity  suffice  amply  to  prevent  all  extreme 
poverty  if  only  this  poverty  were  not  multiplied  tenfold 
by  alcoholism.”  And  the  effect  of  wine-drinking  upon 
physical  efficiency  of  army  recruits  has  been  such  that, 
according  to  a correspondent  in  En  Normandie,  “Every 
fourth  man  has  alcoholic  trembling,  tinglings  in  the 
hands,  and  mucous  vomitings  in  the  morning  when 
rising.  They  have  no  power  of  resistance.  On  the 
march  it  is  necessary  to  watch  over  them  as  if  they 
were  delicate  children.  The  least  strain  induces  in- 
testinal troubles  which  lay  them  up  for  many  days. 
When  one  reproaches  them  on  their  drunkenness  they 
reply,  T can’t  help  it.  I drink  in  spite  of  myself.’  ” 

France  had  made  considerable  advance  in  the  tem- 
perance instruction  of  children.  Such  instruction  had 
been  edged  into  all  studies,  being  injected  into  mathe- 
matical problems,  etc. 

FRATERNITIES — Hostility  marks  the  attitude  of 
the  American  fraternities  toward  the  liquor  traffic.  The 
Masons  of  Arkansas  even  went  so  far  as  to  forbid 
their  members  to  sign  a saloon  petition,  and  almost  all 
reputable  fraternities  bar  liquor  dealers. 

These  fraternities  include  the  Knights  of  Pythias, 
Knights  of  Columbus,  Catholic  Mutual  Benefit  Associa- 
tion, Loyal  Americans  of  the  Republic,  Knights  and 
Ladies  of  Honor,  Fraternal  Union  of  America,  Fra- 
ternal Brotherhood,  National  Union,  Protected  Home 
Circle,  Heptasoph’s  Improved  Order,  Royal  League, 
Yeomen  of  America,  Brotherhood  of  American  Yeo- 
men, Order  of  the  Star  of  Bethlehem,  Odd  Fellows, 
Woodmen  of  the  World,  United  Workmen,  United 
American  Mechanics,  Knights  of  Maccabees,  Tribe  of 
Ben  Hur,  American  Legion  of  Honor,  Mystic  Circle, 
Independent  Order  of  Foresters,  Modern  Woodmen  of 
America,  and  Scottish  Clans. 


144 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 


GAMBRINUS — A legendary  king  of  Brabant.  Pop- 
ular tradition  accorded  to  him  the  distinction  of  hav- 
ing discovered  the  art  of  brewing  beer.  In  Germany 
and  Holland  he  is  considered  the  patron  saint  of  the 
brewers. 

GEORGIA — The  special  session  of  the  Legislature 
in  the  fall  of  1915  passed  a bill  prohibiting  the  sale  of 
all  liquors  containing  any  proportion  whatever  of  al- 
cohol, prohibiting  liquor  advertising  and  the  importa- 
tion of  liquors  except  for  personal  use.  The  previous 
prohibition  law  in  Georgia  had  not  been  satisfactory 
to  the  drys.  It  was,  indeed,  not  a prohibition  law  at  all, 
as  it  permitted  the  sale  of  beer. 

GERMANY — (For  developments  since  the  war,  see 
“War.”) 

The  German  prohibition  and  temperance  movement 
may  be  directly  traced  to  the  beginning  of  the  publica- 
tion of  Professor  Von  Bunge’s  Die  Alkoholfrage  in 
1886.  Its  every  development  has  had  equally  eminent 
parentage.  The  Anti-Alcohol  Congress  at  Basel  in  1895 
was  especially  noteworthy  for  the  reports  of  the  Heidel- 
berg investigators,  which  have  since  wonderfully  in- 
fluenced every  country  in  the  world. 

The  effort  to  give  the  prosaloon  movement  in  Amer- 
ica a German  complexion  is  infamous  and  is  so  consid- 
ered by  Germans  in  Europe. 

Professor  Rade  of  Marburg,  after  visiting  America, 
declared  that  he  had  been  “painfully  impressed  by  the 
part  Germans  are  playing  in  the  American  alcohol  war,” 
that  while  the  second  or  third  generation  of  Germans 
“gradually  develop  out  of  the  lower  German  into  the 
higher  Anglo-American”  point  of  view  as  to  drink, 
native-born  Germans,  “with  their  fight  for  alcohol  free- 
dom, represent  a lower  civilization  as  against  the  Anglo- 
American  element,  the  protagonists  of  the  prohibition 
movement.  It  is  a matter  of  national  honor  that  public 
opinion  should  be  enlightened  on  the  subject  and  should 
exercise  the  right  influence  across  the  sea.  The  Ger- 
man antiprohibitionists  over  there  must  be  made  to 
understand  that  they  have  not  their  relatives  at  home 
with  them.” 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 


145 


“They  have  not  their  relatives  at  home  with  them!” 

Congressman  Bartholdt  and  his  kind  are  the  worst 
enemies  of  the  German  in  America,  traitors  to  the  repu- 
tation of  their  race.  The  part  they  are  taking  in  de- 
ceiving their  countrymen,  in  making  them  the  victims 
and  the  servants  of  a brutal  trust,  is  viewed  with  noth- 
ing but  humiliation  and  contempt  by  the  intellectual 
giants  who  are  leading  the  fight  for  the  redemption  of 
the  Fatherland. 

In  1893  there  was  but  one  known  abstainer  in  the 
German  Empire  south  of  the  Eider,  Mr.  Georg  Asmus- 
sen,  head  engineer  of  the  Blohm  and  Voss  Docks  in 
Hamburg,  but  since  that  time  the  temperance  move- 
ment has  grown  to  such  proportions  that  it  is  utterly 
intolerant  even  of  the  “beer  and  light  drinks  theory.” 

“We  should  not  discuss  moderation  with  a man,” 
writes  Dr.  Matthaei,  a staff  physician  in  the  German 
army,  and  in  these  words  he  voices  the  general  opinion 
of  German  antialcoholists.  “The  thing  has  long  since 
been  settled  by  science.  The  use  of  narcotic  poisons  is 
simply  indecent  and  criminal.  * * * One  should  always 
decline  to  take  part  in  any  festival  occasion  where  drink 
is  used.” 

It  is  time  that  Germany  is  set  right  before  the  people 
of  America.  Listen  to  this  statement  from  the  lips  of 
Professor  Wilhelm  Weygandt  of  Wurzburg: 

‘ ‘If  really,  for  OBce,  the  entire  civilized  race  of  mankind 
should  abstain  from  alcohol  for  thirty  years,  so  that  a com- 
pletely sound  generation  could  come  into  existence,  there  would 
result  a transformation,  a raising  of  the  whole  culture  niveau, 
a heightening  of  the  happiness  and  welfare  of  men,  which  could 
easily  he  placed  beside  the  greatest  historical  reformations 
and  revolutions  of  which  we  know  anything.” 

And  as  typical  of  the  attitude  thinking  Germans  are 
beginning  to  take  toward  the  prohibition  movement 
this  statement  from  Judge  Friedrich  Schmidt  is  illu- 
minating : 

‘‘The  state,  then,  has  the  right  and  duty  to  interfere  with 
these  drinking  customs,  the  moderate  as  well  as  the  immod- 
erate, in  order  to  protect  its  citizens  from  the  dangers  which 
come  from  them.  The  simplest  and  most  logical  way  would 
be  to  prohibit  to  everyone  the  use  of  alcoholic  drinks.  The 
state  has  this  undoubted  right  since  drinking  in  every  form 
is  a social  danger.” 

In  the  summer  of  1912  a local  option  petition  filling 
nineteen  bound  volumes,  with  a half  million  signatures, 
was  sent  to  the  Reichstag.  It  was  signed,  among  others. 


146 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 


by  such  men  as  Professor  Haeckel  of  Jena,  Professor 
Toennies  of  Kiel,  Professor  Bousset  of  Goettingen, 
Professor  Paul  Bart  of  Leipzig,  and  Dr.  Horneffer  of 
Munich,  which  gives  some  indication  of  the  intellectual 
character  of  the  movement. 

There  are  reasons  for  this  intense  activity  against 
the  liquor  trade  and  the  liquor  habit  in  Germany.  So 
far  from  proving  a specific,  light  drinks  have  made 
Europe  “alcohol  sick.”  Evidently,  Professor  Bollinger 
of  Munich,  for  instance,  does  not  think  that  beer  is  a 
healthful  drink.  He  declares  that  autopsies  upon  5,700 
bodies  show  that  every  sixteenth  male  in  Munich  dies 
of  beer  heart.  “One  rarely  finds  in  Munich  a faultless 
heart  or  a normal  kidney  in  an  adult  man,”  he  says. 

Professor  Gravitz  of  Charlottenburg  found  alcoholic 
disturbances  in  thirty-four  per  cent  of  all  his  male 
patients  over  thirty  years,  and  he  declares  that  alcohol 
is  undoubtedly  the  most  important  and  commonest  form 
of  poisoning.  Professor  Dr.  Stadelman  of  the  Freid- 
richshain  Hospital,  Berlin,  asserts  that: 

“Our  people  suffer  more  in  health  and  economic  power  from 
Schnaps  than  from  tuberculosis,  against  which  fight  has  been 
long  successfully  waged.  The  consequences  of  alcoholism  are 
far  more  far-reaching  and  incomparably  more  destructive  than 
those  from  tuberculosis.” 

Germany  spends  five  times  as  much  for  alcohol  as 
for  education  and  all  other  kinds  of  cultural  work  and 
gets  for  it  as  Dr.  Popert  of  Munich  says,  “A  hateful 
disfigurement  of  its  people.”  “Just  take  a walk  through 
Munich,”  exclaims  Dr.  Popert,  in  disgust,  “a  city  lying 
wholly  in  the  brewers’  chains  and  observe  the  bellies 
and  faces.” 

We  in  America  also  have  beautiful  pictures  drawn 
for  us  of  the  quiet  beer  gardens  of  Germany,  where  a 
man  can  go  “with  his  wife  and  children,  etc.”  Eminent 
Germans  are  responsible  for  the  statement  that  the 
conditions  obtaining  among  the  waitresses  at  these  ideal 
beer  gardens  are  of  a “character  difficult  to  believe 
possible  in  a civilized  land.”  Dr.  Blaschko  estimates 
that  thirty  per  cent  of  them  are  sexualh'  sick.  The 
growing  intolerance  of  beer  among  the  intellectual  peo- 
ple is  dealt  with  at  some  length  under  the  head  of 
“Beer.” 

Temperance  teaching  in  the  schools  in  Germany  has 
made  considerable  progress,  especially  in  Prussia, 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance  147 

Wurtemburg,  and  Weimar.  Some  of  the  greatest  uni- 
versities in  Germany  have  antialcohol  courses.  These 
include  Berlin,  Bonn,  Strassburg,  Vienna,  Tuebingen, 
Heidelberg,  Wurzburg,  Kiel,  Helsingfors,  Munich, 
Prague,  Basel,  Goettingen,  etc. 

There  is  a widespread  industrial  movement  for  prohi- 
bition in  Germany,  although  it  is  not  as  extensive  as 
in  America. 

The  Schaffhausen  steel  works  sell  to  their  men  daily 
three  hundred  liters  of  milk,  seventy-five  of  tea,  and 
five  hundred  of  lemonade.  The  directorate  of  the 
Rochling’sche  steel  works  in  Volklingen-a-Saar  give  a 
progressive  premium  to  employees  joining  the  Good 
Templars.  Krupps  forbade  on  November  1,  1910,  the 
sale  of  beer  in  their  steel  works  and  opened  milk  booths. 

Professor  Frederick  von  Reithdorf  says : 

“Th6^  Germans  adopted  the  drinking  habit  from  for- 
eigners. Neither  the  word  wine  (from  the  Latin, 
vinum)  nor  beer  (from  the  Latin,  bibere)  are  of  Ger- 
man origin. 

“Julius  Caesar  is  authority  for  the  fact  that  there  was 
prohibition  in  Germany  1900  years  ago.  In  his  fourth 
book  on  the  Gallic  War  at  the  close  of  the  second  chap- 
ter, he  says  of  the  brave  ‘Schwabenvolk,’  ‘Vinum  ad  se 
omnino  importari  non  sinunt  quod  ea  re  ad  laborem 
ferendum  remollescere  homines  atque  effeminari  ar- 
bitrantur.’ ” (They  do  not  allow  the  importation  of 
wine  at  all  because  they  are  of  the  opinion  that  wine 
weakens  and  effeminates  people,  rendering  them  incapa- 
ble of  a strenuous  life.) 

GIN  ACT — See  Chesterfield-Lord. 

GLADSTONE,  WILLIAM  E.—On  March  5,  1880, 
Mr.  Gladstone,  the  “Grand  Old  Man”  of  England,  said, 
in  the  House  of  Commons : 

“It  has  been  said  that  greater  calamities  are  in- 
flicted on  mankind  by  intemperance  than  by  the  three 
great  historic  scourges  of  war,  pestilence,  and  famine; 
that  is  true  for  us,  and  it  is  the  measure  of  our  dis- 
credit and  disgrace.” 

The  source  of  Mr.  Gladstone’s  quotation  is  probably 
Dr.  Stephen  Hales,  F.R.S.,  who,  in  his  “Friendly  Ad- 
monition to  Drinkers  of  Brandy,  etc.”  (published  in 
1734),  says : 


148 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 


“Of  all  the  miseries  and  plagues  that  unhappy  man 
has  been  incident  to  none  was  ever  so  effectively  de- 
structive as  this,  not  even  those  three  sore  judgments 
of  war,  pestilence,  or  famine,  ALL  OF  WHICH, 
AFTER  RAGING  SOME  TIME,  CEASE.” 

GOOD  TEMPLARS.  INTERNATIONAL  OR- 
DER OF — The  I.  O.  G.  T.  is  an  International  Tem- 
perance Brotherhood,  a nonsectarian  religious,  temper- 
ance organization,  having  for  its  cardinal  principles : 
“The  Fatherhood  of  God,  the  Brotherhood  of  Man” ; 
for  its  motto,  “Faith,  Hope,  Charity”;  for  its  mission, 
“Rescue,  to  save  the  fallen;  prevention,  to  keep  others 
from  falling.”  Founded  upon  the  principles  of  equal- 
ity and  justice,  the  I.  O.  G.  T.  was  the  first  organiza- 
tion to  recognize  the  equality  of  the  sexes  and  to  grant 
to  women  equal  rights  with  men.  The  I.  O.  G.  T.  is 
a total  abstinence  organization,  whose  pledge — “never 
to  buy,  sell,  use,  furnish,  or  cause  to  be  furnished  to 
others,  any  spirituous  liquors  or  any  malt  liquor,  wine, 
or  cider” — has  been  taken  by  over  eight  millions  of 
people  in  rhe  United  States  alone.  The  1.  O.  G.  T.  is 
a nonpartisan  prohibition  organization,  its  platform 
(adopted  in  1859)  is; 

1.  Total  abstinence  from  all  intoxicating  liquors  as  a 
beverage. 

2.  No  license  in  any  form,  under  any  circumstances, 
for  the  sale  of  intoxicating  liquors  to  be  used  as  a 
beverage. 

3.  The  absolute  prohibition  of  the  manufacture,  im- 
portation, and  sale  of  intoxicating  liquors.  Prohibition 
by  the  will  of  the  people  expressed  in  due  form  of  law. 

Founded  in  1852,  in  Syracuse,  N.  Y.,  the  Independent 
(later  changed  to  International)  Order  of  (Sood  Tem- 
plars, spread  throughout  the  United  States  and  Canada. 
In  1868  Joseph  Malins  planted  the  order  in  England, 
from  whence  it  spread  throughout  the  British  Empire, 
into  Scandinavia  and  Continental  Europe,  across  the 
sqas  to  Asia,  Africa,  Australia,  and  the  Isles  of  the  Sea. 
Its  ritual  has  been  translated  into  some  twenty  lan- 
guages. 

The  I.  O.  G.  T.  is  the  largest  temperance  organiza- 
tion in  the  world,  having  12,C)00  lodges  and  temples  and 
nearly  seven  hundred  thousand  members,  and  is  the 
only  organization  in  the  world  having  an  international 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance  149 

governing  body,  viz : The  International  Supreme  Lodge, 
meeting  triennially. 

In  1863  the  Good  Templars  of  Illinois  founded  in 
Chicago,  the  “Washingtonian  Home”  for  Inebriates. 
In  1865  James  Black,  Rev.  Theo.  Cuyler,  and  John  N. 
Stearns,  with  other  Good  Templars,  founded  the  “Na- 
tional Temperance  Society  of  New  York.”  In  1869 
the  Right  Worthy  Grand  Lodge  of  the  order  voted  to 
form  a political  party  dedicated  to  the  cause  of  national 
prohibition  of  the  liquor  traffic.  February  22,  1872, 
was  held  the  first  national  convention  of  the  Prohibition 
Party ; the  pioneer  of  prohibition  political  sentiment  and 
advanced  thought  in  American  politics.  In  1874,  fol- 
lowing the  Woman’s  Crusade  in  New  York  and  Ohio, 
Good  Templar  women  formed  the  Woman’s  Christian 
Temperance  Union.  The  Orphans’  Home  at  Vallejo, 
Cal.,  was  founded  by  Good  Templars. 

The  I.  O.  G.  T.  led  the  battle  which  wrote  prohibi- 
tion into  the  constitution  of  Maine  and  in  the  resub- 
mission campaign  of  1911  furnished  the  plan  of  or- 
ganization, and  the  workers  which  (as  stated  by  Geo. 
S.  Norton,  chairman  of  the  general  committee)  “finally 
turned  defeat  into  victory.”  Prohibition  in  the  state  of 
Kansas  was  the  result  of  the  work  of  G.  C.  T.  'J.  R. 
Detwiler  and  other  splendid  Good  Templars.  Prohibi- 
tion in  Oklahoma  was  won  under  the  leadership  of 
National  Electoral  Superintendent  Rev.  E.  C.  Dinwiddie 
(now  legislative  superintendent  of  the  order  in  Wash- 
ington, D.  C.),  assisted  by  then  N.  C.  T.  Geo.  F.  Cot- 
terill,  international  counselor,  and  others. 

The  I.  O.  G.  T.  has  been  the  drillmaster  of  the 
trained  battalions  of  the  Great  Army  of  Reform 
throughout  the  world. 

Bsn  D.  Wright,  National  Chief  Templar. 

GOTHENBURG  SYSTEM— A system  of  public 
ownership  of  retail  liquor  shops  first  adopted  by  the 
city  of  Gothenburg,  Sweden,  in  1865.  It  was  designed 
to  remove  from  the  traffic  all  incentives  to  profit  and 
to  restrict  it  rigorously.  The  system  was  not  successful. 
The  most  notable  experiment  with  the  Gothenburg  plan 
in  America  was  the  state  dispensary  of  South  Carolina. 
It  was  rejected  as  a failure. 


150 


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GOUGH.  JOHN  BARTHOLOMEW— Bom  in 
Kent,  England,  August  22,  1817,  died  in  Frankford,  Pa., 
February  18,  1886.  He  emigrated  to  America  in  his 
twelfth  year,  learning  the  trade  of  bookbinding  in  the 
Methodist  Book  Concern  of  New  York  City.  At  the 
age  of  twenty-four  he  was  a hopeless  sot.  He  signed 
the  pledge  October  18,  1842,  and  although  he  yielded 
to  his  appetite  thereafter,  his  further  career  entitles 
him  to  be  ranked  as  one  of  the  greatest  temperance  ad- 
vocates and  orators  of  all  time. 


GRAIN — Of  the  principal  grain  crops  of  the  United 
States,  barley,  wheat,  rye,  corn,  and  oats,  it  is  estimated 
that  the  liquor  traffic  uses  annually  2.25  per  cent.  The 
exact  figures  are  available  for  everything  excepting  the 
amount  of  grain  used  in  the  manufacture  of  beer. 

The  percentages  by  crops  are  estimated  as  follows : 


Barley 
Wheat 
Rye  . . 
Corn  , 
Oats  . 


44.214 

.003 

10.218 

1.124 

.001 


In  addition  to  these  crops,  about  55,000  bushels  of 
other  grain  materials  are  used  each  year,  but  this  would 
constitute  only  about  one  twenty-fifth  of  one  per  cent 
of  the  total.  In  addition  to  grains,  44,363,133  gallons 
of  molasses  are  used  in  the  production  of  distilled 
spirits.  Practically  the  entire  crop  of  hops,  which,  how- 
ever, is  a small  matter,  is  used  in  the  production  of 
beer. 


The  grain  destroyed  by  being  converted  into  liquor 
would  have  furnished  a loaf  of  bread  every  day  of 
the  year  to  15,000,000  families.  It  would  have  been 
available,  at  five  cents  per  loaf,  to  the  people  for  $300,- 
000,000,  although  in  the  form  of  liquor  it  cost  at  retail 
more  than  $2,0^00,000,000,  which  shows  how  exorbitant 
the  price  of  alcoholic  beverages  is.  (See  Farmer.) 


GREAT  BRITAIN — (For  action  since  the  war  see 
“War” ; for  further  treatment  of  historical  develop- 
ment of  the  temperance  movement  in  Great  Britain 
see  “History  of  the  Temperance  Reform.”) 

The  United  Kingdom  Alliance,  founded  in  1853,  which 
is  the  most  powerful  temperance  organization  in  Great 


Cyclopedia  oi  Tempeiance 


151 


Britain,  began  in  1908  a strong  effort  to  secure  the  pas- 
sage of  a "Bicensing  Bill,”  which  would  grant  local 
option  immediately  for  new  licenses  and  for  all  licenses 
after  1923.  That  bill  was  carried  in  the  House  of 
Commons  by  a majority  of  350  to  113.  It  was  killed  by 
the  House  of  Bords,  but  in  its  death  it  did  much  to  pull 
down  the  pillars  of  their  privilege. 

The  aristocracy  in  England  is  the  backbone  of'  the 
liquor  evil.  Twelve  hundred  and  fifty  Anglican  clergy- 
men are  holders  of  brewery  stock,  and  472  women  in 
English  rectories — wives  and  sisters  of  the  clergy — 
possess  similar  holdings.  Of  the  Anglican  clergy  in 
Bondon  every  tenth  is  a shareholder  in  breweries. 

These  conspicuous  facts  have  misled  many  people 
into  thinking  that  there  is  no  considerable  temperance 
movement  in  England.  The  contrary  is  true.  In  1911 
3,903  rural  parishes  in  England  and  Wales  had  no 
public  houses.  The  present  government,  which  is  rep- 
resentative of  the  common  people  of  Great  Britain,  is 
exceedingly  friendly.  The  utterances  of  Mr.  Bloyd- 
George  in  regard  to  this  question  have  been  so  numerous 
that  they  are  familiar  to  all,  and  Mr.  Asquith  is  hardly 
less  cordial  in  his  support  of  the  temperance  movement. 
In  1912  over  2,500  elected  representatives  attended  a 
prohibition  convention  in  the  city  of  Bondon.  A very 
large  proportion  of  the  public  school  children  through- 
out Great  Britain  and  Ireland  are  receiving  temperance 
instruction. 

The  dissenting  clergy  differs  but  little  from  the  min- 
istry in  America  in  its  attitude  toward  drink. 

The  greatest  victory  won  for  temperance  in  the  his- 
tory of  the  British  movement  was  the  passage  of  the 
Scotch  Bocal  Option  Bill,  which,  however,  will  not  go 
into  full  effect  until  1920.  At  present  there  is  one  license 
to  every  450  of  the  population  in  Scotland.  The  new 
bill  provides  for  local  option  elections  on  the  request 
of  ten  per  cent  of  the  electors  in  specified  areas.  The 
question  is  put  on  three  propositions : 1.  No  change. 
2.  Reduction  in  the  number  of  licenses  of  twenty-five 
per  cent.  3.  No  license.  The  first  two  may  be  adopted 
by  a majority.  The  provision  for  no-license  must  be 
approved  by  fifty-five  per  cent  of  those  voting. 

In  Ireland  the  drink  situation  is  very  bad.  The  most 
considerable  movement  in  the  history  of  Ireland  was 
led  by  Father  Matthew,  who  began  his  mission  in  1838 


152 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 


and  in  five  years  pledged  five  million  people  to  total 
abstinence.  A later  movement  has  also  been  very  suc- 
cessful. (See  “Catch- My-Pal  Movement.”) 

GREELEY,  HORACE— Eom  in  Amherst,  N.  H., 
February  3,  1811;  died  at  Pleasantville,  N.  Y.,  Novem- 
ber 29,  1872.  Mr.  Greeley  was  the  editor  of  the  New 
York  Tribune,  which  he  founded.  He  was  a radical 
temperance  man  and  prohibitionist.  In  1852  he  said: 
“What  the  temperance  men  demand  is  not  the  regula- 
tion of  the  liquor  traffic,  but  its  destruction.”  His  pro- 
hibition editorials  are  historic. 

GROWTH  OF  THE  TRADE—Ste  the  tables  in 
the  Appendix;  also  Consumption  of  Alcoholic  Liquors. 

HASHEESH — A narcotic  derived  from  hemp.  It 
is  used  in  India  and  the  Orient.  It  is  said  that  the 
word  “assassin”  is  derived  from  the  word  “hasheesh,” 
due  to  the  fact  that  Indian  despots  kept  their  hired 
assassins  constantly  intoxicated  with  this  drug. 

HAWAII — There  are  127  licensed  liquor  places  in 
the  Hawaiian  Islands.  Sole  power  to  grant,  refuse, 
suspend,  revoke,  regulate,  and  control  liquor  licenses  is 
vested  in  a board  of  license  commissioners  appointed  by 
the  governor.  It  is  estimated  that  Hawaii  spends  at 
retail  about  $3,570,000  a year  for  liquor.  Temperance 
sentiment  is  very  active  and  the  native  people  would 
welcome  prohibition. 

HEREDITY — The  effect  of  parental  drinking  upon 
offspring  is  now  well  understood,  due  to  the  investiga- 
tions of  eminent  scientists  and  medical  men. 

Dr.  Demme  of  Berne,  Switzerland,  in  observations 
covering  twelve  years,  found  that  of  the  descendants 
of  ten  very  temperate  families  eighty-two  per  cent  were 
normal.  Of  the  descendants  of  ten  intemperate  fam- 
ilies with  nearly  the  same  number  of  children,  only 
17.5  per  cent  were  normal. 

Dr.  W.  C.  Sullivan  of  Great  Britain,  in  his  book, 
“Alcoholism,”  reports  an  investigation  showing  pro- 
gressing death  rate  among  children  as  their  mothers 
became  more  alcoholized.  This  investigator  found  that 
of  eighty  first-born  children,  33.7  per  cent  died.  Of 
eighty  second-born  children  (after  mothers  were  drink- 
ing more  heavily),  fifty  per  cent  died.  Of  eighty  third- 
born  children,  52.6  per  cent  died.  Of  111  fourth  and 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 


153 


fifth-born  children,  sixty-five  per  cent  died.  Of  ninety- 
three  sixth  to  tenth-born  children,  seventy-two  per  cent 
died.  Of  the  living  children,  4.1  per  cent  were  epileptic 
and  others  were  mentally  defective. 

Dr.  R.  W.  Branthwaite,  inspector  under  the  Inebriates 
Act,  has  also  issued  a report  of  his  investigations  which 
show  that  the  last  1,291  women  admitted  into  Inebriate 
Reformatories  had  given  birth  to  4,086  children.  Of 
these,  forty-four  per  cent  were  dead.  As  to  the  rest: 
“Some  are  in  reformatories  or  prisons;  others  are  in 
asylums;  some  have  already  come  under  control  as 
drunkards ; comparatively  few  are  known  to  be  useful 
members  of  society.” 

One  of  the  most  important  of  the  European  investi- 
gations was  conducted  by  Professor  Taav  Laitinen  of 
the  University  of  Helsingfors,  who  reports  a compari- 
son of  children  in  fifty  abstaining  and  fifty-nine  drink- 
ing families  in  one  village  in  Finland.  In  the  abstain- 
ing families,  the  weakly  children  were  found  to 
constitute  1.3  per  cent;  in  the  drinking  families  they 
were  8.2  per  cent.  Of  the  children  in  the  abstaining 
families,  18.5  per  cent  died  while  still  children;  in  the 
drinking  families,  24.8  per  cent  died. 

Dr.  W.  A.  Potts  of  the  Royal  Commission  on  Care 
and  Control  of  Feeble-Minded  found  that  in  one  dis- 
trict in  Birmingham,  England,  of  one  hundred  normal 
children  only  seventeen  per  cent  had  alcoholic  paren- 
tage, but  of  250  feeble-minded  children  41.6  per  cent 
had  such  parentage. 

Professor  A.  Von  Bunge  of  Basel,  Switzerland,  in 
trying  to  ascertain  the  effect  of  alcoholism  upon  heredi- 
tary tuberculosis  found  that  149  occasional  drinkers 
had  8.7  per  cent  tuberculous  children,  and  169  habitual 
moderate  drinkers  had  10.7  per  cent.  Sixty-seven  habit- 
ual immoderate  drinkers  had  16.4  per  cent,  and  sixty 
confirmed  drunkards  had  21.7  per  cent  of  tuberculous 
children.  The  percentages  of  defective  children  in  these 
families  were  2.3  per  cent  for  the  occasional  drinkers, 
4.6  per  cent  for  the  regular  moderate  drinkers,  nine 
per  cent  for  the  regular  heavy  drinkers,  and  nineteen 
per  cent  for  the  drunkards. 

Some  American  Findings 

American  investigations  have  brought  similar  results. 
Professor  Hodge  details  in  “Physiological  Aspects  of 


154 


Cyclopedia  ot  Temperance 


the  Liquor  Problem”  the  story  of  his  experiments  with 
dogs.  Parents  which  were  given  alcohol  once  daily 
with  their  food,  though  not  enough  to  intoxicate,  had 
only  17.4  per  cent  of  their  puppies  able  to  live,  while 
the  parents  which  had  had  no  alcohol  had  90.2  per  cent 
of  their  puppies  able  to  live.  Professor  Stockard  of 
Cornell  Medical  College  experimented  with  guinea  pigs. 
When  the  father  was  alcoholic  and  the  mother  normal, 
out  of  twenty-four  matings  he  got  twelve  young.  Of 
these  seven  died  in  convulsions  and  the  remaining  five 
were  runts.  With  the  father  normal  and  the  mother 
alcoholic,  of  four  matings  he  got  five  young.  Three  of 
these  died  and  two  lived.  With  both  parents  alcoholic, 
of  fourteen  matings  he  got  one  young,  which  died. 
With  both  parents  free  from  alcohol,  of  nine  matings 
he  got  seventeen  young,  all  vigorous  animals. 

In  view  of  the  fact  that  the  brewers  are  doing  every- 
thing possible  to  promote  drinking  among  women  and 
to  get  beer  upon  family  tables,  these  statistics  are  im- 
portant. They  are  all  the  more  important  because  it 
is  estimated  that  there  are  two  and  one-half  million 
babies  born  annually  who  are  feeble-minded,  epileptic, 
deaf,  dumb,  blind,  insane,  or  otherwise  defective.  It 
is  because  of  this  that  such  institutions  as  the  Chicago 
Child  Welfare  Exhibit  issued  statements  of  this  kind : 

“Parents  impaired  by  alcoholic  beverages  beget  chil- 
dren lacking’  in  physical  and  mental  vigor  and  in  will 
power. 

“Out  of  every  one  hundred  children,  twenty-four  die 
when  the  mother  is  sober,  thirty-three  to  seventy-two 
die  when  the  mother  drinks.  Drinking  exhausts  the 
mother ; surviving  children  are  disposed  to  neurosis, 
alcoholic,  and  drug  habits  and  criminal  tendencies.”  _ 

Raphael  Georges  Levy  of  Paris  has  issued  statistics 
of  twenty-four  families,  chosen  at  random,  twelve  of 
which  were  temperate,  and  twelve  of  which  were  alco- 
holic ; Alcoholic.  Temperate 


Died  in  infancy  12  5 

Deaf  and  dumb  2 0 

Idiots  8 2 

Affected  St.  Vitus  dance  2 0 

Epileptics  13  0 

Deformed  3 2 

Dwarfs  5 0 

Hereditary  Drunkards  5 0 

Healthy  9 50 


(See  also  Child  M'elfare,  etc.) 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 


155 


HEROES  AND  MARTYRS 

“Wtiat  hast  thou  done?  The  voice  of  thy  brother’s 
blood  crieth  unto  me  from  the  ground.”  Gen.  4:10. 


Col.  Watson  B.  Smith 
was  shot  and  instantly 
killed  at  Omaha,  Neb.,  No- 
vember 4,  1881,  because  of 
his  efforts  to  have  the  law 
enforced  against  the  saloon 
keepers  of  that  city.  As  a 
conscientious  temperance 
man  and  chairman  of  the 
Law  and  Order  League,  he 
vigorously  opposed  the  sa- 
loon, and  had  several  vio- 
lators of  the  law  indicted, 
thereby  provoking  their 
wrath. 

Rev.  George  C.  Had- 
dock was  murdered  in  cold 
blood  at  Sioux  City,  la.,  on 
the  night  of  August  3, 
1886,  by  John  Arensdorf,  a 
brewer,  and  his  confeder- 
ates. The  cause  of  this  was 
that  the  liquor  men  had 
openly  defied  and  willfully 
violated  the  law,  and  Had- 
dock signed  complaints  and 
gave  testimony  against 
them.  Eleven  of  the  con- 
spirators were  arrested  and 
tried;  nine  of  them  were 
acquitted  by  juries  cor- 
rupted by  the  liquor  men; 
one  escaped,  and  after  a 
long  delay  one  was  sen- 
tenced to  the  penitentiary 
for  four  years.  His  sen- 
tence, however,  was  after- 
ward commuted  to  three 
months  by  the  antiprohibi- 
tion governor  of  the  state. 

S.  E.  Logan,  while  at- 


tempting, as  a sworn  offi- 
cer, to  arrest  violators  of 
the  liquor  law,  was  shot 
and  killed  at  Des  Moines, 
la.,  March  7,  1887,  by  em- 
ployees of  Hurlburt  Hess  & 
Co.,  a firm  of  liquor  deal- 
ers of  that  city.  His  mur- 
derer was  tried  and  con- 
victed, appealed  to  the 
Supreme  Court  and  let  out 
on  bond,  and  was  still  un- 
punished at  last  accounts. 

Roderick  D.  Gambrel, 

editor  of  the  Sword  and 
Shield,  a prohibition  paper 
at  Jackson,  Miss.,  was  as- 
sassinated in  that  city  May 
5,  1887,  by  John  S.  Hamil- 
ton, chairman  of  the  Sa- 
loonmen’s  Committee  and 
leader  of  the  whisky  ring  in 
Hinds  County.  Three  for- 
mer attempts  had  been  made 
to  assassinate  him. 

Rev.  Chas.  H.  Edwards, 
a missionary  at  Kake  Is- 
land, Alaska,  was  shot  and 
killed  January  11,  1892,  by 
Malcolm  Campbell,  a liquor 
dealer  who  had  been  smug- 
gling in  whisky  and  selling 
it  to  the  natives,  in  violation 
of  law.  He  was  tried  and 
acquitted  by  a jury  at  Sitka, 
although  a confessed  crim- 
inal. Dr.  J.  H.  Connett 
was  tarred  and  feathered  by 
masked  men  for  his  activity 
in  securing  testimony 


156 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 


against  the  murderers  of 
Edwards. 

Joseph  B.  Rucker  was 
shot  and  mortally  wounded 
at  Somerset,  Ky.,  on  the 
night  of  September  19,  1892, 
by  John  C.  Anderson,  a 
saloon  keeper  and  ex-chief 
of  police.  Rucker  was  edi- 
tor of  a paper  called  the 
Reporter,  and  his  scathing 
and  fearless  exposures  of 
their  traffic  angered  the 
liquor  fraternity  and  caused 
them  to  take  his  life.  Al- 
though a large  reward  was 
offered  for  the  arrest  of  the 
murderer,  he  was  never  ap- 
prehended. 

Rev.  John  R.  Moffett, 
editor  of  a prohibition  paper 
called  Anti-Liquor,  was 
murdered  at  Danville,  Va., 
on  the  night  of  November 
11,  1892,  because  of  his  open 
hostility  to  the  saloons. 
The  wretch  who  performed 
this  cowardly  deed,  J.  T. 
Clark,  an  ex-barkeeper  and 
a member  of  the  whisky 
ring,  was  convicted  only  of 
manslaughter  and  sentenced 
to  five  years  by  a jury  of 
whisky  sympathizers. 

Marshal  William  K. 
Glover,  while  attempting 
to  enforce  the  laws  against 
liquor  outlaws  conducting 
“blind  pigs,”  was  shot  and 
killed  near  Lithia  Springs, 
in  Douglass  County,  Ga., 
May  1,  1893. 

Dr.  W.  Schumaker  was 
murdered  a t Ackerman, 


Afiss.,  October  16,  1893,  by 
W.  H.  Heflin,  the  keeper  of 
a blind  tiger.  The  doctor 
received  five  bullets  in  his 
body  and  died  immediately. 

Sam  D.  Cox,  editor  and 
publisher  of  the  Sentinel  of 
Minatare,  Neb.,  was  shot 
and  killed  December  29, 

1906,  by  Ernest  Kennison,  a 
saloon  keeper.  Cox  was 
leading  the  dry  forces  at 
Minatare  and  was  murdered 
by  Kennison  for  his  activ- 
ity against  the  saloons. 

Judge  D.  R.  Cox  of  Mal- 
den, Mo.,  was  shot  and 
killed  on  February  18,  1907, 
on  account  of  his  leader- 
ship in  the  fight  that  car- 
ried the  county  for  local 
prohibition. 

Dr.  J.  W.  Beal  was  shot 
and  killed  by  the  same  mur- 
derer on  the  same  night 
that  he  fired  the  fatal  shot 
that  killed  Judge  Cox  at 
Alalden,  AIo. 

Sam  Roberts,  deputy  un- 
der Chief  Indian  Officer 
William  E.  Johnson,  was 
shot  and  killed  at  Porum, 
Indian  Territory,  July  5, 

1907,  by  Jack  Baldridge. 
Roberts  was  in  the  act  of 
raiding  a joint  kept  by  the 
Titsworth  Brothers.  Bald- 
ridge swore  in  court  that 
he  was  employed  by  the 
Titsworth  gang  to  assassi- 
nate Johnson  for  $3,000. 

Randolph  W.  Cathey, 
deputy  under  former  Chief 
Officer  Johnson  of  the  In- 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 


157 


dian  Service,  was  shot  and 
killed  by  a joint  keeper  at 
Paul’s  Valley,  November  3, 
1907.  Cathey  and  another 
of  Johnson’s  men  had  just 
raided  the  establishment. 

George  Williams,  as- 
sistant to  former  Chief 
Officer  Johnson,  was  shot 
to  death  at  Bartlesville, 
Okla.,  November  16,  1907, 
by  a joint  keeper,  Ernest 
Lewis,  whose  business  es- 
tablishment Johnson  had 
wrecked  shortly  before. 

Rev.  Mr.  Corry,  pastor 
of  the  Methodist  Episco- 
pal Church  at  Booneville, 
Mo.,  was  instantly  killed  by 
liquor  sympathizers  who 
crushed  his  skull  for  his 
activity  in  law  enforcement. 

United  States  Senator 
Edward  W.  Carmack  was 
assassinated  on  Monday, 
November  9,  1908.  He  was 
shot  down  in  cold  blood  in 
one  of  the  streets  of  Nash- 
ville, because  of  his  fearless 
and  persistent  fight  for  civic 
righteousness  against  mu- 
nicipal corruption,  and  espe- 
cially because  of  his  leader- 
ship in  behalf  of  prohibition 
in  the  state  of  Tennessee. 

Charles  Escalanti,  a 
Yuma  Indian  and  assistant 
to  Chief  Officer  Johnson, 
was  stabbed  to  death  by  two 
bootleggers  whom  he  had 
arrested.  The  affair  took 
place  at  Yuma  Indian  Res- 
ervation, California,  May 
18,  1909. 


Sheriff  Harvey  K. 
Brown,  one  of  the  most 
efficient  officers  and  con- 
scientious citizens  of  Ore- 
gon, was  instantly  killed  by 
the  explosion  of  a dynamite 
bomb  as  he  entered  his  gate 
October  10,  1909,  at  Baker 
City,  Ore.  The  liquor  men 
and  gamblers  procured  his 
death  for  revenge. 

Carl  Etherington,  an 
officer  of  the  law,  who  in 
faithful  discharge  of  duty 
was  compelled  to  shoot  a 
“speak-easy”  keeper  in  self- 
defense,  at  Newark,  O.,  was 
taken  from  the  county  jail 
on  the  same  night  by  a mob 
of  liquor  men  and,  without 
interference  on  the  part  of 
the  city  authorities  or  the 
county  sheriff,  was  lynched 
on  the  public  square  of 
Newarn.  The  lynching  oc- 
curred July  8,  1910. 

Walter  Reed,  Deputy 
Special  Officer  of  the 
United  States  Indian  Serv- 
ice, one  of  the  assistants  of 
former  Chief  Officer  John- 
son, was  shot  to  death  at 
Bishop,  Cal.,  while  trying 
to  arrest  a Chinaman  who 
had  given  liquor  to  an  In- 
dian woman  and  debauched 
her.  His  murderer  also 
shot  and  seriously  wounded 
the  City  Marshal,  who  ac- 
companied Reed,  but  who 
returned  the  fire,  killing  the 
bandit.  The  murder  took 
place  on  the  night  of  April 
13,  1912. 


158 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 


Robert  Lee  Bowman  of 
Tulsa,  Okla.,  was  shot  and 
killed  on  September  19, 
1912,  south  of  Caney,  Kan., 
in  the  state  of  Oklahoma, 
while  engaged  in  destroy- 
ing four  wagon  loads  of  in- 
toxicating liquor  which  had 
been  hauled  into  the  east- 
ern district  of  Oklahoma, 
which  was  formerly  Indian 
Territory,  from  the  state  of 
Kansas.  Four  men  in  an 
automobile  rushed  up  to  the 
side  of  the  wagon  while  he 
was  engaged  in  this  work 
and  before  he  knew  what 
had  happened  one  of  the 
persons  fired  two  shots 
from  an  automatic  shotgun, 
both  of  which  took  effect  in 
his  head.  One  of  the  per- 
sons who  was  implicated  in 
the  shooting  was  tried  in 
Washington  County,  Okla- 
homa, and  acquitted  by  the 
jury.  This  same  person  and 
two  others,  including  Fred 
E.  Behning,  who  ■ killed 
Bowman,  were  subsequently 
tried  in  the  United  States 
Court  on  a charge  of  con- 
spiring to  prevent  an  officer 
from  performing  the  rights 
conferred  upon  him  by  the 
Constitution  of  the  United 
States  and  convicted.  Behn- 
ing was  sentenced  to  ten 
years  and  to  pay  a fine  of 
$5,000.  The  others  were 
sentenced,  one  to  five  and 
one  to  three  years,  respec- 
tively, in  the  federal  peni- 


tentiary at  Fort  Leaven- 
worth, Kan. 

Holmes  Davidson,  Dep- 
uty United  States  Marshal, 
and  also  a Deputy  Special 
Officer  of  the  Indian  Serv- 
ice, was  shot  and  killed  at 
Tulsa,  Okla.,  by  William  J. 
Baber,  former  chief  of 
police  of  Tulsa,  and  a no- 
torious bootlegger  in  that 
territory.  This  killing  took 
place  on  July  23,  1914.  At 
the  same  time  that  Mr. 
Davidson  was  killed  Mr. 
Ed.  Plank,  another  Deputy 
United  States  Marshal,  was 
shot  and  killed  by  this  same 
man  Baber.  These  officers 
in  company  with  I.  W.  Wil- 
kinson, a Deputy  Special 
Officer  in  the  Indian  Serv- 
ice, had  been  very  vigorous 
in  their  efforts  to  enforce 
the  prohibitory  legislation 
enacted  by  Congress  to  pro- 
tect the  Indians  in  the  for- 
mer Indian  Territory,  and 
because  of  their  activity 
they  had  incurred  the  en- 
mity of  the  liquor  element 
there  and  undoubtedly 
Baber  was  selected  by  them 
to  dispose  of  these  fearless 
and  efficient  officers,  who 
were  operating  under  Mr. 
H.  A.  Larson,  now  Chief 
Special  Officer.  Mr.  Lar- 
son is  also  a member  of  the 
Board  of  Managers  of  the 
Methodist  Temperance  So- 
ciety. 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 


159 


OTHER  HEROES  WHO  SUFFERED 

“These  are  they  that  cameup  out  of  great  tribulation.”  — 
Rev.  7:14. 


Rev.  John  A.  B.  Wilson, 
D.D.,  a Methodist  Episco- 
pal pastor  at  Leipsic,  Del., 
while  conducting  a no-sa- 
loon campaign  in  1874  was 
attacked  by  a mob  and  later 
almost  killed,  having  en- 
tered one  of  the  saloons  to 
rescue  a young  man  from 
the  mob.  He  was  struck 
in  the  back  of  the  head  by 
a ten  pound  weight  con- 
cealed in  a handkerchief, 
and  when  he  was  down  a 
dozen  men  tried  to  stamp 
him  to  death,  but  in  three 
days  he  recovered  con- 
sciousness to  give  thirty 
more  years  to  prohibition 
agitation  as  presiding  elder 
and  pastor  of  great 
churches  in  Delaware, 
Maryland,  New  York,  and 
in  California,  where  he  died 
on  May  30.  1906. 

Rev.  J.  A.  Duncan,  while 
making  a prohibition  speech 
at  Springfield,  Tenn.,  dur- 
ing the  campaign  of  1887, 
was  attacked  with  dynamite 
by  saloon  hoodlums,  who  at- 
tempted to  blow  up  the 
building  in  which  the  meet- 
ing was  being  held. 

G.  G.  Mandt  was  shot  at 
Mount  Horeb,  Wis.,  Janu- 
ary 31,  1899,  by  a represen- 
tative of  the  liquor  inter- 
ests, on  account  of  his 
strong  editorials  in  the  Blue 
Mound  Press. 


Rev.  Lewis  Albert 
Banks,  D.D.,  was  shot  and 
seriously  injured  in  Van- 
couver, Wash.,  in  1890,  on 
account  of  his  aggressive 
leadership  of  the  moral  and 
reform  forces  of  that  city 
in  the  fight  against  the 
liquor  and  other  evils. 

E.  J.  Bonnett  of  Berlin 
Mills,  N.  H.,  was  attacked 
by  liquor  men  on  October 
17,  1890.  A dynamite  bomb 
was  thrown  into  Mr.  Bon- 
nett’s  home  and  part  of  the 
building  was  badly  wrecked, 
but  Mr.  Bonnett  was  not  in- 
jured. 

Osborne  Congleton, 
while  speaking  in  the  inter- 
ests of  “The  Sons  of  Tem- 
perance,” in  San  Francisco, 
was  attacked  on  May  30, 

1890,  thrown  into  the  bay 
and  left  for  dead.  He  re- 
covered sufficiently  to  save 
himself. 

Marion  Green,  an  offi- 
cer, was  attacked  by  a liquor 
mob  on  the  thirteenth  of 
April,  1891,  while  serving 
papers  on  a saloon  keeper 
of  Burlington,  la.  As  a re- 
sult of  the  attack  Green  sus- 
tained a fractured  skull  and 
the  loss  of  one  eye. 

Rev.  Sam  W.  Small 
was  brutally  assaulted  in 
Atlanta,  Ga.,  November  12, 

1891,  by  a saloon  keeper, 
Tom  Minor,  who  struck  him 
a stunning  blow  in  the  face 


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Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 


and  when  he  was  down 
kicked  him  in  the  mouth, 
breaking  out  some  of  his 
teeth.  Later  when  making  a 
prohibition  speech  at  Hazle- 
ton, Ind.,  September  15, 

1892,  a gang  of  drunken 
ruffians  attempted  to  break 
up  his  meeting,  and  after 
it  closed  followed  him  to 
his  hotel,  firing  a Flobert 
rifle  at  him  through  an  open 
window.  The  ball  struck 
him  above  the  left  knee, 
but  did  not  inflict  serious 
injury. 

Isaac  Cowen  was  beaten 
almost  into  insensibility  on 
October  1,  1892,  by  a 

drunken  crowd  at  Cleve- 
land, O.  He  was  Prohibi- 
tion candidate  for  Congress 
and  was  making  a winning 
campaign 

E.  J.  Patterson  of  Cher- 
okee, la.,  suffered  at  the 
hands  of  the  liquor  element, 
which  attempted  to  dyna- 
mite his  residence  on  De- 
cember 19,  1892. 

John  Mabin,  editor  of 
the  Evening  Journal  oi 
Muscatine,  la. ; E.  M.  Kis- 
singer, treasurer  of  the 
County  Temperance  Alli- 
ance ; and  N.  Rosenberger, 
prosecuting  attorney,  had 
all  three  been  active  in 
prosecuting  lawless  rum 
sellers;  and  on  May  11, 

1893,  at  1 :30  A.  M.,  their 
three  residences  were  simul- 
taneously blown  up  with 
dynamite  and  almost  utterly 


demolished.  They  were  all 
asleep  with  their  families, 
consisting  of  twelve  persons 
in  the  three  households,  all 
of  whom  were  endangered, 
but  escaped  death  as  by  a 
miracle. 

Dr.  A.  F.  Henderson  of 
Grayson,  Ky.,  was  waylaid 
and  assaulted  on  the  night 
of  June  17,  1893,  while 
walking  along  the  road  re- 
turning from  a lecture,  with 
his  wife  at  his  side  and  an 
infant  child  in  his  arms. 
A cruel  blow  from  a stone 
struck  him  on  the  head, 
near  the  temple,  dashing  the 
blood  over  his  babe. 

Charles  Park  of  Marion,  ' 
Ind.,  had  his  residence 
wrecked  by  an  explosion  of 
dynamite  on  November  20, 

1893.  Liquor  men  were  re- 
sponsible for  the  crime. 

Rev.  Wm.  P.  F.  Fergu- 
son of  Whitesboro,  N.  Y., 
had  a dynamite  bomb  ex- 
ploded in  his  sleeping  apart- 
ment about  2 :30  A.  M.,  June 
4,  1894. 

W.  O.  Morris,  editor  of 
the  Journal  of  Groesbeck, 
Tex.,  was  assaulted  by  a 
saloon  keeper  on  August  2, 

1894,  sustaining  a broken 
arm  and  a severe  wound  in 
the  head. 

Jacob  Wolf,  a prominent 
prohibitionist  of  Carthage, 
Ind.,  was  shot  and  seriously 
wounded  in  the  abdomen  by 
a saloon  keeper,  John  Mc- 
Carthy of  that  place,  be- 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 


161 


cause  he  had  used  his  influ- 
ence in  opposing  license.  It 
occurred  October  6,  1894. 

Daniel  B.  Garry,  a prom- 
inent citizen  and  manufac- 
turer of  Zanesville,  O.,  and 
head  of  the  Civic  League 
of  that  city,  suffered  by 
having  his  manufacturing 
plant  and  his  home  both 
partially  wrecked  by  dyna- 
mite on  October  16,  1909. 

W.  C.  Sanders  was  called 
to  the  door  of  his  home  at 
McKey,  Indian  Territory, 
on  the  night  of  June  25, 
1907,  and  shot  through  the 
side  of  his  head.  His  life 
was  despaired  of  for  weeks, 
but  he  finally  recovered. 
Sanders  had  aided  former 
Chief  Officer  William  E. 
Johnson  just  before  this  in 
cleaning  up  the  locality. 

Dr.  E.  J.  Sapper  was 
shot  through  the  side  of  the 
head  on  July  5,  1907,  but 
recovered.  Sapper  was  a 
deputy  of  former  Chief 
Officer  Johnson  and  was  as- 
sisting Sam  Roberts  in 
raiding  the  Titsworth  joint 
at  Porum,  Indian  Territory, 
when  shot. 

Omer  D.  Lewis,  deputy 
under  former  Chief  Officer 
Johnson,  while  in  the  per- 
formance of  his  duty,  was 
horribly  stabbed  in  the 
throat  on  Flathead  Indian 
Reservation,  Montana.  He 
nearly  bled  to  death  while 
being  rushed  to  a hospital 


at  Missoula  on  a special 
engine  loaned  by  the  North- 
ern Pacific  Railway.  He 
finally  recovered,  but  the 
cut  through  the  larynx  of 
the  throat  ruined  his  voice. 
He  is  now  able  to  talk  only 
in  a whisper. 

Liquor  thugs  dynamited 
the  residence  of  Rev.  A.  C. 
Hacke,  Dickinson,  N.  D., 
April,  1911.  It  afterwards 
developed  that  the  outrage 
was  perpetrated  on  the 
wrong  man,  the  explosive 
being  intended  for  Rev.  Mr. 
Watson,  who  lived  near  by 
and  who  had  fearlessly  led 
in  law  enforcement  work. 

Rev.  R.  E.  McClure, 
D.D.,  pastor  of  United 
Presbyterian  Church,  Blairs- 
ville.  Pa.,  was  shot  for  his 
activity  in  law  enforcement 
there  in  1913.  The  Bible 
carried  in  his  left  pocket 
saved  his  life;  the  bullet 
passed  through  the  book 
and  spent  its  force. 

Rev.  C.  C.  Wilkins,  pas- 
tor of  the  Methodist  Epis- 
copal Church  at  Scammon 
and  West  Mineral,  Kan., 
was  seized  from  behind 
while  on  the  public  street, 
thrown  into  the  gutter,  and 
beaten  into  insensibility. 
Fifteen  men  were  in  the 
mob.  The  attack  was  insti- 
gated by  the  proprietor  of 
a brewery  in  another  state. 
Mr.  Wilkins’  left  eye  was 
nearly  ruined,  he  had  three 
teeth  knocked  out,  his  jaw 


162 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 


broken,  his  nose  broken,  had  a chance  to  shoot  his 
and  was  left  for  dead.  He  assailant  a few  minutes  bc- 

has  not  entirely  recovered  fore,  when  he  stood  off  an 

yet,  though  he  is  pastor  at  attack,  but  did  not  do  so. 
Clifton,  Kan.  Mr.  Wilkins 

HIGH  LICENSE— See  License. 

HISTORY  OF  THE  TEMPERANCE  REFORM 

— Egyptian  frescoes  reveal  ale  brewing  as  an  industry 
5,000  years  ago,  and  Hackwood  records  that  a reformer 
one  thousand  years  later  “demanded  a reduction  in  die 
number  of  places  selling  it  to  the  people.” 

But  it  is  the  Saxon  who  has  been  especially  in- 
volved in  the  legislative  and  moral  struggle  with  the 
eala-hus  and  the  witthus. 

The  legislative  attitude  of  both  the  British  and  Amer- 
ican Governments  toward  this  great  evil  has  been  Janus- 
faced since  the  earliest  time.  The  first  decided  gov- 
ernmental distrust  of  the  liquor  traffic  in  Great  Britain 
was  evidenced  in  the  licensing  law  of  1552  in  the  reign 
of  Edward  VI,  in  which  the  position  was  taken  that 
liquor  selling  was  an  evil  to  be  tolerated  only  where 
it  was  demanded  by  the  public.  Since  the  beginning 
of  the  seventeenth  century  the  British  Government 
has  passed  fifty-nine  measures  designed  to  curb  or 
partially  prohibit  the  liquor  traffic,  but  the  contrarj' 
impulse  struggling  within  the  government  has  expressed 
itself  in  ten  distinct  laws  designed  to  encourage  the 
liquor  traffic,  either  because  of  the  assumption  that 
beer  is  a temperance  agent,  or  because  of  the  need  of 
the  revenue. 

Before  the  reign  of  Henry  VII  the  apothecary  was 
the  only  dispenser  of  ardent  spirits  in  Great  Britain. 
The  titles  of  some  of  the  bills  proposed  in  that  early 
period  illustrate  the  attitude  of  the  hostile  element  in 
the  government  toward  the  traffic.  In  the  eleventh 
year  of  the  reign  of  Henry  VII  a law  was  passed  under 
the  significant  title,  “An  Acte  against  Vacabounds  and 
Beggars.”  This  act  contains  the  germ  of  the  licensing 
system.  It  says,  in  part: 

“And  it  be  lawful  to  ij  (two)  of  the  Justices  of  the 
Peas  (Peace),  whereof  one  shal  be  of  the  quorum 
within  their  auctorite  to  rejecte  and  put  awey  comen 
ale  selling  in  townes  and  places  where  they  shal  thinke 
convenyent,  and  to  take  suretie  of  the  kepers  of  ale- 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 


163 


houses  of  their  gode  behaving  by  the  discrecion  of  the 
seid  Justices,  and  in  the  same  to  be  avysed  and  aggreed 
at  the  time  of  their  sessions.” 

Fifty-seven  years  later  this  law  was  extended  into 
a full-fledged  licensing  measure,  the  preamble  read- 
ing : “Forasmuche  as  intollerable  hurtes  and  trobles 
to  the  Comon  Wealthe  of  this  Realme,  doth  daylie 
growe  and  encrease  throughe  such  abuses  and  dis- 
orders as  are  had  and  used  in  comon  Alehouses  and 
other  houses  called  Tiplinge  houses.” 

The  Wheel  Turns 

Since  that  time  British  enactments  designed  to  re- 
strict the  trade  have  gradually  embraced  such  modern 
features  as  partial  Sunday  closing,  the  prohibition  of 
the  sale  of  liquor  to  minors  under  certain  circumstances, 
the  forbidding  of  the  payment  of  wages  of  miners 
near  licensed  drink  shops,  and  the  limiting  of  hours 
in  which  liquors  can  be  sold.  The  various  acts  since 
that  time  also  embrace  a number  of  prohibition  fea- 
tures, and  express  their  hostility  to  the  drink  trade  in 
terms  like  these:  “For  repressing  the  odious  and  loath- 
some sin  of  drunkenness;”  “For  reformation  of  ale- 
house keepers;”  “For  the  better  repressing  of  drunken- 
ness,” etc.  Two  bright  spots  in  the  record  are  the 
years  1758-59  and  1796-97,  when  distillation  was  pro- 
hibited, causing  a much  diminished  consumption  of 
spirits  and  a marked  improvement  in  the  condition  of 
the  people. 

The  ten  measures  passed  for  the  encouragement  of 
the  traffic  in  liquors  either  for  the  production  of  more 
revenue,  or  because  it  has  been  deemed  that  light 
liquors  are  the  foes  of  stronger  drink,  have,  without 
exception,  proven  unfortunate  in  their  operation.  The 
most  unfortunate  act  passed  by  the  British  Parliament 
was  put  through  by  the  government  of  the  Duke  of 
Wellington  in  1830.  This  law  repealed  the  duty  on 
beer  and  otherwise  encouraged  the  consumption  of 
malt  liquors.  No  measure  ever  passed  by  a British 
Parliament  was  so  prolific  of  disaster,  and  if  the  policy 
then  inaugurated  had  been  followed  out  to  the  present 
day  there  is  no  reason  whatever  to  doubt  that  Eng- 
land would  be  a second-class  power. 


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Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 


How  it  Has  Been  with  Us 
While  the  people  of  Great  Britain  have  struggled 
against  alcohol  for  generations,  no  less  than  twenty- 
three  separate  temperance  measures  having  been  put 
forward  in  Parliament,  we  in  the  United  States  have 
run  the  gamut  of  all  the  ages  during  our  short  historj- 
as  a nation.  We  have  thrown  overboard  the  woeful 
policy  of  free  trade  in  liquors,  have  discovered  the 
fallacy  of  high  license  and  have  pushed  our  standard 
beyond  the  field  of  local  option  and  state  prohibition 
to  the  final  battleground  of  national  prohibition  by 
federal  constitutional  amendment.  Our  struggle  against 
the  present  paternal  attitude  of  government  toward 
the  liquor  traffic  is  in  accord  not  only  with  the  evolu- 
tion of  the  Anglo-Saxon  race,  but  with  our  owm 
development  as  a nation.  The  whole  philosophy  of 
the  liquor  problem  is  clear  in  the  light  of  both  our 
racial  and  our  national  history.  All  of  it  is  there — 
the  plea  of  light  drinks  versus  ardent  spirits,  of  license 
as  a mitigator  of  drink  evils,  the  revenue  plea,  the 
eventual  ultimate  solution  which  we  are  rapidly  ap- 
proaching. The  steps  by  which  we  have  reached  our 
present  happy  state  in  the  temperance  reform  have 
been  splendidly  summed  up  by  Dr.  Clarence  True 
Wilson  in  the  follpwing  words : 

“About  the  year  1800  drunkenness  was  so  common 
that  all  thoughtful  patriots  saw  something  would  have 
to  be  done  to  stay  the  tides  of  intemperance.  Two 
men  had  sounded  a warning  note.  Rev.  Dr.  Weems 
rector  of  George  Washington’s  church  and  author  of 
the  first  book  Abraham  Lincoln  ever  read,  Weems’ 
‘Life  of  Washington,’  wrote  an  arraignment  of  the 
drinking  habits  of  American  society,  and  Dr.  Benja- 
min Rush,  a leading  physician  of  the  United  States, 
friend  of  Washington,  signer  of  the  Declaration  of 
Independence,  one  of  the  makers  of  the  American 
Constitution,  wrote  his  book  on  ‘An  Inquiry  Into  the 
Effects  of  Ardent  Spirits  on  the  Human  Body  and 
Mind.’ 

How  the  Church  Awoke 
“In  1826  the  temperance  reformers  of  the  nation 
got  together  at  Boston,  to  discuss  the  failure  of  their 
plan  and  argued  that  it  was  the  strong  liquors  that 
were  doing  the  harm,  and  a movement  for  total  ab- 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 


165 


stinence  from  all  spirituous  and  distilled  liquors  was 
the  thing  needed.  Three  million  people  signed  this 
pledge  within  the  next  ten  years,  but  drunkenness  was 
not  decreased,  for  those  who  cut  out  whisky  and  brandy, 
doubled  up  on  beer,  wine,  and  hard  cider,  and  were 
as  drunk  as  before. 

Prohibition  for  the  Individual 
“In  1836  at  another  national  convention  held  in  Sar- 
atoga, N.  Y.,  a large  number  of  the  leaders  determined 
on  a total  abstinence  pledge  from  all  intoxicating  liq- 
uors. Those  who  signed  this  were  called  the  ‘Tee- 
totalers’ to  distinguish  them  from  the  total  abstainers 
from  the  strong  or  distilled  liquors.  These  teetotal 
agitators  went  on  with  their  work  and  claimed  that  if 
it  was  wrong  to  drink  intoxicating  liquors  it  was  wrong 
to  give  them  away,  and  if  wrong  to  give  them  to  our 
neighbors  it  was  wrong  to  sell  them  and  make  money 
out  of  them.  The  churches  all  took  strong  ground 
on  this  subject  and  sentiment  became  so  strong  that 
Neal  Dow,  in  1851,  led  the  forces  which  secured  abso- 
lute prohibition  in  satisfactory  form  for  the  state  of 
Maine. 

How  the  War  Checked  Movement 
“The  impression  is  that  it  has  taken  all  these  years 
to  get  up  to  the  present  situation,  but  this  is  a mistake. 
Prohibition  was  so  successful  in  Maine  and  became  so 
popular  with  the  people  of  the  country  that  had  it  not 
been  for  the  Civil  War  interfering,  there  would  not 
have  been  another  saloon  in  America  by  1865. 

“When  General  Dow  and  General  Fisk  returned  from 
the  war  they  found  the  whole  temperance  reform  of 
fifty  years  sidetracked,  and  wanted  to  restart  the  fight, 
but  were  told  that  reconstruction  was  on  and  that  they 
should  not  raise  any  divisive  issue.  They  waited 
through  1865,  1866,  1867,  and  by  1868  the  nation  was 
sogged  in  whisky.  The  rum  power  was  intrenched  in 
Washington,  the  saloons  had  multiplied  by  tens  of 
thousands  and  the  boys  in  blue  had  marched  home, 
having  contracted  drinking  habits  in  the  army.  Drunk- 
enness prevailed  on  every  hand  and  poverty  and  squalor 
were  the  result.  Women,  broken-hearted  over  the  de- 
struction of  sons  and  husbands  and  fathers,  started  out 
to  plead  with  the  saloon  keepers  and  to  pray  on  the 
sawdust  or  sanded  floor  of  the  barroom  and  the  worn- 


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en’s  crusade  swept  over  the  country  like  a pentecost. 
Then  in  1869  the  men  had  met  in  Indianapolis  and  es- 
tablished the  Prohibition  Party,  and  the  members  of 
that  party  have  stood  up  to  be  knocked  down  at  every 
election,  without  an  office  or  the  sight  of  a victory,  or 
the  hope  of  a reward. 

“Then  in  1888  the  Anti-Saloon  League,  not  so  radical, 
but  eminently  practical,  began  its  agitation  until  to-day 
as  a result  of  the  work  of  the  League,  the  W.  C.  T.  U., 
Prohibition  Party,  and  similar  organizations,  we  have 
nine  dry  states  with  many  others  under  local  option 
laws. 

Wrong  Methods  Give  Place  to  the  Right 

“If  j'ou  have  followed  me  closely  you  have  noted  that 
the  temperance  reform  did  not  go  the  right  way  until 
all  wrong  ways  had  been  tried.  We  tried  letting  it 
alone  but  it  did  not  let  us  alone — our  boys,  our  girls, 
our  homes,  our  purses,  our  churches,  our  taxes.  We 
tried  moderation  in  use  but  the  seeds  of  an  insidious 
appetite  were  planted  which,  like  a horse-leech,  cried, 
‘give,  give!’  We  tried  total  abstinence  from  the  strong 
liquors  but  the  milder  drinks  planted  the  appetite  and 
cursed  the  drinker  and  his  child.  We  tried  total  ab- 
stinence from  all  intoxicating  drinks  but  this  only 
saved  the  individual  from  drunkenness  and  left  the 
rum  shop  to  breed  drunkards  by  the  thousands.  We 
tried  license  but  this  was  a legal  permission  to  do  a 
wrong  thing  for  a money  consideration,  and  intrenched 
the  liquor  traffic  by  giving  it  the  air  of  legality  and 
throwing  over  it  the  false  garb  of  respectability,  mak- 
ing it  a source  of  revenue,  enabling  it  to  bribe  the 
voter’s  conscience.  We  then  raised  the  price  to  high 
license  but  high  license  formed  a monopoly,  organized 
it  into  a trust,  coining  into  cash  the  appetites,  the 
passions,  and  even  the  craving  of  mankind.  It  put  it 
into  politics,  made  it  dominate  our  public  officers, 
silenced  the  editor  at  his  desk  and  made  cowards  of 
our  business  men.  We  tried  government  ownership  and 
control.  The  state  donned  the  white  apron  and  stood 
like  a red-nosed  biped  behind  the  bar;  but  the  state 
only  succeeded  in  befouling  herself  and  left  no  clean 
spot  on  the  liquor  traffic.  We  tried  local  option  and  it 
has  been  a glorious  success  and  has  given  decency  a 
breathing  spell  in  10,000  communities,  but  it  is  too  local 
for  a national  evil  and  too  optional  for  a moral  ques- 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 


167 


tion.  We  tried  state-wide  prohibition  and  have  prac- 
tically solved  the  liquor  problem  in  Maine,  Kansas, 
North  Dakota,  Oklahoma,  and  many  Southern  states. 
But  we  elected  a wet  administration  to  administer  dry 
laws,  and  now  I will  give  you  a little  secret : A wet  law 
and  a wet  administration  make  things  wet,  a dry  law 
and  a wet  administration  leave  them  damp,  but  a dry 
law  and  a dry  administration  will  make  things  dry 
anywhere,  as  they  are  in  Kansas. 

The  Final  Step 

“Alt  these  steps  have  led  us  to  the  final  stride,  which 
is  national  prohibition,  with  a constitutional  amend- 
ment prohibiting  the  sale,  importation,  exportation, 
transportation  of  alcoholic  liquors  as  a beverage,  and 
Wednesday,  December  10,  1913,  2,000  men,  representing 
all  the  organizations  that  have  worked  for  the  redemp- 
tion of  this  country,  presented  to  Congress  its  demand 
for  a chance  to  let  the  sovereign  states  vote  in  their 
respective  Legislatures  on  this  national  solution  of  the 
liquor  problem.  There  is  a better  chance  of  passing  it 
within  the  next  two  years  than  there  was  of  ever 
getting  the  Webb  bill  through  two  years  ago,  but  that 
bill  passed  over  Brother  Taft’s  veto  by  a three-fourths 
majority  in  both  Houses,  and  the  poor  President  who 
was  inaugurated  in  a snowstorm  and  defeated  by  an 
avalanche  was  knocked  to  smithereens  by  a head-on  col- 
lision with  the  water  wagon. 

“I  do  not  know  how  long  it  will  take  the  American 
people  to  settle  this  question  by  cutting  off  its  source, 
but  I know  the  temperance  reform  will  never  swing 
back  a single  inch  and  the  liquor  traffic  in  America  is 
as  doomed  to-day  as  Judas'  Iscariot.”  (For  record  of 
prohibition  laws,  see  “Legislative  History  of  Prohibi- 
tion.”) 

HOBSON-SHEPPARD  BILL— The  Hobson- 
Sheppard  Bill  as  voted  upon  in  the  House  of  Repre- 
sentatives December  22,  1914,  read  as  follows : 

Resolved  by  the  Senate  and  House  of  Representa- 
tives of  the  United  States  of  America  in  Congress  as- 
sembled (two  thirds  of  each  House  concurring  therein), 
that  the  following  amendment  of  the  Constitution  be 
and  is  hereby  proposed  to  the  states,  to  become  valid 
as  a part  of  the  Constitution  when  ratified  by  the  Leg- 


168  Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 

islature  of  the  several  states  as  provided  by  the  Con- 
stitution : 

Article 

Section  1.  The  sale,  manufacture  for  sale,  trans- 
portation for  sale,  importation  for  sale,  and  exportation 
for  sale  of  intoxicating  liquors  for  beverage  purposes 
in  the  United  States  and  all  territory  subject  to  the 
jurisdiction  thereof,  are  forever  prohibited. 

Section  2.  Congress  shall  have  power  to  provide  for 
the  manufacture,  sale,  importation,  and  transportation 
of  intoxicating  liquors  for  sacramental,  medicinal,  me- 
chanical, pharmaceutical,  or  scientific  purposes,  or  for 
use  in  the  arts,  and  shall  have  power  to  enforce  this 
article  by  all  needful  legislation. 

The  amendment  presented  by  Mr.  Hobson  in  behalf 
of  the  friends  of  the  measure  which  was  adopted  before 
the  bill  was  finally  placed  on  its  passage: 

Section  2.  The  Congress  or  the  states  shall  have 
power  independently  or  concurrently  to  enforce  this 
article  by  all  needful  legislation. 

Note  the  words,  “for  sale.” 

The  vote  in  Congress  was  a great  triumph  for  the 
national  prohibition  movement.  Of  the  433  members  of 
the  House,  386  declared  themselves  on  the  Hobson 
resolution  for  constitutional  prohibition. 

The  vote  in  favor  of  the  amendment  was  197  to  189 
against,  a majority  of  eight  of  those  voting.  But  more 
startling  than  the  bare  majority  of  the  membership 
voting  is  the  fact  that  seventeen  state  delegations  voted 
solidly  for  prohibition,  and  twelve  were  for  it  by  a 
majority  vote.  Only  eight  states  voted  solidly  against 
prohibition,  and  only  nine  additional  states  gave  a ma- 
jority against  it.  In  view  of  the  fact  that  only  thirty- 
six  states  are  needed  to  ratify  a constitutional  amend- 
ment providing  for  national  prohibition,  the  significance 
of  the  action  which  placed  the  congressional  delega- 
tions of  twenty-nine  commonwealths  out  of  the  forty- 
eight  behind  the  Hobson  bill  is  striking. 

The  West  and  the  South  Are  Won 

The  South  gave  more  than  two  thirds  of  its  congress- 
men in  favor  of  the  bill  and  if  the  other  sections  of  the 
country  had  voted  “Aye”  in  equal  strength,  the  meas- 
ure would  have  carried.  Only  four  states  commonly 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 


169 


known  as  Western — California,  Minnesota,  Wisconsin, 
and  Nevada — failed  to  support  the  resolution. 

“Of  the  197  votes  in  favor  of  nation-wide  prohibi- 
tion, eighty-nine  were  cast  by  Southern  men;  of  the 
sixteen  states  commonly  referred  to  as  Southern,  eleven- 
voted  for  it;  of  members  representing  the  states  that 
seceded,  about  eighty  per  cent  favored  it.  So  says  the 
New  York  World  in  querulous  complaint  at  the  failure 
of  the  adherents  of  States  Rights  to  be  alarmed  by  the 
cry  that  the  Hobson  bill  imperils  that  doctrine. 

The  effort  to  use  the  States  Rights  theory  as  a bul- 
wark against  the  coming  of  national  prohibition  was 
advanced  with  such  pitiful  weakness  that  the  Philadel- 
phia North  American  comments  in  this  way: 

“The  parallel  with  the  slavery  light  fails  when  we 
compare  the  great  orators  and  constitutional  lawyers 
who  defended  slavery  in  Congress  with  the  utterers  of 
the  feeble  commonplaces  in  behalf  of  the  liquor  evil.” 

The  stand  on  the  Hobson  bill  by  states  is  given 
below : 

Solid  for  prohibition — Arizona,  Arkansas,  Colorado, 
Florida,  Idaho,  Kansas,  Montana,  New  Mexico,  North 
Dakota,  Oklahoma,  Oregon,  South  Carolina,  South  Da- 
kota, Tennessee,  Washington,  West  Virginia,  and 
Wyoming — seventeen. 

Gave  majority  for  prohibition — Alabama,  Georgiy 
Illinois,  Iowa,  Kentucky,  Maine,  Michigan,  Mississippi, 
Missouri,  North  Carolina,  Pennsylvania,  and  Virginia — 
twelve. 

Delegation  evenly  divided — Nebraska  and  Vermont — 
two. 

Gave  majority  against  prohibition — California,  Louisi- 
ana, Maryland,  Minnesota,  New  Jersey,  New  York, 
Ohio,  Texas,  and  Wisconsin — nine. 

Solid  against  prohibition — Connecticut,  Delaware,  In- 
diana, Massachusetts,  Nevada,  New  Hampshire,  Rhode 
Island,  and  Utah — eight. 

Below  we  give  an  exact  account  of  the  way  in  which 
each  member  voted,  with  information  as  to  party  and 
state ; 

Alabama 

Democrats  For — Abercrombie,  Burnett,  Hobson,  Taylor.  Total, 

four. 

Democrats  Against — Blackmon,  Dent,  Heflin,  Mulkey,  Under- 
wood. Total,  five. 

Democrat  Not  Voting — Harris. 


170 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 


Arizona 

Democrat  For — Hayden. 


Arkansas 

Democrats  For — Caraway,  Floyd,  Jacoway,  Oldeld,  Taylor, 
Wingo,  Goodwin.  Total  seven. 

California 

Democrat  For — Raker. 

Progressive  Republicans  For — Bell  and  Stephens.  Total,  two. 
Democrats  Against — Church  and  Kettner.  Total,  two. 
Republicans  Against — Curry,  Hayes,  Kahn,  Knowland.  Total, 
four. 

Independent  Against — Kent. 

Progressive  Not  Voting — Nolan. 

Colorado 

Democrats  For — Keating,  Kindel,  Seldomridge,  Taylor.  Total, 
four. 


Connecticut 

Democrats  Against — Donovan,  Kennedy,  Lonergan,  Mahan, 
Reilly.  Total,  five. 

Delaware 

Democrat  Against — Brockson. 

Florida 

Democrats  For — Clark  and  Sparkman.  Total,  two. 

Democrats  Not  Voting — L’Engle  and  Wilson.  Total,  two. 

Georgia 

Democrats  For — Adamson,  Bell,  Crisp,  Howard,  Hughes,  Park, 
Tribble,  Walker.  Total,  eight. 

Democrats  Against — Bartlett,  Lee,  Vinson.  Total,  three. 

Democrat  Not  Voting — Edwards. 

Idaho 

Republicans  For — French  and  Smith.  Total  two. 

Illinois 

Democrats  For — Borchers,  Foster,  Fowler,  Hoxworth,  O’Hair, 
Tavenner,  Rainey.  Total,  seven. 

Republican  For — McKenzie. 

Progressives  For — Hinebaugh  and  Thomson.  Total,  two. 

Progressive  Republican  For — Copley. 

Democrats  Against — Buchanan,  Fitz-Heniy,  Gallagher,  Graham, 
Hill,  McAndrews,  Sabath,  Stringer,  Williams,  Stone.  Total, 
ten. 

Republicans  Against — Britten,  Madden,  Mann.  Total,  three. 

Democrats  Not  Voting — Baltz  and  Gorman.  Total,  two. 

Indiana 

Democrats  Against — Adair,  Barnhart,  Cline,  Cox,  Cullop, 
Dixon,  Gray,  Korbly,  Lieb,  Morrison,  Moss,  Peterson,  Rauch. 
Total,  thirteen. 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 


171 


Iowa 

Democrat  For — Kirkpatrick. 

Republicans  For — Good,  Green,  Kennedy,  Prouty,  Towner, 
Woods,  Haugen.  Total,  seven. 

Democrat  Against — Vollmer. 

Republican  Against — Scott. 

Democrat  Not  Voting — Connolly. 

Kansas 

Democrats  For — Connelly,  Doolittle,  Helvering,  Taggart.  Total, 
four. 

Republicans  For — Anthony  and  Campbell.  Total,  two. 

Democrat  Not  Voting — Neely. 

Progressive  Not  Voting — Murdock. 

Kentucky 

Democrats  For — Barley,  Johnson,  Helm,  Fields,  Thomas.  To- 
tal, five. 

Republicans  For — Langley  and  Powers.  Total,  two. 

Democrats  Against — Cantrill,  Rouse,  Sherley,  Stanley.  Total, 
four. 

liouisiana 

Democrat  For — Watkins. 

Democrats  Against — Aswell,  Broussard,  Dupre,  Estopinal,  La- 
zaro,  Morgan.  Total,  six. 

Democrat  Not  Voting — Elder. 

Maine 

Republicans  For — Hinds  and  Peters.  Total,  two. 

Democrat  Against — McGillicuddy. 

Republican  Not  Voting — Guernsey. 

Maryland 

Democrats  For — Lewis  and  Smith.  Total,  two. 

Democrats  Against — Coady,  Linthicum,  Price,  Talbott.  Total, 
four. 

Massachusetts 

Democrat  For — Dietrich. 

Democrats  Against — Gallivan,  Gilmore,  Mitchell,  Phelan, 
Thatcher.  Total,  five. 

Republicans  Against — Gardner,  Gillette,  Green,  Paige,  Roberts, 
Rogers,  Treadway,  Winslow.  Total,  eight. 

Michigan 

Republicans  For — Orampton,  Fordney,  Hamilton,  Kelley,  Lind- 
quist, McLaughlin,  Mapes,  Smith,  J.  M.  C.,  Smith,  Samuel 
W.  Total,  nine. 

Progressives  For — MacDonald  and  Woodruff.  Total,  two. 

Democrats  Against — Beakes  and  Doremus.  Total,  two. 

Minnesota 

Republicans  For — Anderson,  Lindbergh,  Steenerson,  Volstead. 
Total,  four. 

Democrat  Against — Hammond. 

Republicans  Against — Davis,  Manahan,  Miller,  Smith,  Stevens. 
Total,  five. 


172 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 


Mississippi 

Democrats  For — Candler,  Collier,  Harrison,  Humphreys,  Qnin, 
Sisson,  Stephens.  Total,  seven. 

Democrat  Against — Witherspoon. 

Missouri 

Democrats  For — Alexander,  Borland,  Decker,  Dickinson,  Ham- 
lin, Hensley,  Lloyd,  Ruhey,  Rucker,  Russell,  Shackleford. 
Total,  eleven. 

Democrats  Against — Booher,  Gill,  Igoe.  Total,  three. 

Republican  Against — Bartholdt. 

Montana 

Democrats  For — Evans  and  Stout.  Total,  two. 

Nebraska 

Republicans  For — Barton,  Kinkaid,  Sloan.  Total,  three. 

Democrats  Against — Lobeck,  Maguire,  Stephens.  Total,  three. 

Nevada 

Republican  Against — Roberts. 

New  Hampshire 

Democrats  Against — Reed  and  Stevens.  Total,  two. 

New  Jersey 

Democrat  For — Baker. 

Democrats  Against — Eagan,  Hamill,  Hart,  Kinkead,  Scully, 
Walsh.  Total,  six. 

Republicans  Against — Browning,  Drucker,  Parker,  Tuttle.  To- 
tal, four. 

Democrat  Not  Voting — Townsend. 

New  Mexico 

Democrat  For — Fergusson. 

New  York 

Republicans  For — Dunn,  Hamilton,  Wallin.  Total,  three. 

Democrats  Against^ — Brown,  Bruckner,  Cantor,  Carew,  Clancy, 
Conry,  Dale,  Dooling,  Driscoll,  Fitzgerald,  George,  Goldfogle, 
Goulden,  GrifSn,  Levy,  Loft,  Maher,  O’Brien,  Oglesby, 
O’Leary,  Patten,  Riordan,  Smith,  Talcott,  Underhill,  Wilson. 
'Total,  twenty-six. 

Republicans  Against — Danforth,  Mott,  Parker,  Platt.  Total, 
four. 

Progressive  Against — Chandler. 

Democrats  Not  Voting — Gittins,  McClellan,  Metz,  Taylor,  Ten 
Eyck.  Total,  five. 

Republicans  Not  Voting — Calder  and  Fairchild.  Total,  two. 

North  Carolina 

Democrats  For — Faison,  Gudger,  Kitchin,  Page,  Stedman, 
Webb.  Total,  six. 

Democrat  Against — Pou. 

Democrats  Not  Voting — Doughton  and  Godwin.  Total,  two. 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 


173 


North  Dakota 

Republicans  For — Helgesen,  Norton,  Young.  Total,  three. 

Ohio 

Democrats  For — Francis,  Fess,  Post,  White.  Total,  four. 

Republicans  For — Switzer  and  Willis.  Total,  two. 

Democrats  Against — Allen,  Bathrick,  Bowdle,  Bulkley,  Grosser, 
Gard,  Goeke,  Gordon,  Key,  Sherwood,  Whitacre.  Total,  eleven. 

Democrats  Not  Voting — Ansberry,  Ashbrook,  Brumbaugh,  Clay- 
pool.  Total,  four. 

Oklahoma 

Democrats  For — Carter,  Ferris,  Murray,  Thompson,  Weaver. 
Total,  five. 

Republican  For — Morgan. 

Democrat  Not  Voting — Davenport. 

Republican  Not  Voting — McGuire. 

Oregon 

Republicans  For — Hawley  and  Sinnott.  Total,  two. 

Progressive  Republican  For — Lafferty. 

Pennsylvania 

Democrats  For — Brodbeck,  Carr,  Dershem,  Difenderfer.  Total, 
four. 

Republicans  For — Butler,  Farr,  Griest,  Kiess,  Keister,  Kreider, 
Langham,  Patton,  Shreve.  Total,  nine. 

Progressives  For — Hulings,  Kelly,  Lewis,  Rupley,  Temple, 
Walters.  Total,  six. 

Democrats  Against — Bailey,  Casey,  Donohue,  Lee,  Lesher, 
Palmer.  Total,  six. 

Republicans  Against — Barchfeld,  Edmonds,  Moore,  Morin,  Por- 
ter. Total,  five. 

Democrats  Not  Voting — Logue  and  Rothermel.  Total,  two. 

Republicans  Not  Voting — Ainey,  Burke,  Graham,  Vare.  Total, 
four. 

Rhode  Island 

Democrats  Against — Gerry  and  O’Shaunessy.  Total,  two. 

Republican  Against — Kennedy. 

South  Carolina 

Democrats  For — Aiken,  Byrnes,  Finley,  Johnson,  Lever,  Rags- 
dale, Whaley.  Total,  seven. 

South  Dakota 

Republicans  For — Burke  and  Dillon.  Total,  two. 

Republican  Not  Voting — Martin. 

Tennessee 

Democrats  For — Byrns,  Houston,  Hull,  McKellar,  Moon,  Pad- 
gett, Sims.  Total,  seven. 

Republicans  For — Austin  and  Sells.  Total,  two. 

Democrat  Not  Voting — Garrett. 

Texas 

Democrats  For — Garrett,  Smith,  Stephens,  Young.  Total,  four. 

Democrats  Against — Buchanan,  Burgess,  Calloway,  Dies,  Eagle, 
Garner,  Hardy,  Henry,  Rayburn,  Slayden,  Sumners, 
Vaughan.  Total,  twelve. 

Democrats  Not  Voting — Beall  and  Gregg.  Total,  two. 


174 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 


Utah 

Repuhlicans  Against — Howell  and  Johnson.  Total,  two. 
Vermont 

Republican  For — Plumley. 

Republican  Against — Greene. 

Virginia 

Democrats  For — Flood,  Glass,  Hay,  Holland,  Jones,  Saunders, 
Watson.  Total,  seven. 

Republican  For — Slemp. 

Democrats  Against — Carlin  and  Montague.  Total,  two. 

Washington 

Republicans  For — Humphrey,  Johnson,  La  Follette.  Total, 
three. 

Progressives  For — Bryan  and  Falconer.  Total,  two. 

West  Virginia 

Democrat  For — Neely. 

Republicans  For — Avis,  Moss,  Sutherland.  Total,  three. 
Democrat  Not  Voting — Brown. 

Republican  Not  Voting — Hughes. 

Wisconsin 

Republican  For — Nelson. 

Democrats  Against — Burke  and  Reilly.  Total,  two. 

Republicans  Against — Browne,  Cary,  Cooper,  Esch,  Frear,  Len- 
root,  Stafford.  Total,  seven. 

Democrat  Not  Voting — Konop. 

Wyoming 

Republican  For — Mondell. 


Mr.  Small,  after  having  voted  “Nay,”  called  atten- 
tion to  a pair  with  Mr.  Doughton  and  changed  his 
record  to  “Present.”  The  following  pairs  were  also 
announced  by  the  clerk; 

Mr.  Davenport  and  Mr.  Harris  (for)  with  Mr. 
Konop  (against). 

Mr.  Neeley  of  Kansas  and  Mr.  Martin  (for)  and  Mr. 
Gregg  (against). 

Mr.  Ainey  and  Mr.  Guernsey  (for)  with  Mr.  Fair- 
child  (against). 

Mr.  L’Engle  and  Mr.  Doughton  (for)  with  Mr.  Small 
(against). 

Mr.  McGuire  of  Oklahoma  and  Mr.  Garrett  of  Ten- 
nessee (for)  with  Mr.  Burke  of  Pennsylvania  (against). 

HOLLAND — Until  1881  there  was  no  restriction  on 
the  sale  of  intoxicating  liquors  in  Holland,  but  in  that 
year  regulation  began.  During  the  thirty  years  since 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance  175 

1881  the  consumption  of  spirits  has  decreased  from  9.38 
liters  per  capita  to  5.19.  The  present  struggle  is  toward 
total  abstinence  and  local  option.  Voluntary  votings 
in  Holland  have  shown  a decided  majority  for  reduction 
in  the  number  of  licenses  and  for  prohibition.  The 
University  of  Utrecht  is  conducting  courses  in  the  al- 
cohol problem. 

HOME  RULE- — See  Objections  to  Prohibition. 

HOSPITALS—Stt  Medical  Practice. 

IDAHO — In  February,  1915,  the  Idaho  Legislature 
passed  a statutory  prohibitory  law  to  be  effective  Jan- 
uary 1,  1916.  It  also  voted  to  submit  to  popular  vote 
in  November,  1916,  the  question  of  constitutional  pro- 
hibition to  be  effective  January  1,  1917.  The  state  at 
present  has  twenty-three  dry  counties  and  fourteen  wet. 
Twenty-two  cities  of  1,000  or  more  population  are  dry 
and  only  eleven  wet.  The  Idaho  prohibition  law  is 
exceedingly  strict,  as  it  forbids  even  the  possession  of 
whisky  or  brandy,  and  one  who  has  in  his  possession 
pure  alcohol  must  make  affidavit  as  to  its  purpose. 

ILLICIT  DISTILLERIES—The  report  of  the  In- 
ternal Revenue  Department  for  the  fiscal  year  ending 
June  30,  1914,  gives  the  number  of  illicit  distilleries 
seized  as  2,677.  In  1911  the  number  was  2,471 ; in 
1912,  2,466;  and  in  1913,  2,375.  The  number  of  persons 
arrested  in  1914  was  only  504  as  compared  with  529  in 
1911,  and  459  in  1913. 

Illicit  distilleries  seized  in  prohibition  territories  are 
uniformly  small  affairs.  For  instance,  in  1912  there 
were  seized  in  five  Southern  prohibition  states  a total 
of  1.254  gallons  of  illicit  spirits.  In  the  same  year, 
there  were  seized  in  the  one  license  state  of  Illinois 
1,378  gallons,  and  in  the  two  license  states  of  Ohio 
and  Michigan,  1,926  gallons. 

In  1913  there  were  eight  prohibition  states.  In  five 
of  them — Maine,  North  Dakota,  Kansas,  Oklahoma,  and 
Mississippi — not  one  illicit  still  was  seized.  The  Rev- 
enue Bureau  has  never  had  a case  of  illicit  distilling  in 
Maine  or  Kansas  or  North  Dakota  in  twenty  years. 
For  the  fiscal  year  ending  June  30,  1914,  there  were 
seized  in  license  states  34,758  gallons  of  illicit  spirits. 


176  Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 

and  in  prohibition  states  1,524  gallons.  This  does  not 
seem  to  indicate  that  prohibition  increases  “moon- 
shining.” 

ILLINOIS — The  state  has  fifty-three  dry  and  forty- 
nine  wet  counties.  One  hundred  and  fifty  saloons  were 
voted  out  of  existence  during  1915. 

IMMIGRATION — The  problem  of  the  foreigner  in 
America  and  the  problem  of  the  new  citizen  is  simple, 
even  if  difficult.  The  great  nations  of  history  have 
been,  in  almost  every  case,  homogeneous  peoples — peo- 
ples who  have  absorbed  into  themselves  such  new  blood 
as  has  come  to  them  without  altering  the  fundamental 
characteristics  of  their  racial  stock. 

The  original  settlers  of  this  country  were  almost  en- 
tirely of  Teutonic  and  Celtic  blood.  Even  the  French 
Huguenots  had  a very  large  proportion  of  Teutonic 
blood.  Since  1821  the  country  has  received  about  32,- 
000,000  immigrants.  It  has  been  said  by  some  that  all 
of  us  were  at  one  time  immigrants,  but  a nation  cannot 
receive  immigrants  until  it  has  established  a national 
life  and  the  people  whp  are  the  agents  of  achieving  that 
nationality  are,  so  to  speak,  charter  members.  They 
constitute  the  stock  upon  which  subsequent  additions 
are  grafted. 

In  large  part  the  immigration  to  America  up  to  1850 
partook  of  the  same  racial  characteristics  as  the  people 
who  accomplished  the  American  Revolution,  and,  con- 
sequently, they  rapidly  became  an  integral  part  of  the 
nation,  not  affecting  the  homogeneity  of  what  might  be 
properly  termed  the  American  race.  Even  as  late  as 
1867  not  one  per  cent  of  the  total  immigration  came 
from  Austria-Hungary,  Italy,  Poland,  and  Russia,  but 
by  1902  the  percentage  was  over  seventy.  Out  of  this 
new  immigration  has  grown  the  inevitable  tendency  to 
establish  colonies,  to  retain  ideals  which  are  in  some 
cases  antagonistic  to  American  ideals,  and  gradually  to 
develop  antagonism  between  the  imported  ideas  and 
American  principles.  Sixty  per  cent  of  the  population 
of  Milwaukee  is  German.  German  immigration  has 
been  valuable  to  the  United  States,  but  obviously  the 
congregation  of  so  many  Germans  in  one  city  will 
make  German  customs  rather  than  American  customs 
dominant  in  that  city.  Where  the  German  custom  of 
beer  drinking  in  the  home  is  reinforced  by  the  preju- 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 


177 


dices  of  sixty  per  cent  of  the  population,  conflict  with 
the  American  hostility  to  home  consumption  of  liquors, 
or  to  any  consumption  of  liquors  by  women  and  chil- 
dren, will  inevitably  arise,  and  the  absorption  of  this 
immigration  is  delayed  to  the  detriment  of  all  parties 
concerned. 

Mr.  Eliot  Norton  has  well  said  in  words  which  we 
do  not  necessarily  endorse  because  we  quote : ‘‘If  one 
considers  the  American  people  from  say  1775  to  1860, 
it  is  clear  that  a well-defined  national  character  was 
in  process  of  formation.  What  variations  there  were, 
were  all  of  the  same  type,  and  these  variations  would 
have  slowly  grown  less  and  less  marked.  It  needs  little 
study  to  see  of  what  great  value  to  any  body  of  men, 
women,  and  children,  a national  or  racial  type  is.  It 
furnishes  a standard  of  conduct  by  which  anyone  can 
set  his  course.  The  world  is  a difficult  place  in  which 
to  live,  and  to  establish  moral  standards  has  been  one 
of  the  chief  occupations  of  mankind.  Without  such 
standards,  man  feels  as  a mariner  without  a compass. 
Religions,  rules,  laws,  and  customs  are  only  the  national 
character  in  the  form  of  standards  of  conduct.  Now 
national  character  can  only  be  formed  in  a population 
which  is  stable.  The  repeated  introduction  into  a body 
of  men,  of  other  men  of  different  type  or  types,  can- 
not but  tend  to  prevent  its  formation.  Thus  the  mil- 
lions of  immigrants  that  have  landed  have  tended  to 
break  up  the  type  which  was  forming,  and  to  make  the 
formation  of  any  other  type  difficult.  Every  million 
more  will  only  intensify  this  result,  and  the  absence 
of  a national  character  is  a loss  to  every  man,  woman, 
and  child.  It  will  show  itself  in  our  religions,  rules 
of  conduct,  in  our  laws,  in  our  customs.” 

The  Task  Calls  for  Heroism 

These  thoughts  are  not  advanced  in  opposition  to  im- 
migration. It  is  crudity  to  assail  the  strength  of  the 
new  races  coming  to  us  just  because  they  are  strange. 
The  greatest  blessing  ever  coming  to  the  English 
nation  was  the  conquest  by  and  immigration  of  the 
Normans.  The  native  Americans  of  both  the  Northern 
and  Southern  States  are  all  of  “Northern”  European 
blood,  and,  consequently,  there  is  a tendency,  especially 
in  the  South,  to  draw  a line  across  Europe  and  say, 
“The  people  south  of  this  line  are  inferior  to  the  peo- 


178  Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 

pie  north  of  it,”  but  such  a statement  ignores  such 
major  facts  in  history  as  the  Carthaginian,  Egyptian, 
Phoenician,  Grecian,  Roman,  French,  and  Austrian  con- 
tributions to  power,  civilization,  and  culture.  The  peo- 
ples now  arriving  are  not  inferior;  they  are  simply  met 
with  difficulties  which,  by  hindering  the  grafting  of 
their  excellencies  upon  the  fundamental  character  con- 
tributed by  the  makers  of  the  nation,  imposes  upon  us 
new  obligations.  We  need  their  art;  we  need  their 
music;  we  need  their  sense  of  beauty;  we  need  their 
generous  impulses ; but  above  all,  we  need  to  establish 
these  characteristics  as  branches  upon  the  sturdy  trunk 
of  Americanism. 

Drink  as  a Hindrance 

Foreigners  drink.  If  they  drank  lightly  in  Europe, 
they  drink  heavily  here,  because  of  different  conditions. 
In  the  mining  towns  of  Pennsylvania  it  is  nothing  un- 
usual for  judges  to  grant  a license  for  every  one  hun- 
dred persons,  men,  women,  and  children.  Saloon  keep- 
ers are  frequently  the  most  effective  leaders  of  the 
new  industrial  immigrants.  There  is  hardly  a drinking 
place  in  a foreign  colony  which  does  not  have  its  politi- 
cal club. 

The  brewers  do  everything  possible  to  create  a feel- 
ing of  antagonism  among  the  units  of  the  new  immigra- 
tion against  the  “Puritanism”  of  the  “Anglo-Saxons.” 
At  times  their  press  frankly  comments  upon  the  neces- 
sity of  creating  and  capitalizing  this  antagonism,  and 
they  make  use  of  the  saloon  as  their  agency  in  so  doing. 
“The  drink  habit  is  un-American,”  says  Roberts  in 
“The  New  Immigration,”  and  he  speaks  from  a close 
scrutiny  of  the  saloon  in  centers  of  foreign  population. 

1.  Immigration  will  prove  a blessing  only  if  the 
immigrants  take  on  the  main  characteristics  of  native 
Americans. 

2.  The  greatest  hindrance  to  this  absorption  of  the 
new  immigration  is  the  saloon  and  the  liquor  traffic. 

Therefore,  the  saloon  is  the  keystone  in  the  arch 
of  the  immigrant  problem.  Destroy  the  keystone  and 
the  problem  will  crumble. 

The  liquor  interests  very  carefully  ignore  the  close 
connection  between  immigration  and  drink  consumption, 
but  a careful  study  of  comparative  statistics  shows 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 


179 


that  this  connection  is  a vital  factor  of  both  the_  immi- 
grant and  drink  problems.  In  189S,  258,536  immigrants 
arrived  and  the  per  capita  consumption  of  liquors  was 
16.57  gallons.  In  1896  the  immigrants  numbered  343,- 
267  and  the  per  capita  consumption  of  liquors  rose  to 
17.12  gallons.  In  1897  immigration  fell  to  230,832  and 
the  per  capita  liquor  consumption  likewise  fell  to  16.50 
gallons.  By  1900  the  arrival  of  immigrants  had  reached 
the  figure  of  448,572  and  the  per  capita  consumption 
17.56  gallons.  From  this  time  until  1906  immigration 
and  the  per  capita  consumption  of  liquors  both  rose 
together  rapidly  to  about  1,300,000  arriving  immigrants 
and  22.6  gallons  of  liquor  as  the  per  capita  consumption. 
In  that  year  a decline  began  in  both  connections  and 
in  1909  immigration  had  fallen  to  750,000  and  the  per 
capita  consumption  of  liquor  had  fallen  to  nearly  twen- 
ty-one gallons. 

A diagram  showing  that  immigration  and  consump- 
tion of  liquors  fall  and  rise  together  can  be  easily  con- 
structed from  available  figures  and  the  movement  in 
both  cases  can  be  shown  to  be  nearly  uniform.  (See 
“Alcohol  in  the  Melting  Pot,”  a leaflet  of  the  Tem- 
perance Society.) 

INDIANA — Fifty-nine  wet  counties,  thirty-three  dry. 
Twenty-seven  elections  were  won  by  the  drys  during 
1915  and  fifteen  lost.  The  wets  gained  five  saloons  and 
lost  112.  Important  court  decisions:  That  a club  or 
lodge  which  dispenses  liquor  is  a blind  tiger;  that  pos- 
session of  liquor  in  a drug  store  does  not  constitute  a 
violation  of  the  blind  tiger  law.  An  effort  will  be  made 
to  get  a state-wide  statutory  prohibition  law  in  1917. 

INDIANS — For  the  year  ending  June  30,  1914,  sev- 
enteen hundred  cases  were  instituted  by  the  Service 
for  the  Suppression  of  the  Liquor  Traffic  Among  the 
Indians,  headed  by  Chief  Special  Officer  H.  A.  Larson. 
Jail  penalties  aggregating  124  years  were  imposed  upon 
590  persons,  besides  fines  of  $62,000.  Seventy-seven 
persons  were  sent  to  the  penitentiaries  under  sentences- 
aggregating  118  years,  and  fines  of  $19,000. 

In  a period  of  a few  months,  the  service  had  one 
man  shot  and  several  deputy  marshals  killed,  while 
a number  of  bootleggers  are  peddling  liquor  in  the 
Great  Beyond.  A feature  of  the  year  was  the  mani- 


180  Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 

fest  disposition  of  the  United  States  Supreme  Court 
to  uphold  the  old  Indian  treaties  which  provide  for  the 
exclusion  of  liquor  from  the  Indian  country.  Great 
trouble  was  caused  by  wholesalers  of  liquor  who,  in 
spite  of  their  great  desire  to  “reform  the  business,” 
consistently  backed  law  violators.  Danciger  Brothers, 
wholesale  liquor  dealers  of  Kansas  City,  applied  for  a 
writ  of  habeas  corpus  in  behalf  of  one  Dan  Ward  and 
another  man  named  Greenwood,  and  also  went  into  the 
courts  to  force  the  M.  K.  & T.  Railway  to  carry  liquor 
into  Indian  country.  The  Royal  Brewing  Company 
constituted  another  bunch  of  reformers  who  were  not 
particularly  helpful  to  the  Indian  Service  during  the 
past  year. 

Nearly  two  hundred  regular  deputies  were  employed. 
Sixty  persons  were  fined,  without  jail  sentences,  a total 
of  over  $15,000.  Ninety-one  were  jailed,  without  fines, 
a total  of  nineteen  years.  Twenty-one  were  penned, 
without  fines,  a total  of  twenty-six  years. 

INDUSTRY — During  1914  and  1915  an  industrial 
movement  against  alcohol  gained  astonishing  mo- 
mentum. This  movement  seems  in  large  part  to  have 
been  brought  about  by  recent  scientific  experiments 
disclosing  the  loss  of  working  efficiency  caused  by  the 
most  moderate  use  of  alcoholic  liquors  and  by  the 
passage  of  industrial  compensation  laws  rendering  em- 
ployers of  labor  liable  for  accident  damages  to  em- 
ployees. 

On  January  1,  1914,  the  Diamond  Match  Company 
issued  the  following  order  to  its  employees : “Com- 
mencing with  June  1,  1914,  all  employees  of  the  com- 
pany must  refrain  from  using  intoxicating  liquors,  and 
all  officers  shall  refuse  employment  to  men  known  to 
frequent  saloons.” 

At  a meeting  of  superintendents  and  foremen  of  the 
Homestead  Steel  Works  the  general  manager  announced 
that  subsequent  to  the  order  no  employee  would  be 
allowed  to  drink  during  working  hours,  that  all  drinks 
at  banquets  would  be  abolished,  and  that  any  employee 
who  drank  out  of  working  hours  would  be  in  danger 
of  losing  his  position.  The  officials  of  the  Harbison- 
Walker  Refractories  Company  soon  after  posted  this 
notice:  “Hereafter  any  employee  who  brings  beer, 
whisky,  or  any  other  intoxicating  liquors  into  any  house 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 


181 


or  upon  property  of  the  company  will  be  discharged. 
The  Harbison- Walker  Refractories  Company.”  This 
order  affected  the  largest  silica  brick  plant  in  the  world. 

Other  plants  enacting  or  extending  “industrial  pro- 
hibition” during  the  year  were  the  Hershey  Chocolate 
people,  the  Cambria  Steel  Company,  the  Philadelphia 
Quartz  Company,  which  declared  an  increase  of  ten 
per  cent  in  wages  to  abstainers,  the  Craig-Ridgway 
Company  of  Coatesville,  Pa.,  the  Carnegie  Steel  Com- 
pany, the  American  Sheet  and  Tin  Plate  Company,  the 
International  Harvester  Company,  the  Sherwin-Williams 
Company,  the  Sheffield  Works,  the  United  States  Steel 
Corporation,  the  Western  Electric  Company,  the  Pull- 
man Company,  the  Edison  Company,  the  Western 
Union,  the  Interborough  Company,  the  Standard  Oil 
Company,  Sears,  Roebuck  & Co.,  and  many  similar  or- 
ganizations. 

“There  is  no  use  wasting  time  on  any  young  man 
who  drinks  liquor,  no  matter  how  exceptional  his  tal- 
ents,” says  Andrew  Carnegie,  and  the  general  un- 
friendly attitude  of  business  men  toward  the  non- 
abstainer is  typified  by  the  trenchant  little  saying:  “The 
last  man  hired — the  first  man  fired — the  man  who 
drinks !” 

There  was  also  manifested  an  aggressive  friendship 
for  the  policy  of  local,  state,  and  national  prohibition 
among  business  men  during  1914.  A number  of  the 
largest  industrial  concerns  in  America  positively  for- 
bade their  employees  to  sign  saloon  petitions  or  to  other- 
wise handicap  the  companies  in  their  war  against  the 
license  system.  The  manufacturers  seem  to  have  taken 
the  position  that  alcoholic  liquors,  especially  beer,  are 
the  greatest  hindrance  to  labor  efficiency,  to  prosperity 
and  content  among  workmen,  and  to  general  prosperity. 

Why  Business  Fights  Booze 

The  Pittsburgh  Steel  Company,  employing  5,250  men 
and  having  a monthly  pay  roll  of  $300,000,  went  so  far 
as  to  address  a letter  to  the  license  judges  of  West- 
moreland County,  Pennsylvania,  protesting  earnestly 
against  the  licensing  of  saloons.  In  part,  the  letter 
said : 

‘‘We  have  experienced  a growing  inefiSciency  of  the  services 
of  these  men  and  increased  carelessness  in  the  mills,  resulting 
in  accidents  and  deaths,  largely  attributable  to  the  excessive 
use  of  beer,  whisky  and  other  alcoholic  drinks. 


182 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 


“One  of  the  largest  steel  companies  in  this  district,  after 
an  exhaustive  examination  of  the  causes  of  accidents  in  the 
mills,  makes  the  broad  statement,  that  85  per  cent  of  such 
accidents  are  attributable  directly  or  indirectly  to  liquor.  The 
efiSciency  of  our  men  has  been  so  reduced  in  recent  years,  as 
to  show  that  at  least,  if  not  more,  than  one  tenth  of  our  pay 
roll  is  paid  out  for  services  not  rendered,  and  at  least  20  per 
cent  of  the  money  we  pay  our  men  is  spent  upon  liquor  and 
lost  to  the  use  of  their  families.’’ 

It  is  also  further  declared  that  an  investigation  con- 
ducted by  the  steel  company  showed  that  eighty-three 
out  of  106  prosecutions  and  trials  in  the  town  of 
Monessen  were  due  directly  to  drink.  “We  feel  safe 
in  saying,”  declares  the  company,  “that  the  workmen 
spend  at  least  twenty  per  cent  of  the  wages  we  pay 
them  for  liquor,  and  their  families  are  deprived’  of  the 
benefit  of  much  of  their  earnings.” 

A bulletin  from  the  Colorado  Fuel  and  Iron  Com- 
pany, issued  to  deny  the  report  that  they  operate  sa- 
loons for  their  men,  stated: 

“The  ofiicers  of  the  Colorado  Fuel  and  Iron  Com- 
pany believe  in  the  policies  adopted  by  certain  important 
railroads  prohibiting  the  use  of  intoxicating  liquors 
by  their  employees,  both  on  and  off  duty.  With  the 
advent  of  the  federal  troops,  all  saloons  in  the  coal 
mining  districts  were  closed,  and  as  a result  the  efll- 
ciency  of  the  workmen  has  greatly  improved.  The  aver- 
age production  of  coal  per  man  has  greatly  increased. 

“The  production  at  this  company’s  mines  in  the 
southern  district  of  Colorado  for  the  first  eighteen  days 
of  April  averaged  5.85  tons  per  day  for  each  miner  at 
work.  That  was  before  the  federal  troops  closed  the 
saloons. 

“For  the  first  eighteen  days  of  June  (with  all  saloons 
closed)  each  man  produced  6.52  tons,  which  meant  an 
average  increase  in  wages  of  over  eleven  per  cent  per 
man. 

“This  has  confirmed  the  view  long  held  by  us,  that 
if  saloons  and  drinking  could  be  eliminated  from  iFe 
coal  districts,  not  only  the  minerSj  but  the  companies 
would  be  greatly  benefited.” 

Especially  have  the  manufacturers  been  driven  to 
their  war  against  the  saloon  because  of  the  increasing 
liability  for  accidents  to  employees.  It  has  become 
genercdly  recognized  that,  while  drunkenness  is  but 
seldom  a cause  of  accidents,  the  taking  of  even  one 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 


183 


glass  of  beer  is  apt  to  bring  about  that  state  of  “mild 
irresponsibility”  which  will  bring  disaster. 

On  October  6,  1914,  after  a debate  which  seemed  to 
be  all  affirmative,  the  other  side  being  either  not  present 
or  cowed,  the  “Safety  First”  Congress  of  business 
men  in  Chicago  adopted  a unanimous  resolution  in 
favor  of  business  prohibition  and  total  abstinence.  The 
greatest  enthusiasm  prevailed  among  the  seven  hun- 
dred delegates  when  the  congress  gave  its  unbroken 
and  official  voice  in  favor  of  temperance,  “safety  first,” 
and  efficiency.  The  members  of  the  National  Safety 
Council  employ  more  than  a million  men. 

The  resolution,  which  was  offered  by  A.  T.  Morey 
of  the  Commonwealth  Steel  Company  and  chairman 
of  the  resolutions  committee,  follows: 

“Whereas,  It  is  recognized  that  drinking  of  alcoholic  stimu- 
lants is  productive  of  a heavy  per  cent  of  the  accidents  and 
diseases,  affecting  the  safety  and  efficiency  of  workingmen;  he 
it 

“Resolved,  That  it  is  the  sense  of  this  organization  to  go 
on  record  in  favor  of  eliminating  the  use  of  intoxicants  in  the 
industries  of  the  nation.’’ 

Also,  at  the  last  meeting  of  the  National  Foundry- 
men’s  Association,  held  in  Chicago,  a committee  was 
appointed  to  secure  legislation  keeping  saloons  away 
from  industrial  plants. 

How  the  Saloon  Preys  on  Industry 

That  the  saloon  is  a leech  on  business  is  well  illus- 
trated by  the  following  “Want  Ad”  clipped  from  the 
Chicago  Tribune: 

SALOON — FOR  SALE — GOOD  CORNER,  near  factories;  have 
other  business;  doing  good  business.  Address  W 304,  Tribune. 

The  good  effect  of  prohibition  in  industrial  com- 
munities fully  warrants  the  strenuous  warfare  of  em- 
ployers against  liquor.  Mr.  Charles  L,.  Huston,  vice- 
president  of  the  Lukens  Iron  and  Coal  Company  of 
Pennsylvania,  says  there  was  a decrease  of  fifty-four 
per  cent  in  the  number  of  accidents  the  first  six  dry 
months  in  Coatesville  compared  with  the  correspond- 
ing months  of  the  previous  year  when  the  town  was 
wet.  The  decrease  in  applications  for  aid  during  the 
same  period  was  seventy-five  per  cent,  while  the  de- 
crease in  absence  from  work  on  Mondays  or  days  fol- 
lowing pay  days  was  eighty  per  cent. 

Superintendent  Johnson  of  the  American  Car  Foun- 
dry Works  at  Berwick,  Pa.,  also  testifies  that  industrial 


184 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 


accidents  due  to  alcohol  decreased  one  third  after  an 
evangelistic  campaign  which  induced  many  workmen  to 
sign  the  pledge,  and  the  better  condition  of  these  em- 
ployees was  shown  by  the  fact  that  Berwick  banks  re- 
ported an  increase  of  savings  deposits  of  $80,000  within 
a short  time  after  the  conclusion  of  the  revival. 

The  medical  directors  of  three  great  life  insurance 
companies  estimated  that  from  seven  to  forty-three 
per  cent  of  accidents  are  due,  directly  or  indirectly,  to 
alcohol.  Seven  per  cent  of  the  railroad  accidents,  eight 
per  cent  of  the  street  car  accidents,  ten  per  cent  of 
those  caused  by  automobiles,  eight  per  cent  of  those 
due  to  vehicles  and  horses,  forty-three  per  cent  of  heat 
prostration  and  sunstroke,  seven  per  cent  of  machinery 
accidents,  eight  per  cent  of  the  accidents  in  mines  and 
quarries,  thirteen  per  cent  of  the  drowning,  and  ten 
per  cent  of  the  gunshot  wounds  are  brought  about, 
entirely  or  partially,  by  alcohol. 

Statistics  show  that  in  the  year  ending  September  1, 
1914,  35,000  people  lost  their  lives  as  a result  of  indus- 
trial accidents  in  the  United  States.  This  fearful  toll  is 
at  the  rate  of  one  life  every  fifteen  minutes.  It  is  esti- 
mated that  the  economic  loss  from  the  death  of  work- 
men due  to  industrial  accidents  is  $250,000,000  annually. 

In  view  of  these  facts,  it  is  no  wonder  that  industrial 
prohibition  spreads,  that  the  Insurance  Department  of 
the  State  Industrial  Accident  Commission  in  Los 
Angeles  has  ruled  that  an  employee  injured  after  drink- 
ing is  not  entitled  to  compensation,  and  that  the  United 
States  Government  found  that  seventy-seven  per  cent 
of  more  than  seven  thousand  employers  discriminate 
against  moderate  drinkers. 

A Notable  Investigation 

On  September  20,  1915,  the  Methodist  Temperance 
Society  published  the  result  of  a survey  covering  the 
iron,  coal,  and  steel  trades  of  Ohio,  West  Virginia, 
Pennsjdvania,  and  Illinois.  The  result  of  that  investi- 
gation was  published  as  follows : 

The  Illinois  Steel  Company  located  at  Joliet,  111., 
maintains  a club  house  for  the  use  of  its  men.  During 
the  winter  months  many  bowling  clubs  are  formed. 
Recently  a member  of  one  of  these  clubs  secured  a 
position  in  Pittsburgh.  Before  his  departure  his  fel- 
low members  gave  a banquet  in  his  honor  at  one  of  the 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 


185 


hotels  with  twenty-five  guests,  foremen,  and  men  hold- 
ing clerical  positions  with  the  Illinois  Steel  Company 
present.  When  these  men  went  to  the  table  there  was 
a glass  of  cocktail  at  each  plate.  When  they  left  the 
table  there  was  still  a glass  of  cocktail  at  each  plate. 
Not  one  had  been  touched. 

How  Liquor  Views  Industrial  Prohibition 
“One  of  the  most  pregnant  signs  of  the  times  is  the 
steady  and  increasing  tendency  of  big  corporations  to 
encroach  on  the  personal  liberties  of  workers,”  says 
Mida’s  Criterion,  a standard  liquor  trade  magazine. 
And  the  Brewers’  Journal  remarks,  “There  are  even 
companies  and  individual  employers  who  threaten  to 
discharge  employees  for  drinking  alcohol  at  any  time. 
They  do  not  care  if  that  is  social  and  economic  slavery. 
Their  main  object  is  to  protect  their  pocketbooks.” 

Scope  of  This  Investigation 
The  public  press  for  the  past  year  has  said  much  in 
regard  to  this  growing  hostility  to  alcohol  on  the  part 
of  industry.  In  order  to  determine  the  extent  of  this 
feeling,  and  to  throw  a broad  shaft  of  light  on  the 
attitude  of  all  industry  toward  the  movement  for  ab- 
stinence and  prohibition,  the  Methodist  Temperance 
Society  has  conducted  a careful  investigation  covering 
the  iron  and  steel  trades  of  Pennsylvania,  Ohio,  Illinois, 
and  West  Virginia.  Information  was  secured  from  140 
companies,  many  of  which  have  more  than  one  plant. 

The  Tendency  of  “Big  Business” 

This  investigation  reveals  conclusively  that  the  ten- 
dency of  industrial  corporations  is  to  take  every  prac- 
ticable measure  to  prevent  drinking  on  duty  or  off.  Al- 
most without  exception  they  testify  that  the  abstainer 
is  more  efficient  in  his  work  and  that  he  alone  is  con- 
sidered when  a place  of  responsibility  is  open.  Many  of 
these  concerns  are  conducting  extensive  propagandas 
to  induce  their  men  to  abstain  at  all  times.  The  motto  of 
the  Illinois  Steel  Company  is  “Safety,  Sobriety,  Clean- 
liness,” and  that  motto  is  typical. 

Not  so  many  years  ago  it  was  quite  the  custom  for 
workmen  to  send  boys  out  for  beer  during  working 
hours.  Of  120  concerns  replying,  only  six  say  that  they 
permit  this  at  the  present  time. 


186  Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 

(Here  follow  the  names  of  120  concerns,  aggre- 
gating a billion  dollars  and  more  in  capital.) 

Absolute  Prohibition  Undertaken  by  Some 

Ten  concerns  not  only  prohibit  drinking  during  work- 
ing hours,  but  absolutely  prohibit  it  at  any  time.  One 
hundred  others,  in  giving  information  on  this  point, 
say  that  they  do  everything  possible  to  prevent  drink- 
ing by  their  employees  out  of  hours,  but  that  the  prac- 
tical difficulties  prevent  their  announcing  a blanket  policy 
of  prohibition.  The  ten  concerns  which  have  under- 
taken the  Herculean  task  of  preventing  all  drinking  by 
their  employees  are : 

(Here  follow  the  names  of  ten  great  steel  corpora- 
tions.) 

“Any  attempt  to  interfere  with  the  habits  of  the  men 
outside  of  working  hours  would  be  resented  by  them, 
but  we  recognize  that  even  the  moderate  use  of  liquor 
is  hurtful,  and  we  exert  every  moral  influence  to  pro- 
mote abstinence  among  our  employees,”  says  the  Lock- 
hart Iron  & Steel  Company  of  Pennsylvania.  “It  is 
impossible  to  prohibit  the  use  of  intoxicating  liquors  by 
employees  while  they  are  off  duty,  but  we  use  every 
means  to  discourage  and  prevent  it,”  says  the  Jackson 
Iron  & Steel  Company  of  Ohio.  The  American  Car 
Foundries  Company  of  Pennsylvania  dismisses  men 
who  go  into  saloons  on  the  way  to  or  from  work,  and 
the  Lukens  Iron  & Steel  Company  of  the  same  state 
suspends  an  employee  one  week  for  his  first  offense; 
for  the  second  he  is  often  discharged.  The  Lukens 
Company  prohibits  drinking  both  during  working  hours 
and  out  of  working  hours.  These  replies  indicate  the 
nature  of  many  others. 

No  Progress  for  the  "Moderate”  Drinker 

Eighty-three  of  the  concerns  queried  discriminate 
against  those  who  use  alcoholic  liquors  in  employing  and 
advancing  men.  Even  the  most  “moderate”  use  is 
fatal  to  a man’s  chance  of  advancement. 

(Here  follow  the  names  of  eighty-three  concerns.) 

A Scientific  Interest  Manifested 

Sixty-three  concerns  have  taken  steps  to  determine 
the  influence  of  the  moderate  use  of  liquor  on  working 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 


187 


efficiency  and  reliability,  and  without  exception  they 
testify  that  it  is  bad.  These  are  the  concerns : 

(Here  follows  a list  of  sixty-three  steel  companies.) 

Some  Constructive  Policies  Pursued 
Some  exceedingly  interesting  information  was  gath- 
ered as  to  the  steps  being  taken  by  various  establish- 
ments to  promote  abstinence  among  their  employees. 
No  less  than  sixty-three  of  these  great  industrial  cor- 
porations are  undertaking  constructive  abstinence  work. 

“The  doctrine  of  heaven  and  hell  has  not  made  the 
appeal  necessary  to  get  results,  but  the  doctrine  of  per- 
sonal efficiency  is  doing  and  will  do  a great  deal,” 
writes  the  Union  Steel  Castings  Company  of  Pennsyl- 
vania. 

The  American  Manganese  Steel  Company  of  Chicago 
Heights,  111.,  is  one  of  the  great  industrial  concerns  of 
America.  At  this  plant  the  men  have  not  only  been 
warned  that  total  abstainers  are  given  the  preference 
in  the  matter  of  promotion,  but  they  have  also  been 
given  to  understand  that  frequenting  saloons  or  bring- 
ing liquor  into  the  plant  means  instant  discharge.  . A 
club  which  furnishes  clean  amusements  has  been  started. 
At  this  club  liquor  and  gambling  are  absolutely  pro- 
hibited. The  company  has  installed  a lunch  room,  pro- 
viding soup  and  coffee  inside  of  the  plant  at  a nominal 
sum.  This  is  intended  as  a substitute  for  the  warm  free 
lunch  to  be  obtained  at  saloons.  A saloon  garnishment 
notice  means  the  immediate  discharge  of  the  employee. 

The  Interstate  Steel  & Iron  Company  of  East  Chi- 
cago, Ind.,  has  been  conducting  a bulletin  board  cam- 
paign and  requiring  instruction  in  the  principles  of 
abstinence  through  the  foremen.  The  company  says : 
“We  are  succeeding  famously.  Most  important  is  the 
fact  that  our  men  also  see  the  good  of  it.” 

What  the  Illinois  Steel  Company  Does 
The  Illinois  Steel  Company  of  Joliet,  111.,  when  run- 
ning to  its  full  capacity,  employs  4,000  men.  About  three 
years  ago  this  concern  stopped  men  from  going  out  of 
the  gates  during  the  noon  hour  without  a special  pass, 
because  of  the  fact  that  there  were  saloons  close  to  the 
main  entrance  of  the  plant.  Realizing  the  gravity  of 
the  problem,  the  Illinois  Steel  Company  instituted  well- 
considered  measures  to  promote  the  abstinence  and  effi- 


188 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 


ciency  of  its  men.  This  campaign  was  under  the  direc- 
tion of  Mr.  H.  B.  Smith,  inspector  of  safety  and  labor. 
When  it  started  one  of  the  saloons  across  the  street 
from  the  plant  used  eight  bartenders.  At  the  present 
time  it  uses  two.  The  employees  were  definitely  re- 
quested to  abstain  from  liquors  on  their  way  to  work. 
Striking  posters  were  prepared  for  the  bulletin  boards, 
and  the  Mixer,  the  plant’s  publication,  contained  tem- 
perance material  in  each  issue.  Mr.  Smith,  himself, 
holds  frequent  conferences  with  the  foremen.  Every 
opportunity  is  given  to  the  men  to  procure  milk  and 
similiar  substitutes. 

“When  we  employ  a man,”  says  Mr.  Smith,  “he  is 
asked  if  he  is  in  the  habit  of  drinking  alcoholic  liquors. 
If  he  is,  he  is  informed  that  he  might  as  well  not  go 
to  work  as  he  would  be  laid  off  sooner  or  later.” 

“Safety  First"  is  the  Battle  Cry 

The  industrial  abstinence  propaganda  has  become 
closely  allied  with  the  “Safety  First”  campaign.  The 
whole  movement  is  conducted  in  the  name  of  efficiency, 
and  abstinence  campaigns  are  managed  in  the  great 
industrial  plants  of  the  country  in  an  attitude  of  s^-m- 
pathetic  cooperation  with  the  men  themselves. 

Employers  give  detailed  information  as  to  the  splen- 
did effect  of  these  abstinence  campaigns  upon  the  acci- 
dent rate  and  the  work  output.  Several  of  them 
announce  that  they  are  adopting  more  drastic  rules  be- 
cause of  new  compensation  laws  which  are  going  into 
effect,  and  many  of  them  take  pains  to  express  their 
sympathy  with  prohibition  laws  as  an  effective  aid  to 
the  promotion  of  abstinence. 

Perhaps  the  most  significant  thing  developed  by  the 
whole  inquiry  is  the  universal  recognition  of  the  fact 
that  moderate  drinking  has  a distinctly  bad  effect  upon 
the  efficiency  and  reliability  of  workingmen.  There 
does  not  seem  to  be  two  opinions  upon  this  point. 

(Here  follow  various  miscellaneous  extracts  from 
letters.) 

In  commenting  upon  this  report  the  Manufacturers* 
Record  said : 

“This  very  remarkable  survey  of  the  work  that  the 
foremost  iron  and  steel  people  of  the  United  States 
are  doing  to  lessen  the  drink  evil  is  one  of  the  most 
interesting  reports  ever  issued  in  this  countn,\  The  very 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 


189 


magnitude  of  the  interests  represented  and  of  the  state- 
ments made  by  them  makes  it  impossible  for  any  busi- 
ness concern  or  any  newspaper  to  ignore  their  views, 
entirely  without  regard  to  what  employers  and  employ- 
ees may  have  believed  in  the  past  as  to  this  subject.” 

Industry  Awaking  in  Europe 

The  movement,  while  strongest  in  America,  is  not 
entirely  confined  to  this  country.  In  Germany  the 
Prussian-Hessian  Railroad  finds  that  its  orders  against 
the  use  of  alcohol  not  only  make  the  men  more  fit  for 
service,  but  aflPairs  move  with  greater  certainty  and 
more  smoothly,  as  the  employees  show  more  considera- 
tion and  willingness,  cases  of  insubordination  and  dis- 
putes have  become  less  frequent,  and  the  number  of 
cases  of  sickness  resulting  from  the  use  of  alcohol  has 
diminished. 

“Little  by  little,”  says  the  Metal  Arbeiter  Zeitung 
(Metal  Workers’  Journal),  “business  managers  have 
come  to  see  that  a higher  degree  of  efficiency  can  be  sus- 
tained by  the  men  when  sober.”  Knowledge  of  the 
dangers  of  the  use  of  alcohol  is  making  constant  head- 
way, especially  among  the  younger  men.  The  railroads 
are  not  only  requiring  sobriety,  but  are  making  it  easy 
for  the  employees  to  obtain  nonalcoholic  drinks  by 
opening  counters  where  tea,  coffee,  milk,  mineral  watery 
and  cheap  but  nourishing  hot  food  can  be  obtained. 

The  Leipsic  Sick  Benefit  Society  found  that  when 
the  general  accident  rate  for  insured  workmen  was  one 
hundred  per  thousand,  the  accident  rate  among  drinkers 
was  320  per  thousand,  and  the  Roeschlingsche  Iron  and 
Steel  Works  of  Volklingen,  Germany,  discovered  that 
while  the  average  accident  rate  in  their  plant  was 
twelve  per  thousand,  the  rate  of  abstainers  was  only 
eight  per  thousand. 

Chancellor  Lloyd-George  of  England  has  testified  that 
prohibition  in  Russia  increased  labor  efficiency  thirty 
to  fifty  per  cent,  and  Mr.  J.  E.  Hurley,  late  general 
manager  of  the  Santa  Fe  Railroad,  showed  the  effect 
of  prohibition  in  Kansas  upon  this  problem  in  the 
following  words : 

“The  railroad  men  of  Kansas  are,  in  my  opinion, 
the  best  railroad  men  all  around,  in  the  United  States 
for  efficiency,  on  account  of  the  absence  of  saloons  in 
Kansas,  owing  to  our  state  prohibition  law.  I make 


190 


Cyclopedia  oi  Temperance 


this  statement  unqualifiedly  after  thirty  years  of  rail- 
road experience.” 

Everywhere  laboring  men  are  showing  a disposition 
to  fall  in  with  these  efforts  to  promote  their  own 
good. 

A report  from  Philadelphia  says  that  among  the 
125,000  employees  in  the  operating  department  of  the 
Pennsylvania  Railroad  system,  East,  it  takes  a close 
hunt  to  find  a man  who  indulges  in  intoxicating  drinks. 
The  company  says  that  during  1913,  784,675  observations 
were  made  as  to  the  use  of  intoxicants  by  employees, 
and  only  in  158  cases  was  discipline  required. 

An  interesting  feature  of  the  Pacific  Coast  crusade 
against  the  drinking  of  liquor  by  workingmen  was  the 
prohibition  in  Los  Angeles  of  the  cashing  of  pay  checks 
in  saloons. 

INJUNCTION  LAWS — Injunction  laws  have  been 
found  one  of  the  most  valuable  agents  for  the  suppres- 
sion of  the  liquor  traffic  in  prohibition  territory.  Under 
these  laws  courts  can  proceed  against  any  place  where 
liquors  are  sold  as  a common  nuisance,  enjoining  it 
from  further  violation  of  the  law.  The  injunction 
rests  upon  the  law  violator  and  upon  the  property  as 
well,  and  continued  violation  brings  severe  penalties 
for  contempt  of  court,  the  property  suffering  as  well  as 
the  violator. 

INSANITY — According  to  Dr.  Rosanoff  of  Clark 
University,  twenty-five  per  cent  of  insanity  is  charge- 
able to  the  use  of  alcoholic  liquors.  Other  students 
place  the  percentage  as  high  as  thirty-five  to  fifty  per 
cent. 

Dr.  W.  A.  Evans,  medical  editor  of  the  Chicago 
Tribune,  says  that  there  are  not  less  than  250,000  insane 
people  in  the  United  States,  and  if  we  were  to  include 
all  mental  defectives  the  number  would  be  300,000.  He 
also  says  that  only  a small  portion  of  these  (33,000) 
are  segregated  in  institutions. 

In  nearly  every  state  the  expense  of  caring  for  the 
insane  is  mounting  rapidly,  due  to  a growing  social 
conscience,  but  in  view  of  the  fact  that  such  a small 
proportion  of  our  mental  defectives  are  now  sheltered, 
the  question  of  checking  the  increase  of  insanity  is 
pressing.  We  are  in  great  danger  of  not  being  able 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 


191 


to  stand  the  burden  if  it  increases  as  rapidly  as  it  has 
in  the  last  ten  years. 

The  effect  of  prohibition  upon  insanity  statistics  is 
made  very  apparent  by  the  following  tables  which  con- 
trast three  representative  prohibition  states  with  three 
of  the  “wettest”  states : 


Comparative  Insanity  Rate 


Maine  

Pennsylvania  .... 

195 

Kansas  

. . . . 172 

Montana  

North  Dakota  

Nevada 

288 

A comparison  between  the  representative  prohibition 
states  we  have  selected  and  their  respective  geographi- 
cal divisions,  as  well  as  a comparison  with  the  United 
States  as  a whole,  also  shows  to  the  great  advantage 
of  the  prohibition  policy.  In  the  table  below  we  give 
the  insane  in  hospitals  in  the  United  States  as  a whole, 
in  New  England,  in  Maine,  and  in  the  other  New  Eng- 
land States : 

Comparing  Eastern  States  and  Maine 


United  States  204 

Maine 16P 

Vermont  278 

Bhode  Island  229 

New  England  293 

New  Hampshire  213: 

Massachusetts  344 

Connecticut  321 


And  the  following  comparison  shows  how  North  Da- 
kota and  Kansas  stand  in  their  section : 

Comparing  Kansas,  North  Dakota,  and  West 

West  North  Central  Division  194 


Iowa  241 

North  Dakota  108 

Nebraska  165 

Minnesota  228 

Missouri  187 

South  Dakota  148 

Kansas  172 


A comparison  is  also  available  between  certain  insane 
hospitals  of  Eastern  states  and  insane  institutions  in 
prohibition  states.  The  average  percentage  _of  insanity 
due  to  alcohol  in  Manhattan  Hospital,  New  York; 
Stockton  Hospital,  California:  Farnhurst  Hospital,  Del- 
aware; Northern  Hospital,  Wisconsin;  Mendota  Hos- 
pital, Wisconsin;  State  Hospital,  Nevada;  Springfield 
Hospital,  Maryland;  Worcester  Hospital,  Massachu- 


192 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 


setts;  Tewksbury  Hospital,  Massachusetts;  Bridgewater 
Hospital,  Massachusetts;  Taunton  Hospital,  Massachu- 
setts; Overbrook  Hospital,  New  Jersey;  and  Nonvich 
Hospital,  Connecticut,  was  26.9  per  cent,  but  the  aver- 
age in  the  following  hospitals  in  prohibition  states : 
Eastern  Maine  Hospital,  Maine;  State  Hospital,  Maine; 
Osawatomie  Hospital,  Kansas ; Topeka  Hospital,  Kan- 
sas; State  Hospital,  Kansas;  Eastern  Mississippi  Hos- 
pital, Mississippi ; Morganton  Hospital,  North  Carolina, 
was  a little  less  than  six  per  cent. 

The  limitations  of  this  book  prevent  us  from  giving 
space  to  voluminous  studies  by  experts.  In  brief,  this 
mass  of  information  reveals  that  from  twenty-five  to 
fifty  per  cent  of  insanity  is  caused  by  drink,  and  the 
discrepancy  between  alcohol-caused  insanity  in  prohibi- 
tion states  and  in  license  states  is  about  one  to  five. 

INSURANCE — See  Mortality  from  Alcohol. 

INTERNAL  REVENUE— The  term  applied  to 
revenue  other  than  that  derived  from  tariffs.  (For 
liquor  revenue  see  Revenue,  Liquor.) 

INTERNATIONAL  CONGRESS  ON  ALCO- 
HOLISM— The  International  Congress  on  Alcoholism 
will  probably  meet  in  Atlantic  City,  N.  J.,  in  July, 
1916.  This  congress  now  has  a high  international  stand- 
ing. The  latest  session  was  held  in  Milan,  Italy.  Were 
it  not  for  the  war,  delegates  from  forty  nations  would 
be  present.  The  United  States  Government  has  made 
an  appropriation  of  $40,000  for  the  entertainment  of 
these  delegates,  and  has  regularly  sent  delegates  to  the 
congress  when  held  in  other  countries.  The  Inter- 
national Prohibition  Confederation  will  also  hold  its 
meeting  in  connection  with  the  Congress  on  Alcoholism. 

INTERSTATE  TRAFFIC— Under  the  United 
States  Constitution  all  traffic  between  the  states  is  under 
federal  control.  Consequently,  interstate  commpce  of 
liquor  cannot  be  prohibited  by  any  state,  excepting  un- 
der the  provisions  of  the  Webb-Kenyon  Bill.  (See 
that  subject.) 

INTOXICANTS — See  Alcoholic  Beverages. 

IOWA — The  state  is  at  present  under  the  Mulct  law, 
which  makes  ineffective  a former  prohibition  act.  The 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 


193 


Mulct  law  has  been  repealed  and  prohibition  becomes 
effective  again  January  1,  1916.  The  1915  Legislature 
submitted  constitutional  prohibition  to  be  voted  upon 
in  the  election  of  1917,  but  the  Legislature  of  that  year 
must  ratify  this  submission  before  the  election  is  as- 
sured. The  statutory  provision  effective  January  1,  1916, 
prohibits  liquor  containing  even  a trace  of  alcohol.  At 
the  present  time  Iowa  has  115  wet  cities  and  towns  and 
725  dry  cities.  Des  Moines,  the  capital,  with  a popula- 
tion of  105,000  is  dry. 

No  law  was  ever  more  bitterly  fought  or  was  the 
victim  of  more  dirty  politics.  As  a result,  in  1894,  the 
mulct  law,  which  was  simply  a scheme  to  secure  the 
nonenforcement  of  statutory  prohibition  in  certain  com- 
munities, was  adopted.  The  repeal  of  the  mulct  law 
leaves  the  old  prohibitory  statute  of  1884  in  full  effect. 

On  January  1,  1915,  Iowa  had  twelve  wet  counties, 
seventy-nine  dry. 

IRELAND — See  “Great  Britain”;  also  “Catch-My- 
Pal  Movement.” 

ITALY — (For  development  since  the  war  see 
“War.”) 

“The  opinion  as  to  the  great  danger  in  which  Italy 
stands  from  alcoholism  is  practically  unanimous,”  de- 
clares Dr.  Amaldi,  the  Florentine  alienist.  This  does 
not  seem  to  indicate  that  wine  has  “solved  the  problem” 
there. 

Until  the  last  few  years  wine  drinking  in  Italy  was 
practically  universal,  but  a few  years  ago  the  govern- 
ment sent  a circular  to  the  various  prefects  of  the 
provinces,  asking  their  cooperation  in  combatting  the 
evil,  and  since  that  time  conditions  have  bettered  some- 
what. 

Of  23,292  admissions  of  men  into  forty-nine  lunatic 
asylums  during  the  years  1905-1907  there  was  a per- 
centage of  14.2  of  alcoholic  psychoses.  In  twenty-six 
of  these  asylums  the  proportion  of  cases  due  exclusively 
and  partially  to  the  hereditary  alcohol  habit  is  given  as 
28.3  per  cent. 

Said  the  Lancet,  the  leading  British  medical  journal, 
for  September,  1910:  “Drunkenness  in  Italy  has  become 
common  enough  to  lose  much  of  the  disgrace  attached 
to  it.”  Between  1887  and  1908,  while  the  number  of 


194 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 


deaths  in  Italy  declined  by  more  than  100,000,  the 
number  of  deaths  from  alcoholism  doubled. 


JUVENILE  DELINQUENCY— The  liquor  inter- 
ests frequently  make  use  of  comparisons  between  pro- 
hibition states  and  selected  license  states  which  seem  to 
indicate  that  there  is  more  juvenile  delinquency  in  the 
prohibition  territory.  It  should  be  borne  in  mind  that 
juvenile  delinquency  laws  vary  greatly  in  the  different 
states,  especially  in  their  history,  standards  of  commit- 
ment, administration,  etc. 

For  instance.  Maine  had,  on  January  1,  1910,  343 
juvenile  delinquents.  During  1910  seventj'-five  were 
discharged  or  paroled,  a percentage  of  twenty-one. 
Pennsylvania  had,  on  January  1.  1910.  2.138  juvenile  de- 
linquents, and  during  1910,  1.019  of  them  were  dis- 
charged or  paroled,  a percentage  of  fifty.  It  is  ob- 
vious that  such  a difference  in  the  methods  of  paroling 
and  discharging  delinquents  makes  it  impossible  to 
compare  these  two  states  and  arrive  at  any  correct  con- 
clusions. 

Frequently  the  liquor  publicity  organizations  compare 
Kansas  or  Maine  with  some  other  single  state,  when 
practically  any  other  state  selected  in  their  respective 
territories  would  show  the  prohibition  states  to  an  ad- 
vantage. They  compare  klaine  and  Kansas  with  Ne- 
braska and  Minnesota,  but  avoid  comparing  them  with 
Colorado,  Connecticut,  Delaware,  Mar3’land,  Michigan, 
New  York,  Rhode  Island,  Massachusetts,  Vermont,  and 
other  states. 

A number  of  states  have  no  juvenile  delinquencj’  sys- 
tem at  all.  and  in  some  it  is  hardly  developed.  The  fol- 
lowing fable  has  been  compiled  W Mr.  William  P.  F. 
Ferguson : 


New  England  and  Maine  Delinquency 


States 

New  England  . 

Maine  

New  Hampshire 

Vermont  

Massachusetts  . 
Rhode  Island  . 
Connecticut  . . . 


Rate  per  100,000 

50 

46 

46 

48 

44 

66 

62 


It  is  observable  from  this  table  that  Maine,  although 
under  poor  law  enforcement,  had  a rate  lower  than  the 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 


195 


states  in  its  section,  and  as  low  as  any  other  state  in 
the  group,  save  one. 

If  we  take  the  West  North  Central  Division,  we  find 
several  interesting  things  in  the  following  table : 


Kansas,  North  Dakota,  and  the  West  North  Central 


States 

West  North  Central 

Minnesota  

Iowa 

Missouri  

North  Dakota  

South  Dakota  

Nebraska  

Kansas  


Rate  per  100,000 

22 

18 

25 

28 

9 

....  15 

....  11 

25 


North  Dakota,  a prohibition  state,  has  the  lowest 
rate  in  this  group,  and  Kansas  has  a rate  next  to  the 
highest.  This  is  a striking  illustration  of  the  difficulty 
of  getting  any  “lesson”  from  such  comparisons  in  the 
consideration  of  juvenile  delinquency.  The  seeming  in- 
consistency is  accounted  for  by  the  different  age  of  the 
juvenile  delinquency  systems  of  the  states  in  this  group, 
the  varying  percentage  of  discharges  and  paroles,  etc. 


KANSAS — Constitutional  prohibition  has  obtained 
in  Kansas  since  1880.  Kansas  swore  off  in  these  words, 
“The  manufacture  and  sale  of  intoxicating  liquors  shall 
be  forever  prohibited  in  this  state.” 

Statutory  legislation  backs  this  up  with  a penalty  of 
$100  to  $500  and  thirty  to  ninety  days  in  jail  for  each 
offense.  The  jail  sentence  becomes  six  months  if  the 
offense  is  in  maintaining  a place  where  liquors  are 
sold. 

Do  not  think  this  is  merely  a moribund  measure  on 
the  statute  books.  It  is  a double-action,  smokeless,  and 
quick-firing  law  that  does  business  whenever  the  occa- 
sion arises.  For  instance,  a few  weeks  before  this 
was  written,  a druggist  of  Topeka,  Kan.,  was  fined 
$500  and  got  a jail  sentence  of  six  months.  This  man 
was  a first  offender. 


The  Pen  for  the  Pigs 

There  is  another  law  for  the  incorrigible.  This  law 
provides  a penalty  of  one  year  in  the  penitentiary  at 
hard  labor  for  the  man  who  offends  a second  time. 
Neither  is  this  law  a “Quaker  cannon.”  A very  short 
time  ago,  one  William  Briggs  concluded  that  the  pro- 


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Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 


hibition  law  was  nothing  to  be  afraid  of,  and  made  a 
second  sale  of  liquor  after  having  been  once  convicted. 
He  was  sentenced  to  the  penitentiary. 

The  Kansas  prohibition  law  covers  the  state  “like  the 
dew.”  Druggists  cannot  sell  liquors.  Kansas  tried  ex- 
empting them,  and  soon  found  that  the  exemption  was 
a nuisance.  If  a Kansas  citizen  is  bitten  by  a snake 
now,  he  has  to  go  to  Missouri  to  get  treatment,  unless 
he  is  an  up-to-date,  intelligent  fellow,  and  knows  that 
whisky  is  not  good  for  snake  bite. 

The  Kansas  law  is  double-riveted,  copper-bottomed, 
and  air-tight.  It  is  pig  tight.  It  forbids  everything 
that  ought  to  be  forbidden,  and  spikes  down  its  prohibi- 
tions with  adequate  penalties.  Incidentally  it  provides 
a way  by  which  the  people  can  get  rid  of  traitorous 
officials  who  refuse  to  enforce  the  law. 

Of  course,  some  people  drink  anyway,  as  is  their 
privilege.  But  nine  tenths  of  the  liquor  consumed  in 
Kansas  is  purchased  in  a perfectly  legal  way  through 
interstate  commerce,  for  the  personal  consumption  of 
the  man  buying  it.  It  does  not  come  out  of  a corner 
saloon,  filled  with  bums  and  loafers,  spewing  out  hang- 
ers-on to  make  vile  remarks  about  passing  women, 
and  vomiting  forth  crime,  disorder,  and  pauperism. 

But  the  Kansans  who  do  drink  are  not  numerous, 
and  they  don’t  d’’ink  much.  (See  Consumption  of  Al- 
cohol.) 

How  About  Taxes? 

Neither  does  prohibition  make  the  taxes  high.  The 
Kansas  state  tax  rate  is  1.2  mills. 

And  to  make  a comparison  with  a state  that  lies 
just  alongside  Kansas,  the  Missouri  state  tax  rate  is 
1.9  mills. 

There  are  two  reasons  why  the  Kansas  tax  rate  is 
low.  First,  there  is  plenty  of  wealth  in  Kansas  to  tax; 
second,  there  is  not  so  much  need  of  taxes  to  take 
care  of  the  insanity,  crime,  pauperism,  etc.,  caused  by 
the  use  of  liquor. 

The  assessment  of  taxable  property  in  Kansas  for 
1913  totaled  $2,810,961,092.  This  is  a per  capita  assessed 
wealth  of  $1,684.  Missouri,  much  more  favored  as  to 
climate,  topography,  and  soil,  and,  aside  from  its  Negro 
population,  with  practically  the  same  kind  of  people, 
has  an  assessed  valuation  of  $1,765,476,990.  This  as- 
sessment, however,  is  on  a basis  of  forty  per  cent,  and 


Cyclopedia  ot  Temperance 


197 


as  we  wish  to  be  perfectly  fair,  we  multiply  it  by  two 
and  one-half  times,  thus  estimating  Missouri’s  actual 
wealth  at  $4,391,192,475.  Nevertheless,  this  gives  a 
per  capita  wealth  of  only  $1,333,  as  compared  to  the 
Kansas  per  capita  wealth  of  $1,684. 

And  at  practically  every  point,  the  comparisons  favor 
the  prohibition  state.  The  per  capita  valuation  of  live 
stock  in  Missouri,  in  1910,  was  about  $133 ; in  Kansas 
it  was  $150.  In  the  last  twenty-one  years,  bank  bal- 
ances in  the  prohibition  state  have  increased  four  and 
one-half  times,  and  the  live  stock  wealth  has  increased 
nearly  three  times.  Very  nearly  every  family  can  af- 
ford a house  to  itself.  The  total  number  of  families 
in  Kansas  is  395,771,  and  the  total  number  of  dwelling 
houses  is  385,682. 

Yes,  the  state  has  the  wealth  to  tax,  but  there  is  not 
so  great  a need  to  tax  it  as  there  is  in  license  terri- 
tory. For  instance,  Missouri  has  187  insane  to  every 
100,000  and  Kansas  has  only  172.  The  average  of  in- 
sane to  the  100,000  in  the  whole  West  North  Central 
division  of  states  is  194.  The  rate  of  commitments 
to  prison  in  1910  for  the  United  States  was  520,  and 
for  the  license  states  in  the  West  North  Central  divi- 
sion 465,  while  in  Kansas  it  was  only  two  hundred.  The 
Kansas  rate  was  far  below  that  of  any  other  state  ex- 
cept North  Dakota,  which  is  also  under  prohibition. 
If  the  Kansans  did  not  assume  much  of  the  burden 
which  should  be  borne  by  their  neighbors,  there  would 
be  a still  greater  disparity,  for  only  twenty  per  cent 
of  the  prisoners  received  during  the  last  two  years  were 
natives  of  Kansas,  whereas,  forty-nine  per  cent  of 
those  received  by  the  Missouri  prisons  during  that  time 
were  native  products.  (See  Crime;  also  Insanity.) 

Growing  Still  Better 

And  when  Kansas  succeeds  in  finally  purging  herself 
of  the  evils  resulting  from  her  early  policy  toward  the 
liquor  traffic,  her  showing  will  be  still  more  wonderful. 

Of  the  patients  in  the  insane  hospitals  less  than  ten 
per  cent  are  under  the  age  of  thirty.  • “About  one 
eighth  of  all  the  cases  received  into  the  state  hospitals 
for  the  insane  during  1913  were  due  directly  to  heredi- 
tary mental  diseases — hang-overs  from  saloon  days,” 
says  Mr.  J.  W.  Howe,  Secretary  of  the  Kansas  Board 
of  Control.  There  were  only  fifteen  patients  received 


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Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 


during  the  entire  year  whose  insanity  was  due  to  liquor 
consumption,  a percentage  of  only  2.3.  “I  am  told,” 
says  Mr.  Howe,  “that  in  New  York  the  percentage  is 
31.4,  and  in  Massachusetts  30.6.”  The  difference  is 
spelled  in  the  letters  of  the  prohibition  law. 

Paupers  are  as  scarce  as  rabbit  horns  in  Kansas. 
During  the  last  year  there  were  only  812  in  the  entire 
state.  Twenty-nine  counties  have  no  inmates  of  poor- 
houses  at  all.  Over  the  line  in  Missouri,  there  were 
2,443  paupers  in  the  county  poorhouses,  and  there  were 
in  the  last  year  reported  6,711  cases  of  county  relief  of 
the  poor.  Missouri’s  population  is  just  about  twice  that 
of  Kansas.  (See  Pauperism.) 

This  is  the  Kansas  prosperity  scheme — to  keep  her 
citizens  sane,  law-abiding,  intelligent,  and  at  work. 

Missouri  received  into  her  county  jails,  in  1910,  13,587 
prisoners.  In  1913  Kansas  managed  to  accumulate  only 
4,833  such  offenders.  Five  counties — Cheyenne,  Grant, 
Haskell,  Stanton,  and  Wichita — had  no  prisoners  in  their 
county  jails.  In  Trego  County  there  was  only  one 
prisoner  in  her  jail  in  the  past  twelve  years.  Eighteen 
as  a vagrant.  Hodgeman  County  has  had  only  one 
prisoner  during  the  year — a lonesome  tramp  picked  up 
counties  had  no  prisoners  in  the  penitentiary  at  all  in 
1913.  Twenty-three  sent  no  prisoners  to  the  Kansas 
penitentiary  in  the  years  1911-12,  and  nineteen  had  but 
one  man  each. 

Wbat  About  Schools? 

The  Jayhawker  State  believes  in  substitutes  for  the 
saloon.  Her  favorite  “substitute”  is  the  school.  The 
percentage  of  illiteracy  in  Kansas  is  only  2.2,  and  of  - 
the  native  white  population,  only  eight  tenths  of  one 
per  cent.  In  Missouri  the  percentage  is  4.3,  and  in  - 
Vermont  3.7.  In  Kansas  seventy-four  per  cent  of  those  t 
enrolled  attend  schools;  in  Missouri  seventy  per  cent,  j 
Vermont  pays  her  teachers  an  average  of  $35.46;  Mis-  ^ 
souri,  $55.33;  and  Kansas,  $75.07.  Vermont  expends  on  - 
her  schools  $4.61  per  capita;  Missouri,  $4.32;  and  Kan-  ■ 
sas,  $5.94.  ; 

You  see,  Kansas  is  a good  place  to  live.  Prohibition  : 
has  helped  everything  except  the  climate  and  it  has  -s: 
made  its  men  and  women  so  robust  that  the  climate  ha: 
few  terrors  for  them.  The  death  rate  of  the  state 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 


199 


according  to  the  State  Board  of  Health,  is  only  10.14 
per  thousand.  In  Missouri  it  is  13.20  per  thousand. 

i Liquor’s  Deadly  Hand  Stayed  in  Kansas 

The  United  States  Government  has  admitted  Kansas 
to  the  registration  area,  which  places  the  seal  of  gov- 
ernmental approval  on  the  state  vital  statistics. 

; These  statistics  are  startling  in  what  they  reveal  re- 
garding the  effect  of  the  prohibitory  law  on  health 
and  the  death  rate. 

“An  important  element  in  the  good  showing  of  Kan- 
sas is  the  absence  of  the  saloon,”  says  Mr.  W.  J.  V. 
Deacon,  State  Registrar. 

It  is  his  opinion  that  the  prohibitory  law  affects 
favorably  the  death  rate  from  tuberculosis,  pneumonia 
and  broncho-pneumonia,  Bright’s  disease,  diabetes,  and 
suicide. 

1 For  instance,  in  1913  there  were  1,088  deaths  from 
I all  forms  of  tuberculosis  in  Kansas,  making  a specific 
1 death  rate  of  64.6  per  100,000,  as  compared  to  a death 
i rate  of  149.5  per  100,000  for  the  registration  area  of  the 
' United  States  in  1912.  It  is  also  worth  noting  in  this 
connection  that  the  deaths  from  this  disease  in  Kansas 
have  decreased  no  less  than  thirty-three  and  one-third 
iper  cent  since  the  closing  of  the  “joints.”  Dr.  Deacon’s 
statement  in  connection  with  this  report  on  tuberculosis 
says : 

“There  is  in  Kansas  a gratifying  absence  of  slum 
'districts,  the  housing  conditions  throughout  the  state 
,are  very  fair,  and  we  do  not  have  a large  percentage 
jof  the  very  poor,  among  which  class  the  mortality  rate 
I from  tuberculosis  is  always  extremely  high.  Another 
important  element  is  the  absence  of  saloons.  A con- 
' 'stitution  weakened  by  the  effects  of  alcohol  is  an  easy 
I prey  for  the  tubercular  bacilli.  Moreover,  the  daily 
i jwage  of  the  laborer  is  saved  to  the  family  to  provide 

• jbetter  living  and  housing  conditions,  which  is  so  nec- 

• essary  to  establish  and  maintain  body  resistance  to 
n infectious  diseases.” 

I- 1 The  specific  death  rate  from  diabetes  in  Kansas  in 
jl913  was  12.9,  as  compared  with  fifteen  per  100,000 
in  jin  the  registration  area  of  the  United  States  in  1912. 
j5  Regarding  the  effect  of  prevalent  abstinence  from  alco- 
as  holic  liquors  upon  the  death  rate  due  to  this  disease, 
te,  jDr.  Deacon  says : 


200 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 


“As  diabetes  is  one  of  those  diseases  which  is  largely 
considered  to  be  influenced  to  a greater  or  less  extent 
by  the  use  of  alcohol,  it  is  perhaps  a matter  of  con- 
gratulation to  Kansas  that  this  rate  is  favorable.” 

The  death  rate  in  Kansas  from  the  diseases  of  pneu- 
monia and  broncho-pneumonia  together  was  85.5  per 
100,000  in  1913,  a rate  considerably  less  than  that  of 
the  registration  area,  which  was,  for  1912,  132.2.  In 
Bright’s  disease  the  death  rate  in  Kansas  in  1913  was 
64.5,  and  in  the  registration  area  for  1912  it  was  92.5. 

“Here  again,”  says  Mr.  Deacon,  “may  be  seen  the 
effects  of  reduced  consumption  of  alcohol.” 

The  suicide  rate  in  Kansas  for  1913  was  10.9,  while 
that  of  the  registration  area  of  the  United  States  for 
1912  was  sixteen  per  100,000.  Similarly,  the  homicide 
rate  in  Kansas  in  1913  was  only  4.6,  as  compared  to 
the  registration  area  rate  of  6.5.  The  death  rate  from 
other  violent  causes  was  also  much  less  in  Kansas  than 
in  the  registration  area.  Mr.  Deacon  remarks  that: 

“Much  suicide  is  due  to  dissipation,  resulting  in  weak- 
ened mentality  and  lowered  resistance,  and  it  is  prob- 
able that  to  attribute  this  lower  (Kansas)  rate  to  the 
decreased  opportunity  for  dissipation  would  not  be  far 
from  wrong.” 


Dr.  J.  S.  Crumbine,  Secretary  of  the  Board  of  Health 
and  dean  of  the  medical  college  of  the  state  university, 
has  just  sworn  to  the  following  table  of  figures  at  the 
request  of  Mr.  William  Allen  White: 


? ? ^ s’ 

r'  5 CB  m 


o ^ 


> 

to 

2 

Cirrhosis  of  liver 

Violent  deaths, 

20.3 

11.1 

6.0 

14.0 

14.0 

7.0 

accidents  and  homicides 

110.5 

102.2 

96.0 

74.6 

*84.6 

*56. 

**6.6 

**4.8 

Suicides  

30.1 

21.7 

20.7 

18. 

16.2 

12  2 

Brights  Disease  

92.1 

79.9 

55.0 

85.2 

87.5 

55.4 

Pneumonia  

101.5 

136.0 

64.8 

119.7 

89.2 

45.6 

^Accidents. 

**Honiicides. 

Rates  per  100,000. 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 


201 


The  action  of  the  United  States  Government  in  ap- 
proving these  figures  has  been  a blow  to  the  anti- 
prohibition  interests  which,  whenever  they  were  con- 
fronted with  Kansas’  favorable  health  showing, 
countered  with  the  statement,  “Kansas  is  not  in  the 
registration  area.” 

No  wonder  the  prohibition  law  is  so  popular  that 
Senator  Thompson  said  in  Congress;  “If  prohibition 
were  submitted  again,  it  would  carry  by  a larger  ma- 
jority than  any  other  question  that  could  come  before 
the  people.” 

What  the  People  Think 

But,  after  all,  the  most  overwhelming  proof  of  pro- 
hibition’s success  in  Kansas  is  the  testimony  of  its 
people.  In  the  campaign  of  1914  one  wet,  the  most 
influential  antiprohibitionist  in  the  state,  ran  against 
three  leading  dry  candidates  on  the  Republican,  Demo- 
cratic, and  Progressive  tickets.  He  got  a little  more  than 
eight  per  cent  of  the  vote,  and  there  is  no  reason  to 
believe  that  he  did  not  poll  every  wet  vote  in  the  state. 

President  of  Kansas  Retailers  TestiBes 

On  October  6,  1914,  Mr.  George  H.  Knox  of  Garden 
City,  president  of  the  Kansas  State  Retailers’  Associa- 
tion, signed  a statement  as  follows : 

“From  my  viewpoint  as  a retailer  the  saloon  is  a 
positive  detriment  to  all  lines  of  business.  Money 
spent  for  booze  is  generally  money  which  should  be 
paid  to  the  local  merchant  for  the  support  of  the  family, 
and  when  it  goes  to  the  saloon  there  is  absolutely  noth- 
ing left  to  show  for  it.  Our  state  is  free  from  the 
saloon  evil;  our  people  are  happy  and  prosperous, 
generally  own  their  own  homes,  pay  their  bills,  educate 
their  children,  and  have  money  for  an  occasional  trip. 
The  success  of  the  prohibitory  law  from  a business 
man’s  standpoint  is  proved  in  Kansas  beyond  a doubt 
and  you  would  have  to  hunt  the  state  over  to  find  a 
retail  merchant  in  favor  of  the  open  saloon  in  Kansas.” 

Kansas  Supreme  Court  Testifies 

On  October  3,  1914,  Chief  Justice  and  the  Justices  of 
the  Kansas  Supreme  Court  signed  a statement  as  fol- 
lows : 

“The  prohibitory  law  is  well  enforced  throughout 
the  state.  It  is  as  generally  well  enforced  as  any  other 


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Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 


criminal  law.  The  enforcement  of  the  law  distinctly 
promotes  social  welfare  and  reduces  to  a minimum 
economic  waste  consequent  upon  liquor  traffic  and  allied 
evils.  The  saloon  keeper  and  his  comrades  have  been 
excluded  from  the  effective  participation  in  the  politics 
of  the  state.” 

President  of  State  Bankers  TestiGes 
The  president  of  the  State  Bankers’  Association  of 
Kansas,  Mr.  E.  E.  Mullaney  of  Hill  City,  on  October  1 
made  the  following  statement: 

“As  a resident  of  Kansas  for  more  than  thirty  years 
and  a banker  for  two  thirds  of  that  time,  I wish  to  say 
that  I regard  prohibition  as  the  best  business  asset 
Kansas  has.  Cities  and  counties  where  this  law  has 
been  best  enforced  longest  are  the  most  prosperous. 
Prosperity  and  development  have  come  simultaneous 
with  prohibition.  This  is  evidenced  by  the  fact  that 
■our  assessed  property  valuation  is  nearly  $2,000  com- 
pared with  an  average  of  $1,200  with  the  United  States. 
We  also  offer  in  evidence  our  empty  jails  and  poor- 
houses.” 

A recent  poll  of  all  the  bankers  in  the  state  by  the 
Temperance  Society  brought  replies  from  172,  166  of 
whom  testified  to  the  great  benefit  to  business  of  the 
prohibition  law.  Only  six  could  be  found  in  all  Kan- 
sas who  doubted  the  wisdom  of  this  legislation. 

President  of  Commercial  Clubs  TestiGes 
On  October  6,  1914,  Mr.  E.  E.  Frizell,  who  is  presi- 
dent of  the  Kansas  state  organization  of  commercial 
clubs,  put  his  signature  to  the  following  statement: 

“Kansas  is  essentially  a farm  home  state.  Our  great- 
est assets  are  our  home  builders.  I have  dealt  in 
Kansas  land  for  thirtj'  years.  I know  thousands  of 
home-seekers  who  come  to  Kansas  every  year,  chiefly 
because  prohibition  has  banished  the  saloon,  which  is 
the  greatest  enemy  of  the  home.  The  absence  of  the 
saloon  in  Kansas  has  added  real  value  to  ever^-  acre 
of  Kansas  land,  and  I know  because  I deal  in  land, 
that  prohibition  is  one  of  the  substantial  commercial 
advantages  of  our  state.” 

President  of  Kansas  Medical  Society  TestiGes 
Dr.  W.  F.  Sawhill,  late  president  of  the  Kansas 
Medical  Society,  in  view  of  the  atrociously  false  state- 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 


203 


ments  being  made  in  an  effort  to  mislead  the  people 
of  the  Pacific  Coast  States  and  states  of  other  sections, 
has  signed  the  following  statement: 

“I  have  practiced  over  thirty  years  in  a city  of  sev- 
eral thousand  in  a farming  community  and  have  an 
opportunity  to  note  the  workings  of  the  prohibitory 
law  in  Kansas.  During  that  time  I have  seen  the 
amount  of  drunkenness  diminished  seventy-five  per 
cent  absolutely;  and  diseases  that  we  know  are  caused 
by  the  excessive  use  of  liquor  have  diminished  greatly. 
In  my  earlier  days  of  practice  here  I would  see  young 
men  from  the  country  drunk  every  Saturday  night.  I 
have  not  seen  one  for  several  years  and  my  opportunity 
is  the  same.  There  is  but  one  conclusion  for  any 
honest  man  who  has  lived  in  Kansas  as  I have  to  make, 
and  that  is  that  prohibition  has  done  more  for  the 
people  of  the  state  morally,  financially,  and  physically 
than  any  other  one  agency.” 

It  is  Unanimous 

_ Every  political  party  in  Kansas  favors  the  prohibi- 
tion law. 

Every  editor  in  the  state  of  Kansas,  excepting  about 
ten  out  of  nearly  eight  hundred,  favors  the  prohibition 
law. 

So  far  as  known,  every  minister  in  Kansas  favors 
the  prohibition  law. 

So  far  as  can  be  ascertained,  every  school-teacher  in 
Kansas  favors  the  prohibition  law. 

It  is  unanimous. 

Of  course,  we  do  not  mean  to  claim  that  this  una- 
nimity includes  the  liquor  dealers  of  Kansas  City,  Mo., 
St.  Louis,  etc.,  etc.  We  are  speaking  only  of  Kansas 
people. 

But  the  best  testimony  of  all  was  the  proffering  in 
the  Legislature  by  the  speaker  himself  of  a bill  abso- 
lutely prohibiting  liquors  from  being  brought  into  the 
state  for  any  purpose. 

(For  the  truth  about  illicit  sale  of  liquors  in  Kansas 
see  Blind  Pigs.) 

KENTUCKY — Of  the  120  counties  in  Kentucky, 
106  are  dry.  Seven  of  the  wet  counties  have  saloons 
in  but  one  place  and  three  other  counties  have  saloons 
in  but  two  places.  Pike  County  held  a local  option 
election  during  1915  and  remained  dry  by  more  than 


204 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 


eight  to  one.  Boyd  County,  wet,  remained  so  by  a small 
majority.  Five  years  ago  Kentucky  manufactured  about 
45,000,000  gallons  of  whisky;  last  year  about  20,000.000 
gallons.  There  is  an  agreement  among  the  distillers 
that  there  will  be  only  14,000,000  gallons  manufactured 
this  year. 

KNIGHTS  OF  TEMPERANCE— This  is  a ju- 
venile temperance  society  organized  in  1885  and  is  one 
branch  of  the  work  of  the  Protestant  Episcopal  Church 
Temperance  Society.  It  is  designed  for  boys  and  young 
men  from  fourteen  to  twenty-one  years  of  age.  Every 
company  has  a captain  and  nine  other  officers.  Every 
boy  joining  the  organization  has  to  subscribe  to  its 
pledge.  (See  Pledge.) 

KORAN — The  drinking  of  wine  is  forbidden  in  the 
Koran  in  more  places  than  one.  Because  of  this, 
liquor  advocates  often  point  to  Turkey  as  a prohibition 
nation.  But  some  of  the  same  passages  o_f  the  Koran 
in  which  Mohammed  denounces  the  drinking  of  wine 
also  carry  a denunciation  of  gambling,  and  it  would  be 
just  as  fair  to  assert  that  the  backward  civilization  of 
Mohammedan  countries  is  the  result  of  the  prohibition 
of  gambling  as  to  say  that  it  is  because  of  the  pro- 
hibition of  wine.  There  is  no  just  comparison  between 
a religious  injunction  of  Mohammed  and  a political 
policy.  The  one  is  merely  a good  feature  of  an  abom- 
inable religion,  a religion  that  obtains  among  a half- 
civilized  people,  but  the  other  is  an  intelligent  proposal 
to  apply  to  a recognized  evil,  a principle  of  law  of 
acknowledged  validity. 

It  is  not  correct,  however,  to  sa}"  as  the  liquor 
propagandists  do  that  Turke}"  is  a featureless  nation. 
Turkey’s  diplomacy,  by  which  the  “sick  man  of  Europe” 
has  maintained  his  place  in  Europe  for  centuries,  has 
been  marvelous.  The  physical  hardihood  of  her  peo- 
ple and  their  prowess  in  battle  rank  them  with  the 
world’s  best  soldiers.  Some  of  the  military  feats  of 
the  Turks  against  the  Russians  rank  with  the  achieve- 
ments of  the  strategists  of  any  other  countr\'.  and  the 
early  history  of  their  soldierv'  is  too  well  known  to 
need  comment. 

They  have  produced  such  scholars  as  Hilali.  Baki, 
iMihri,  Nali.  Raghib,  and  Naima. 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 


205 


However,  if  we  are  to  judge  prohibition  by  its  effect 
upon  the  Mohammedans,  we  should  consider  the  Sara- 
cens at  the  time  when  they  were  truly  obedient  to  the 
prohibition  command  of  their  great  leader.  Then 
they  swept  through  Europe  like  a besom  of  destruction 
and  carried  the  Crescent  to  the  Upper  Danube.  The 
world  had  up  to  that  time  never  seen  horsemen  so 
wiry  and  tireless,  so  fearless  and  fierce,  so  all-consum- 
ing in  their  energy. 

LABOR — Liquor  robs  labor  by  tying  up  capital  in 
an  industry  that  employs  fewer  men  to  the  million 
dollars  of  investment  than  any  other  great  manufac- 
turing interest. 

What  does  the  laboring  man  want? 

A fair  chance.  Steady  employment  at  good  wages. 

Who  makes  the  fair  chance  for  the  laboring  man? 

The  consumer.  The  man  with  an  appetite  to  satisfy 
and  something  to  spend  that  it  may  be  satisfied,  the 
man  who  clothes  his  wife  and  children  well,  builds  a 
comfortable  home,  and  pays  his  debts. 

Without  him,  manufacturers  must  shut  down  and 
labor  walk  the  streets.  Without  him,  retailers  must 
close  their  doors  and  their  clerks  go  hungry. 

HE  is  the  one  who  keeps  the  factory  busy  and  the 
sign  out,  “MORE  MEN  WANTED.”  And  it  is  the 
manufacturer  who  must  employ  the  MOST  men  to 
make  one  dollar’s  worth  of  goods  who  is  kept  in  busi- 
ness by  the  SOBER  man. 

Leif  Jones,  the  eminent  member  of  the  British  Parlia- 
ment, said: 

“I  met  the  finished  product  of  the  saloon.  He  was 
lying  in  the  gutter.  He  had  on  no  hat;  the  hat  trade 
was  suffering.  His  coat  was  full  of  holes;  the  cloth- 
ing trade  was  suffering.  He  had  holes  in  his  shoes; 
the  shoe  trade  was  suffering.  He  had  on  the  remnant 
of  a shirt;  the  woolen  trade  was  suffering.  He  had 
on  no  socks;  the  hosiery  trade  was  suffering.  He  was 
dirty;  the  soap  trade  was  suffering.  I can  hardly 
mention  a useful  industry  that  was  not  suffering  be- 
cause of  that  man’s  insobriety.” 

The  Sober  Consumer  Means  Prosperity 

The  SOBER  MAN  maintains  the  Sober  industries. 
He  has  needs  and  money  to  meet  his  needs.  He  is 


206 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 


well  clothed;  the  clothing  trade  prospers  and  its  work- 
ingmen prosper  with  it.  He  is  well  fed ; the  grocery 
trade,  wholesale  and  retail,  prospers  and  its  men  pros- 
per with  it. 

The  DRINKING  MAN  maintains  the  Drink  indus- 
try— and  nothing  else.  And  the  drink  industry  em- 
ploys fewer  men  to  the  million  of  capital  than  any  other 
leading  manufacturing  interest. 

For  every  million  dollars  invested  in  the  manufac- 
ture of  lumber,  FIVE  HUNDRED  AND  SEVENTY- 
NINE  men  are  employed.  For  every  million  dollars 
invested  in  the  manufacture  of  textiles,  FIVE  HUN- 
DRED AND  SEVENTY-EIGHT  men  are  employed. 
For  every  million  dollars  invested  in  the  manufacture 
of  leather  products,  FOUR  HUNDRED  AND  SIXTY- 
NINE  men  are  employed.  And  for  every  million 
dollars  invested  in  the  manufacture  of  liquors,  SEV- 
ENTY-SEVEN men  are  employed.  (See  Appendix  C.) 

And  as  Mr.  William  P.  F.  Ferguson  has  said,  “So 
far  as  other  industries  are  concerned  the  liquor  business 
is  a middleman,  charging  an  exorbitant  commission  on 
all  moneys  that  he  transmits  from  the  people  to  indus- 
tries of  any  kind.’’  The  liquor  business  has  invested 
one  dollar  in  twenty-two  of  the  total  capital  investment 
in  manufacturing  industries;  it  employs  one  of  everj' 
102  wage-earners  employed;  it  employs  one  in  ninety- 
five  of  all  persons  engaged  in  industrj'  in  all  capacities; 
it  pays  one  dollar  in  seventy-three  of  the  total  indus- 
trial wage  roll  of  the  country,  and  one  dollar  in  thirty- 
five  of  the  industrial  salary  roll. 

Beer  made  Milwaukee  famous,  but  in  1913,  of  the 
4,181  establishments  representing  the  various  industries 
of  that  city,  the  beer  interests  supplied  only  eighteen. 
The  producers  of  beer  and  malt  in  Milwaukee  em- 
ployed 5,100  workmen  on  an  investment  of  $53,450,000, 
or  one  workman  to  every  $10,480.  The  boot  and  shoe 
industry  of  Milwaukee  employed  3,925  workmen  on  an 
investment  of  $4,200,000,  or  one  workman  for  every 
$1,078. 

Wanted — W orkingmen  ! 

If  the  workingmen  overthrow  the  traffic  in  liquors, 
they  will  force  the  Investment  of  the  money  now  giving 
employment  to  a mere  handful  into  channels  where  it 
will  emploj'  MANY  MORE  MEN. 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 


207 


And  they  will  lift  the  “finished  product’’  of  the  sa- 
loon out  of  the  gutter  and  make  him  a buyer  of  food 
and  clothing  and  a home  and  education  for  his  chil- 
dren and  the  market  for  the  products  of  America’s 
labor  will  be  swelled  by  a new  demand  equal  to  Amer- 
ica’s foreign  trade. 

The  liquor  traffic  keeps  hundreds  of  thousands  of 
men  out  of  work! 

America’s  money  spent  for  beer  means  America’s 
workingmen  tramping  the  streets,  seeking  employment 
at  any  wage  they  can  secure. 

America’s  money  spent  for  legitimate  products  means 
America’s  workingmen  constantly  employed  and  well 
paid. 

During  the  panic  of  1907  when  banks  were  failing 
and  business  crumbling  and  wages  being  paid  with 
clearing  house  certificates  when  they  were  paid  at  all, 
$96,000,000  in  gold  was  imported  from  Europe  to  re- 
lieve the  stringency.  Only  $96,000,000  but  bank  failures 
stopped,  business  revived,  the  workingman  had  money 
again. 

Last  year,  America’s  drink  bill  was  something  more 
than  $2,000,000,000. 

More  than  two  billion  dollars  spent  for  something 
of  no  value,  something  that  returns  far  below  the 
average  amount  to  labor! 

Billions  for  Labor  and  Business 

Suppose  we  were  to  banish  the  saloon,  close  up  the 
breweries  and  distilleries  and  begin  to  spend  that  two* 
billions  for  legitimate  products.  It  would  mean  two* 
billion  dollars  more  business  for  the  merchants,  hun- 
dreds of  millions  more  for  the  manufacturers,  hundreds 
of  millions  more  paid  to  labor  and  hundreds  of  thou- 
sands of  the  men  now  seeking  work  employed  at  good 
wages. 

Shoe  factories  would  run  overtime,  clothing  fac- 
tories would  have  to  turn  away  orders.  The  mak^ers  of 
steel  products,  of  vehicles,  of  furniture,  would  be 
overwhelmed  with  orders  and  HUNTING  DES- 
PERATELY FOR  MORE  WORKINGMEN.  The 
grocery  man  would  need  more  clerks,  the  butcher  would 
telephone  frantically  for  more  meat  to  satisfy  the  mens 
who  formerly  spent  their  money  for  beer. 


208 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 


There  would  not  be  one  man  out  of  work  in  America 
and  there  would  not  be  a single  workingman  who 
wanted  work  who  could  not  demand  higher  wages  than 
he  is  getting  to-day. 

Some  Things  Would  Languish 
But  not  everything  would  prosper.  The  prison  would 
languish,  for  it  is  a known  fact  that  beer  and  whisky 
supply  a large  majority  of  the  prisoners.  The  hospitals 
would  be  full  of  empty  rooms,  but  then  they  could 
turn  their  attention  to  fighting  tuberculosis  and  help- 
ing the  workingman  to  bring  his  baby  past  the  danger 
stage.  The  asylums  would  seldom  open  their  gates  to 
a newcomer,  but  when  they  had  done  their  last  earthly 
duty  toward  the  victims  of  drink  they  now  shelter, 
better  uses  could  be  found  for  them. 

And  the  tax  bill  would  dwindle  steadily.  But  who 
will  complain  about  that? 


Labor  has  the  solution  of  its  wrongs  in  its  own  hands. 
Let  labor  strike  down  the  saloon  and  she  will  strike 
down  unemployment,  strike  down  the  small  wage,  strike 
down  high  taxes,  liberate  thousands  of  workingmen 
from  prisons  and  hospitals,  crush  forever  the  political 
alliance  between  corrupt  government  and  corrupt  busi- 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 


209 


ness,  elevate  the  laboring  man  and  his  labor  to  a hitherto 
unknown  dignity. 

Stop  This  Robbery 

The  brewers  and  distillers  and  saloon  keepers  of  this 
country  have  been  taking  $2,000,000,000  worth  of  hats 
and  shoes  and  automobiles  and  other  useful  products 
out  of  the  general  store  and  have  been  returning  noth- 
ing but  whisky  and  dirt  and  disease  and  crime  and 
insanity  and  just  about  enough  revenue  to  repay  one 
tenth  of  the  court  costs  and  upkeep  of  asylums  and 
hospitals  maintained  for  their  victims. 

And  labor  pays  the  bill — pays  it  at  the  grocery  store, 
because  the  brewers  and  distillers  and  saloon  keepers 
are  not  making  groceries.  Labor  pays  it  at  the  dry- 
goods  store,  because  they  are  not  making  clothing. 
Everything  is  higher  in  price  because  labor  is  permitting 
these  men  to  add  the  cost  of  their  support  to  the  cost 
of  the  workman’s  support. 

LAW  AND  ORDER  LEAGUES— A device  for 
combining  citizens  to  do  the  work  which  they  have 
elected  officials  to  do. 

LAW,  AN  IDEAL  FORM  OF — Prohibitory  laws 
should  never  be  directed  against  “intoxicating  liquors.” 
They  should  always  prohibit  “alcoholic  liquors,”  or 
“beverage  liquors_  containing  alcohol.”  Courts  hold 
many  differing  opinions  as  to  just  what  is  “intoxicating 
liquor,”  but  there  is  never  any  doubt  as  to  what  is 
“alcoholic  liquor.” 

A prohibition  law  should  never  be  “mealy-mouthed.” 
To  secure  the  best  results  it  must  be  drastic  and  all- 
inclusive.  The  law  of  Arizona  prohibits  alcoholic 
liquors  being  transported  into  the  state  for  any  purpose 
whatever,  and  so  does  the  new  Idaho  law. 

LAWLESSNESS — Early  in  1915  Colonel  Dan  Mor- 
gan Smith,  who  was  the  attorney  for  the  National 
Model  License  League,  startled  the  liquor  world  by  an- 
nouncing that  he  was  done,  that  from  henceforth  he 
was  for  prohibition.  He  gave  as  his  reason  that  the 
liquor  people  had  induced  him  to  go  over  the  country 
fighting  prohibition  with  promises  that  the  liquor  busi- 
ness would  contend  for  strict  “model”  license,  but  that 
as  soon  as  prohibition  was  defeated  by  these  promises 
the  liquor  men  inevitably  did  everything  possible  to 


210  Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 

defeat  model  license  laws  and  continued  as  lawless  as 
before. 

One  does  not  need  to  go  further  than  the  liquor  press 
itself  or  the  public  utterances  of  liquor  men  to  convict 
the  liquor  traffic  of  incorrigible  lawlessness.  Mr.  Tim- 
othy McDonough,  at  that  time  president  of  the  National 
Liquor  League,  in  addressing  the  Iowa  Convention  of 
Retail  Liquor  Dealers,  said:  “This  talk  of  reforming  the 
saloon  on  the  part  of  the  brewers  and  wholesalers  is 
all  rot.  It  sounds  well  in  the  form  of  resolutions,  but 
if  they  were  sincere  in  their  resolutions  there  would 
not  be  a dive  saloon  in  the  country  one  week  from 
to-day !” 

Whether  or  not  this  indictment  was  justified  may  be 
judged  by  the  reader  himself  if  he  will  turn  to  the 
subject  “Brewers”  and  read  the  account  of  how  decoy 
letters  sent  to  Pabst,  Schultz,  Schlitz,  Jung,  Gutsch,  and 
other  prominent  brewers,  readily  elicited  from  them 
offers  to  supply  blind  pigs  and  to  aid  in  their  protection 
from  the  law  by  the  concealment  of  shipments.  And 
they  supply  these  blind  pigs  not  only  in  prohibition 
territory,  but  in  Chicago,  as  has  been  proved  in  court 
time  and  again. 

“Every  time  I arrest  a man  who  is  running  a blind 
pig,”  complained  Detective  J.  N.  Flynn  of  Chicago,  “I 
find,  when  I get  to  court,  that  the  representative  of 
the  brewery  has  been  there  before  me.  He  threatens 
whatever  judge  is  sitting  with  political  death  if  he  does 
not  ‘listen  to  reason.’  ” And  Lieutenant  John  McCarthy 
of  the  police  of  that  city  declared,  “If  it  were  not  for 
the  influence  of  the  breweries,  I would  drive  the  blind 
pigs  out  of  Rogers  Park  in  four  weeks.” 

"I  Am  Guilty” 

The  following  confessions  of  guilt  taken  from  the 
liquor  press  are  typical: 

“The  saloon  as  conducted  is  a nuisance — a loafing 
place  for  the  idle  and  vicious,”  acknowledged  the  Wine 
and  Spirit  Gazette  of  August  23,  1902.  “It  is  generally 
on  a prominent  street  and  is  run  by  a sport  who  cares 
only  for  the  almighty  dollar.  From  this  resort  the 
drunken  man  starts  reeling  home.  At  this  resort  the 
local  fights  are  indulged  in.  It  is  a stench  in  the  nos- 
trils of  society.” 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 


211 


“Any  man  who  knows  the  saloons  well  can  honestly 
say  that  most  of  them  have  forfeited  their  right  to 
live,”  said  the  Wholesalers’  and  Retailers’  Review  of 
September,  1907. 

“There  is  not  a licensed  saloon  keeper  in  Illinois  who 
does  not  lay  himself  liable  to  prosecution  a dozen  times 
a day,”  confessed  the  Champion  of  Pair  Play,  June  7, 
1902. 

Bonfort’s  Wine  and  Spirit  Circular  of  January  10, 
1914,  said : “I  have  heard  a distiller  and  importer  say 
that  he  would  fight  to  the  last  ditch  any  attempt  to 
establish  a saloon  in  the  neighborhood  in  which  he  re- 
sides. If  the  people  engaged  in  this  business  feel  that 
way  about  it,  they  cannot  find  fault  with  others  offering 
the  same  objections.” 

Practically  every  report  of  the  Commissioner  of  In- 
ternal Revenue  tells  of  from  4,000  to  5,000  criminal 
cases  pending  against  liquor  dealers.  All  but  twenty- 
nine  of  the  129  saloon  keepers  of  Joliet,  111.,  have  been 
recently  convicted  of  crimes  against  the  law. 

A report  of  an  investigation  in  Chicago  in  1914 
states  that  14,602  women  were  discovered  in  the  back 
rooms  of  478  saloons  on  four  main  thoroughfares  of 
that  city.  The  facts  were  developed  by  a survey  of 
Madison  and  Clark  Streets  and  Wabash  and  Cottage 
Grove  Avenues.  It  is  further  stated  that  out  of  478 
saloons  visited  only  twenty-seven  failed  to  contribute 
in  some  manner  to  the  demoralization  of  women  and 
girls.  “Most  of  the  women  drinkers  in  the  saloons,” 
says  the  report,  “were  amateurs  who  might  be  daugh- 
ters of  almost  anybody.” 

LEAFLETS — “Tall  oaks  from  little  acorns  grow,” 
and  great  effects  from  little  causes. 

Should  any  service  seem  small  which  may  be  helpful 
toward  large  results?  Some  methods  have  proven 
helpful  in  my  work  as  pastor  and  temperance  cam- 
paigner which  I wish  to  share  with  my  fellow  laborers 
in  the  Master’s  vineyard.  One  is  a method  of  tract 
circulation. 

The  old  way  was  to  scatter  1,000  in  the  hope  that 
fifty  persons  might  read  them.  My  method  sends  out 
fifty  with  the  certainty  that  1,000  will  read  them. 

At  the  close  of  my  junior  meeting  I gave  each  child 
a tract,  and  a card  bearing  these  words : “We,  the 


212 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 


undersigned,  have  read  the  accompanying  leaflet,”  with 
the  instruction  that  one  week  from  that  hour  the 
roll  would  be  called,  and  each  one  would  report  the 
number  of  people  who  had  read  the  tract,  and  bring 
forward  the  list  of  names  and  addresses  of  the  readers. 
Some  little  prize  of  book  or  other  keepsake  was  given 
all  who  secured  a certain  number  of  readers  during 
the  week.  Usually  I presented  a “Hymnal  with  Notes” 
to  the  one  who  secured  the  highest  number.  Our  new 
Sunday  School  Hymnal  only  costs  twenty-five  cents, 
when  purchased  in  quantities,  and  is  greatly  appreci- 
ated by  the  children  who  can  thus  win  a copy. 

No  one  will  refuse  to  read  a tract  for  a little  boy  or 
girl.  Sometimes  the  entire  household  gathers  around 
to  hear  the  sweet  message  read.  The  boys  and  girls 
who  thus  engage  in  the  work  learn  their  tract  by  heart 
from  hearing  it  read  so  many  times.  In  seven  churches 
— at  Seaford,  Del.;  Sea  Cliff,  N.  Y. ; Pasadena,  Santa 
Monica,  San  Diego,  Cal.;  Newark,  N.  J. ; and  Port- 
land, Ore. — revivals  of  far-reaching  influence  owed  their 
inception  to  this  work  under  my  pastorates.  It  has 
been  helpful  in  preparing  for  every  revival  with  which 
God  has  blessed  my  charges.  It  enlists  the  active  co- 
operation of  all  the  children  of  the  church.  It  reaches 
every  class  in  the  community.  It  is  the  quickest  way 
I have  found  of  making  announcements,  of  dissem- 
inating missionary,  temperance,  or  doctrinal  information, 
or  of  pointing  out  duties  to  nonchurchgoers. 

A Rainy  Day  Stimulant 

In  California,  for  example,  once  during  the  rainy 
season  I selected  that  exquisite  little  tract  by  Frances  R. 
Havergal,  now  published  by  our  Temperance  Society, 
“Why  I Go  to  Church  on  Rainy  Sundays.”  The  follow- 
ing Sabbath  it  rained.  In  other  years  there  would  have 
been  no  services  on  such  a day.  The  morning  congre- 
gation was  not  less  than  on  the  Sunday  previous.  The 
explanation  came  at  the  Junior  meeting  in  the  after- 
noon when  the  roll  call  brought  the  names  of  more 
than  twelve  hundred  who  had  read  that  tract  during  the 
week. 

I here  give  a single  Sabbath’s  report.  The  tract  was 
“How  to  Make  Your  Pastor  Succeed,”  by  Bishop  Fow- 
ler. Fourteen  children  received  copies  of  it.  The  roll 
call  brought  out  the  following  facts : A little  girl 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 


213 


brought  forward  the  names  of  202  readers.  Four  boys 
had  more  than  120  each.  Six  children  had  more  than 
one  hundred  readers.  Four  secured  seventy-five  read- 
ers. Only  one  fell  short  of  fifty.  You  will  see  that 
these  fourteen  little  workers  found  in  a single  week 
about  sixteen  hundred  interested  readers  of  that  won- 
derfully helpful  tract.  All  but  two  of  them  knew  it  by 
heart. 

/4s  a Temperance  Aid 

Twenty  years  ago  I originated  this  plan.  As  an 
effective  means  of  tract  manipulation  I have  not  heard 
of  its  equal,  or  as  a practical  means  of  employing 
sweet  childhood  in  the  service  of  the  Lord.  It  was 
used  once  in  a temperance  campaign  and  it  electrified 
the  community.  I wrote  a leaflet,  “Won’t  You  Vote  Out 
the  Saloons  for  My  Sake?”  Gave  each  boy  and  girl  of 
all  the  Sunday  Schools  one  each;  offered  a prize  for 
the  one  in  each  school  who  would  secure  the  most  read- 
ers that  week,  and  the  effect  was  magical ; in  twenty- 
four  hours  the  town  was  ours.  Three  thousand  per- 
sons read  it  and  few  could  resist  the  appeal. 

In  the  recent  Oregon  campaign  I used  leaflets  to  great 
advantage  by  getting  off  trains  at  every  stop  and  hand- 
ing out  literature  to  every  man  and  boy  at  the  station. 
The  eagerness  of  all  to  secure  one  indicated  the  cer- 
tainty of  its  being  read.  As  soon  as  the  first  one  is 
handed  out,  all  hands  are  reached  and  everybody  moves 
toward  the  car  steps  to  get  one. 

A Chicago  Instance 

Some  time  ago,  on  one  of  the  busiest  streets  of  Chi- 
cago I was  walking  from  an  office  with  a package  of 
printed  leaflets  headed,  “William  Jennings  Bryan  De- 
nounces the  Liquor  Traffic.”  This  was  in  large  letters. 
A gentleman  saw  the  title,  stopped,  and  politely  said : 
“I  see  you  have  something  by  an  old  favorite  of  mine. 
Would  you  mind  letting  me  have  one?”  “Certainly,  you 
shall  have  one,”  I replied.  Many  other  men  were  pass- 
ing, and,  seeing  I had  something  good  to  give  away, 
they  stepped  up,  and  without  moving  I gave  forty  to 
fifty  away  in  three  minutes,  and  it  did  my  soul  good 
to  see  as  many  men  walking  down  the  street  reading 
the  words  of  “The  Great  Commoner”  on  the  rum  traffic. 

When  on  trains  I frequently  take  a hundred  of  “Why 
I Quit  Smoking,”  by  McCain,  or  “Alcohol  and  Tobacco,” 


214 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 


by  Riddell,  and  walk  forward  through  the  smoker  and 
hand  every  gentleman  a copy.  They  invariably  begin 
reading  it;  and  I have  seen  every  man  in  a crowded 
car  so  engaged.  No  harm  can  come  of  this  and  possibly 
great  good. 

Out  West 

In  Western  campaigns  I have  taken  long  stage  rides 
and  entertained  myself  and  my  fellow  passengers  by 
assorting  my  leaflets  and  dropping  a package  into  every 
mail  bag  or  box  we  passed  on  the  road.  I have  put 
out  three  hundred  packages  of  campaign  literature  in 
a single  week’s  trip. 

I always  carry  tracts  in  my  pockets  to  hand  to 
strangers  and  busy  people  with  whom  I cannot  get 
time  to  converse.  Having  a good  assortment,  when  a 
conversation  in  shop  or  parlor,  or  street  or  car  sug- 
gests one,  no  one  will  be  offended  if  you  say,  “That 
reminds  me  of  a leaflet  I have  by  a noted  man  on 
that  very  point.”  It  will  be  received  with  interest. 
For  twenty  years  I have  never  been  without  leaflets 
and  tracts,  few  days  have  passed  without  an  opportu- 
nity to  give  one  out,  and  no  one  was  ever  offended. 

“But  don’t  you  think  tract  peddling  is  small  busi- 
ness?” My  friend,  you  are  not  a bit  too  large  for  this 
job;  the  only  question  is,  are  you  big  enough  for  it? 
What  this  world  needs  is  a class  not  above  doing  little 
things  well;  men  who  will  fight  in  the  ranks  whether 
there  are  any  vacancies  among  the  generals  or  not. 

Bishop  Mallalieu  of  Boston  was  a big  man,  but  he 
never  sent  out  letters,  friendly,  business,  or  ofl5cial, 
without  enclosing  some  heart-stirring  leaflets.  I have 
received  many  letters  from  him,  but  never  one  without 
something  additional  that  was  good  to  read.  And 
Wilbur  F.  Crafts  has  kept  the  church  and  state  throb- 
bing for  twenty-five  years  by  mailing  to  the  right  man 
at  the  right  time  the  right  leaflet  on  the  moral  reform 
then  uppermost. 

How  to  Clinch  the  Point 

If  pastors  who  preach  on  temperance  or  other  speak- 
ers who  lecture  on  prohibition  would  clinch  their  mes- 
sage by  distributing  at  the  door  leaflets  that  more  fully 
inform  the  people  on  the  subject  of  the  evening,  the 
awakened  interest  would  insure  a careful  reading,  and 
the  reading  would  deepen  the  conviction  already  made. 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance  215 

I have  seen  worldly  men  convicted  and  converted ; 
backsliders  reclaimed  and  made  aggressive  workers ; 
stingy  church  members  become  conscientious  tithers ; 
absentee  Christians  become  regular  at  prayer  meetings, 
and  indifferent  voters  become  leaders  in  the  temper- 
ance reform — all  through  receiving  at  the  proper  time 
an  appropriate  tract. 

A Reading  Club  Without  Books 

How  to  conduct  a reading  circle  is  a problem  that 
almost  every  pastor  and  worker  among  the  young  has 
faced,  has  tried  to  force,  and  failed.  The  difficulty  is 
this ; The  thoughtful  and  reading  few  may  be  able  and 
willing  to  buy  books,  but  the  class  that  needs  the  books 
most  will  not.  If  you  give  them  books  they  soon  tire 
of  them.  But  there  is  no  selection  of  books  the  indi- 
vidual chapters  of  which  surpass  in  worth  and  interest 
the  leaflets,  easily  secured,  on  the  great  reforms. 

I have  conducted  a reading  circle  for  months  at  a 
time,  using,  instead  of  books,  leaflets  distributed  one 
week  ahead,  so  that  each  had  one,  and  having  a week 
to  study  the  same  chapter,  could  participate  in  the 
discussion. 

Tracts  can  be  mailed  to  absentees  or  sent  personally 
by  one  of  the  members. 

Each  chapter  is  in  convenient  form  to  carry  in  the 
pocket.  Being  separated  from  the  rest,  it  is  more  likely 
to  be  mastered  than  it  would  be  if  it  were  just  one  of 
a number  of  chapters  in  a book  to  be  scanned  and  laid 
aside.  The  pastor,  in  conducting  this  chapter,  and 
furnishing  free  of  charge  the  reading  matter,  removed 
the  most  prevalent  excuse  offered  as  a reason  for  not 
joining,  namely,  the  expense  of  the  books. 

In  San  Diego  at  the  First  Methodist  Church  I had 
great  success  with  this  for  an  eight  months’  course  on 
Christian  Citizenship,  many  years  ago.  One  dollar 
will  procure  enough  leaflets  for  eight  meetings  with 
fifty  members,  so  that  everyone  may  have  the  chapter 
in  convenient  form. 

What  a lift  it  would  give  the  temperance  reform  to 
have  10,000  study  classes  thus  conducted  with  our 
leaflets ! We  would  raise  up  a generation  of  intelli- 
gent, well-equipped  citizen  soldiers  who  would  fight 
rum  with  weapons  more  mighty  than  bullets. 


216 


Cyclopedia  oi  Tempeiance 


For  any  of  these  purposes,  what  an  assortment  we 
have  to  offer!  The  classics  of  the  Temperance  Re- 
form have  been  published  as  leaflets. 

If  your  heart  is  in  this  cause,  you  can  well  afford 
to  invest  some  tithes  for  Temperance  Tracts. 

Recently  I spent  a Sunday  at  Fort  Smith,  Ark.,  and 
visited  six  Sunday  Schools.  I put  out  1,500  leaflets 
with  a card  saying:  “We,  the  undersigned,  have  read 
the  accompanying  leaflet.”  and  offered  a copy  of  “Dry 
or  Die”  to  the  Sunday  School  scholar  who  would  get 
the  most  people  to  read  the  leaflet,  and  sign  the  card. 
Numbers  of  children  got  over  two  hundred  readers; 
fifty  workers  got  a hundred  or  more.  Altogether,  the 
readers  totaled  20,000. 

Try  it  in  your  town;  use  “Why  I Go  to  Church”  to 
stir  up  church  attendance;  “Why  Put  Prohibition  into 
the  Constitution”  to  make  sentiment  for  prohibition. — 
Clarence  True  Wilson. 

LEAFLETS.  WHERE  SECURED— (25  cents  per 
hundred,  postpaid.)  The  following  leaflets  may  be  pro- 
cured in  any  quantity  of  the  Methodist  Temperance 
Society : 

No. 

1.  Leaflets  as  Ammunition,  Clarence  True  Wilson. 

21.  Who  is  Responsible,  Bishop  Fitzgerald. 

22.  The  Militant  Church,  Samuel  Dickie. 

23.  The  Epworth  League  and  Prohibition.  Ward  Platt. 

24.  A Center  Shot,  Senator  H.  W.  Blair. 

25.  The  Temperance  Society  of  the  Methodist  Episco- 

pal Church,  Deets  Pickett. 

26.  Not  a Battle  But  a War,  Dr.  Alfred  Smith. 

27.  The  Three  Bs,  A Life  Story,  Bishop  McIntyre. 

28.  The  Four  Ds,  or  Why  I Quit  Smoking,  Harry  G. 

McCain. 

29.  A Love  Affair,  Clarence  True  Wilson. 

31.  Kaiser  Wilhelm  11,  in  German. 

32.  Bob  Burdette  on  Beer  and  Prohibition. 

33.  Saloon  Signboard,  Joseph  Malins. 

35.  The  Great  Destroyer,  Richmond  P.  Hobson. 

36.  Snakes  in  the  Stump,  Bishop  McIntyre. 

37.  Child  Labor  and  Liquor.  Bishop  Earl  Cranston. 

38.  What  the  Bible  Says,  Selected  by  Clarence  True 

Wilson. 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 


217 


40.  Life  in  a Dry  Country,  Edwin  Locke,  D.D. 

41.  Why  I Go  to  Church  on  Rainy  Sabbaths,  Frances 

R.  Havergal. 

42.  How  to  Make  Your  Pastor  Succeed,  Bishop  Fowler. 

43.  Won’t  You  Vote  the  Saloons  Out  for  My  Sake,  A 

Child’s  Appeal. 

44.  Alcohol  and  Tobacco,  Newton  N.  Riddell. 

45.  Why  a Boy  Should  Sign  the  Pledge,  T.  J.  Everett. 

46.  Locating  the  Responsibility,  John  H.  Willey. 

47.  What  Would  the  Farmer  Do?  E.  Deets  Pickett. 

49.  Liquor  Robs  Labor,  Deets  Pickett. 

50.  The  Rum  Traffic,  Bishop  R.  S.  Foster. 

51.  The  Call  to  Advance  in  the  Temperance  Reform, 

Clarence  True  Wilson. 

52.  Lift,  Epworthians,  Lift!  McCain  and  Pickett. 

53.  Is  it  Right?  Harry  G.  McCain. 

54.  Hurrah  for  Kansas ! Deets  Pickett. 

55.  Does  Prohibition  Decrease  the  Use  of  Liquor?  E. 

Deets  Pickett. 

56.  Methodism’s  War  on  Liquor,  Clarence  True  Wilson. 

57.  Compensation  Demand. 

58.  Hanly’s  Hates — Telling  Truth  About  Liquor. 

59.  100  Years  of  Temperance  Reform,  Clarence  True 

Wilson. 

60.  Nineteen  Counts  Against  John  Barleycorn,  Deets 

Pickett. 

61.  Dry  Life  in  a Land  of  Drought,  Harry  G.  McCain. 

62.  A Prayer  for  Prohibition,  Clarence  True  Wilson. 

63.  What  the  Church  May  Learn  from  the  Saloon,  Chas. 

Lauback. 

64.  Why  Put  Prohibition  Into  the  Constitution,  Clar- 

ence True  Wilson. 

65.  Notice  to  Liquor  Dealers  to  Quit,  T.  J.  Scott. 

66.  Scoring  from  Third,  adapted  by  Harry  G.  McCain. 

67.  Why  Their  Attorney  Quit  Them,  Dan  Morgan 

Smith.  Spanish  Leaflets 
25A.  The  Temperance  Society  of  the  Methodist  Epis- 
copal Church,  Harry  G.  McCain. 

38A.  What  the  Bible  Says,  selected  by  Clarence  True 
Wilson. 

53A.  Is  it  Right?  Harry  G.  McCain. 

60A.  Nineteen  Counts  Against  John  Barleycorn,  Deets 
. Pickett. 

64A.  Why  Put  Prohibition  Into  the  Constitution,  Clar- 
ence True  Wilson. 


218 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 


Leaflets  Classified 

Abstinence,  Total:  Nos.  27,  31,  44,  45,  66. 

Boys:  Nos.  27,  28,  32,  44,  45,  66. 

Children’s : Nos.  27,  33,  41,  43. 

Church  Work:  Nos.  1,  22,  23,  24,  25,  52,  56,  63. 

Kansas : Nos.  40,  54,  61. 

Liquor:  Nos.  21,  35,  36,  37,  38,  49,  50,  53,  58. 
Miscellaneous : Nos.  41,  42. 

Prohibition  : Nos.  26,  29,  46,  47,  51,  55,  57,  59,  60,  62, 64,  65. 
Tobacco:  Nos.  28,  44,  66. 

Other  Supplies 

Total  Abstinence  Pledge  Cards,  25  cts.  per  100. 

Wall  Rolls  for  framing  with  space  for  400  names,  25 
cts.  postpaid. 

Button-Badges  of  Methodist  Temperance  Society.  One 
cent  each,  $1.00  per  100. 

Sunday  School  Temperance  Programs  for  special  and 
quarterly  Temperance  Day,  free  to  all  Sunday 
Schools. 

Big  Red  Posters  in  sets  of  12,  20  cents  postpaid. 

Books  for  Your  Library 
Send  FIVE  dollars,  and  this  splendid  library  will  be 
expressed  to  you.  Get  five  people  to  give  a dollar  each 


and  put  the  set  in  your  town  or  school  library: 

A Century  of  Drink  Reform,  by  August  F.  Feh- 

landt  $1.00 

Dry  or  Die:  The  Anglo-Saxon  Dilemma,  Clarence 

True  Wilson  1.00 

John  Barleycorn,  Jack  London  1.30 

Social  Welfare  and  the  Liquor  Problem,  Harry  S. 

Warner 1.00 

The  Greatest  Common  Destroyer,  McCain  and 

Pickett 50 

The  Legalized  Outlaw,  Judge  Samuel  R.  Artman. . . 1.00 
Winning  the  Fight  Against  Drink,  Dr.  E.  L-  Eaton.  1.00 


Net  Retail  Price  , $6.80 

From  us,  all  express  prepaid 5.00 


Order  from  Temperance  Society  of  the  Methodist 
Episcopal  Church,  Shawnee  Building,  Topeka,  Kan. 

LEGISLATIVE  HISTORY  OF  PROHIBI- 
TION— Fortv-four  different  statutorv  or  constitutional 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 


219 


provisions  for  what  might  be  classed  in  every  case  as 
state-wide  prohibition  have  been  put  into  effect  in  the 
various  states.  Prohibition  has  been  passed  and  re- 
pealed, enacted  by  popular  vote  and  repealed,  passed 
as  strong  legislation  and  afterwards  so  progressively 
weakened  to  license  that  one  cannot  put  his  finger  upon 
the  exact  date  when  prohibition  ceased  to  apply.  The 
summary  given  below  has  been  prepared  with  great 
care  and  is,  we  think,  as  accurate  as  such  a summary 
can  be,  but  many  prohibitory  laws  enacted  during  the 
early  days  were  so  hedged  about  by  exemptions  and 
exceptions  that  it  is  hard  to  tell  whether  they  were 
really  prohibitory  laws  or  not.  In  some  cases  they 
prohibited  the  sale  of  liquors,  but  not  their  manufac- 
ture for  sale  without  the  state.  Several  states  passed 
laws  prohibiting  the  sale  of  liquors  to  be  drunk  on  the 
premises,  etc. : 


State 

Alabama,  s 

Alabama,  s 

Arizona,  c,  Ref  

Arkansas,  s 

Colorado,  c.  Ref  

Connecticut,  s 

Delaware,  s 

Georgia,  s 

Idaho,  s 

Illinois’,  s 

Indiana,  s 

lowa^,  s.  Ref 

lowa^  c.  Ref  

Iowa’,  s 

Iowa“,  s 

Kansas,  c.  Ref  

Maine®,  s 

Maine,  s.  Ref  

Maine,  c.  Ref  

Massachusetts,  s .... 
Massachusetts’,  s ... 
Massachusetts,  s . . . . 

Michigan®,  s 

Mississippi,  s 

Nebraska,  s 

New  Hampshire®,  s . 

New  York,  s 

North  Carolina,  s.  Ref 
North  Dakota,  c.  Ref  . 
Oklahoma,  c.  Ref  . . . . 

Ohio’,  s 

Ohio,  c.  Ref  

Oregon,  c.  Ref  

Rhode  Island,  s .... 


Passed 

Repealed 

.1915 

Not  repealed 

.1908 

1911 

Not  repealed 

.1915 

Not  repealed 

.1914 

Not  repealed 

, .1854 

1872 

.1855 

1857 

Not  repealed 

Not  repealed 

.1851 

1853 

.1855 

1858 

.1855 

1858 

, .1880 

1882 

. .1884 

1894 

.1915 

Not  repealed 

.1880 

Not  repealed 

, .1846 

1856 

.1858 

Not  repealed 

.1884 

Not  repealed 

, .1852 

1868 

, .1869 

1875 

, .1873 

1875 

.1855 

1875 

Not  repealed 

, .1855 

1858 

, .1855 

1902 

.1855 

1856’» 

.1908 

Not  repealed 

Not  repealed 

Not  repealed 

. . 1850 

, .1851 

1888 

.1914 

Not  repealed 

.1852 

1863 

220 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 


State 

Rhode  Island,  s 

Passed 

Repealed 

1875 

Rhode  Island,  c.  Ref  

1889 

South  Carolina,  c.  Ref 

South  Dakota,  c.  Ref 

Not  repealed 

1889 

1896 

Tennessee,  s ■ 

1841 

Tennessee,  s 

Not  repealed 

■Vermont's  s 

1902 

Virginia,  s,  Ref  

Washington,  s.  Ref 

Not  repealed 

1914 

Not  repealed 

West  Virginia,  c.  Ref 

1913 

Not  repealed 

“s”  indicates  statutory; 

‘ ‘c*  ’ 

indicates 

constitutional ; 

“Sef”  indicates  referendum.  In  1853  'Wisconsin  voted  ty 
referendum  for  prohibition  and  the  legislature  passed  the  hill, 
which  was  vetoed  by  the  governor. 

All  Indian  reservations  are  under  federal  prohibition. 

Prohibition  covered  only  sale  of  liquor  to  be  drunk  on 
the  premises. 

Partial  prohibition  only. 

Invalidated  on  technicality. 

Overthrown  by  the  Mulct  law. 

^ Repeal  of  Mulct  law  automatically  left  prohibition  in 
force. 

®.  Better  law  in  1851,  repealed  in  1856. 

Law  weakened  to  permit  sale  of  beer,  etc.,  in  1870. 
Strengthened  again  in  1873. 

Law  weakened  in  1861. 

Practically  nullified  in  1889. 

“.  Declared  unconstitutional. 

Law  strengthened  in  1852. 

LEUCOCYTES — “It  is  now  about  twenty  years 
since  the  illustrious  scientist.  Professor  Metchnikoff 
of  the  Pasteur  Institute,  Paris,  announced  to  the  world 
his  discovery  that  the  white  corpuscles  have  the  power 
of  destroying  the  microbes  to  which  so  many  of  our 
diseases  are  due.  These  white  blood-cells  are  the 
standing  army  or  policemen  of  the  body,  and  their  duty 
is  to  attack,  and,  if  possible,  to  destroy  any  foreign 
matter,  such  as  dust,  or  disease  germs,  which  may  gain 
an  entrance.  They  attack  the  germ  by  throwing  out 
processes  of  their  protoplasm,  enclosing  it  and  after- 
wards digesting  it. 

“If  microbes  or  chemical  irritants  are  present  in  one 
particular  part  of  the  body,  these  white  blood  cells 
leave  the  blood  vessels  in  the  neighborhood  in  large 
numbers  and  stream  towards  the  point  affected.  They 
then  attack  the  germs  and  seek  to  destroy  them.  In 
so  doing  they  are,  many  of  them,  in  their  turn  de- 
stroyed, and  their  dead  bodies,  along  with  the  fluids  of 
the  inflamed  tissues  form  matter  or  pus,  familiar  as 
exhibited  in  cut  or  wound,  in  boil  or  abscess. 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 


221 


“Remembering  the  toxic  action  of  alcohol  upon  cell 
life,  it  is  easy  to  realize  its  effect  in  inhibiting  resistance 
to  disease  by  narcotizing  the  phagocytes — the  superior 
white  corpuscles — practically  ‘making  the  policemen 
drunk,’  thus  proving  alcohol  to  be  a bond  servant  to 
evils  as  bad  as  and  sometimes  more  fatal  than  itself. 
Other  properties  which  the  blood  possesses  for  the 
purpose  of  resisting  disease  also  appear  to  be  similarly 
interfered  with.  The  abstainer  from  alcohol,  as  is  well 
known,  can,  through  the  power  of  his  effective  repelling 
force,  the  more  successfully  resist  the  inroads  of  the 
tubercle-bacillus,  the  typhoid  or  pneumonia  germ,  or 
summarily  destroy  them  if  they  should  obtain  an  en- 
trance.” (See  Cell  Life.) 

LICENSE — A French  prime  minister  once  described 
alcohol  as  the  beast  of  burden  in  a budget.  At  least, 
the  liquor  traffic  does  not  complain  of  its  burden.  At 
the  time  Congress  was  considering  increasing  the  beer 
tax  in  1914  the  National  Liquor  Dealers’  Journal  of 
Pittsburgh  said  that  the  brewers  “will  make  no  com- 
plaint over  the  war  tax.”  It  continued:  “The  tax 
will  not  be  one  on  them,  although  they  will  act  as  the 
clearing  house  for  the  government  in  its  collection.  The 
taxpayers  will  be  the  ultimate  consumers.  Some  of 
the  big  glasses  of  beer  may  be  cut  down  a trifle,  or  a 
little  more  foam  added  to  the  ordinary  glass  will  make 
up  the  difference.” 

And  these  sentences  are  typical  of  the  attitude  of  the 
liquor  trade  toward  the  system  of  license  and  taxation. 
They  have  ever  considered  it  one  of  the  bulwarks  of 
their  safety. 

What  is  Involved 

The  United  States  Government  cannot  derive  revenue 
from  the  liquor  traffic  without  affording  that  trade: 

1.  Permission. 

2.  Protection. 

3.  Promotion. 

It  is  obligated  by  its  acceptance  of  part  of  the  profits 
to  confer  upon  the  trade  these  three  things.  The  brew- 
ers are  not  wrong  when  they  claim  that  the  United 
States  Government  cannot  honestly  accept  revenue  with- 
out permitting,  protecting,  and  promoting  their  business. 

It  is  becoming  fashionable  for  federal  officers  to  re- 
fer to  the  federal  license  as  “an  occupation  tax  receipt,” 


222  Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 

but  the  Internal  Revenue  Act  of  1794  as  well  as  the 
Act  of  1814  referred  to  it  as  a “license,”  the  Act  of 
1862  designated  it  a “license,”  all  the  argument  on  the 
measure,  as  well  as  all  the  Supreme  Court  decisions 
dealing  with  the  legislation,  referred  to  it  as  a “license." 
Not  until  the  amended  Act  of  1868  was  it  changed  to 
read  “tax  receipt”  (not  “occupation  tax”).  So  that  the 
term  “license”  applied  to  the  thing  sold  has  more 
precedent  than  “tax  receipt,”  and  the  late  designation 
of  “occupation  tax”  is  a novelty. 

The  endeavor  to  change  the  name  of  the  federal 
license  from  “license”  to  “occupation  tax”  is  an  effort 
to  evade  responsibility  for  issuing  such  licenses  in 
prohibition  territory.  At  the  present  time  the  federal 
government  collects  the  tax  and  issues  a receipt  with- 
out regard  to  state  or  local  laws. 

The  first  two  internal  revenue  acts  distinctly  provided 
that  no  recognition  should  be  accorded  liquor  outlaws 
in  the  administration  of  federal  revenue  laws.  In  the 
internal  revenue  acts  of  1794  and  1813,  respectively 
the  statesmen  of  that  day  were  careful  not  to  put  the 
federal  government,  despite  the  pressing  need  for  rev- 
enue, in  a position  to  antagonize  the  reserved  police 
powers  of  the  states,  or  encourage  lawlessness. 

The  acts  of  1794  and  1813  contain  this  provision; 

“Provided,  always,  that  no  license  shall  be  granted 
to  any  person  to  sell  wines  or  foreign-distilled  spiritu- 
ous liquors  who  is  prohibited  to  sell  the  same  by  the 
laws  of  any  state.” 

Since  the  federal  government  has  altered  its  former 
honorable  policy  and  now  connives  at  violation  of  state 
and  municipal  laws,  the  “license”  becomes  a “tax.” 

But  if  we  concede  that,  since  the  federal  govern- 
ment is  acting  under  the  revenue  clause  of  the  Con- 
stitution, it  is  theoretically  levying  a “tax”  and  not  issu- 
ing a “license,"  how  does  that  help  the  situation?  The 
basis  of  taxation  is  protection,  and  if  a government 
cannot  protect  the  party  “taxed”  in  his  right  of  “occu- 
pation” on  which  the  levy  has  been  made,  on  what 
ground  does  it  exact  the  payment?  Here  is  the  legal 
theory  of  taxation : 

“The  theory  of  all  taxation  is  that  taxes  are  imposed 
as  a compensation  for  something  received  by  the  tax- 
payer. General  taxes  are  paid  for  the  support  of  the 
government  in  return  for  the  protection  of  life,  liberty. 


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223 


and  property  which  the  government  gives.” — American 
and  English  Encyclopedia  of  Law  (2d  Ed.),  p.  581. 

And,  indeed,  the  government  acts  upon  this  theory, 
for  the  department  prohibits  the  Internal  Revenue  col- 
lectors from  testifying  against  the  holders  of  these 
“tax  receipts”  in  state  courts  when  they  are  indicted 
for  violating  state  liquor  laws,  and  the  United  States 
mails  are  freely  used  by  the  liquor  interests  to  defeat 
such  laws. 

The  right  of  Kansas  to  prohibit  the  liquor  traffic  is 
indisputable  and  its  moral  right  to  demand  recognition 
of  that  prohibition  from  the  federal  government,  nO' 
matter  if  the  national  revenue  is  affected,  is  impregna- 
ble. The  Constitution  says : 

“The  enumeration  in  the  Constitution  of  certain  rights 
shall  not  be  construed  to  deny  or  disparage  others  re- 
tained by  the  people.” — (Art.  9 of  Constitution.) 

And  if  the  law  of  uniformity  of  taxation  is  to  be 
carried  to  the  length  of  issuing  the  United  States  re- 
ceipts in  prohibition  territory,  logically  the  states  have 
no  right  to  pass  prohibitory  laws,  since  they  conflict 
with  the  license  fiscal  policy  of  the  federal  government. 

If  the  coast  states  were  to  levy  an  “occupation  tax” 
on  smugglers,  issue  them  an  “occupation  tax”  receipt 
and  prohibit  state  officers  from  testifying  against  smug- 
glers in  the  federal  courts,  we  can  fancy  the  cries  of 
“shame”  and  “dishonor”  which  would  resound  through 
the  halls  of  Congress.  But  when  the  Treasury  Depart- 
ment, backed  by  Congress,  deals  hand  in  glove  with 
liquor  outlaws,  it  makes  a vast  difference  because  it  is 
the  state  ox  that  is  gored. 

The  Practical  Effect  of  License 

The  practical  effect  of  license  has  been  to  strengthen 
the  liquor  traffic.  It  has  caused  it  to  organize,  both  for 
trade  purposes  and  for  the  corruption  of  politics.  At 
the  time  high  license  was  first  proposed  it  was  said 
that  it  would  wipe  out  the  low  dives,  eliminate  the 
blind  pig,  and  aid  in  regulation.  None  of  these  things 
have  proven  true.  Very  frequently,  the  low  dive,  more 
completely  abandoned  to  corruption,  to  alliance  with 
the  social  evil  and  gambling,  to  political  affiliations,  has 
been  more  able  to  meet  a high  license  than  the  shop 
which  attempts  to  keep  itself  free  from  such  things. 
The  principle  has  not  lessened  the  extension  or  the  de- 


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gree  of  the  drinking  custom,  nor  has  it  mitigated  in 
the  slightest  its  evil  consequences.  Upon  the  other 
hand,  by  giving  the  traffic  something  of  social  and 
political  prestige,  it  has  tended  to  contribute  to  its 
growth  and  to  diffuse  its  evil  effects  throughout  the 
population. 

Nor  has  high  license  regulation  tended  to  keep  out  the 
blind  pig.  (See  that  subject.) 

In  1850,  before  this  accursed  fraud  of  federal  license 
was  conceived  in  the  bottomless  pit  and  written  into 
law  over  the  protests  and  fears  of  patriotic  congress- 
men, the  per  capita  consumption  of  liquor  in  the  United 
States  was  4.8  gallons.  In  1914,  after  sixty-four  years 
of  “curbing”  the  liquor  traffic  by  taxing  it,  the  per 
capita  consumption  had  risen  to  approximately  twenty- 
three  gallons. 

The  most  effective  argument  advanced  by  the  op- 
ponents of  prohibition  is:  “We  cannot  spare  the  rev- 
enue.” 

It  enables  the  brewer  to  pretend  that  he  pays  from 
his  own  pockets  taxes  really  filched  from  the  pockets 
of  the  man  before  the  bar. 

Eliminate  the  federal,  state,  and  municipal  revenues 
from  the  liquor  problem  and  you  at  once  remove  the 
entire  political  motive  for  the  continuance  of  that  traffic. 

LIGHT  DRINKS— The  United  States,  in  1909, 
drank  16.5  gallons  of  beer  per  capita,  and  1.14  gallons 
of  distilled  liquors.  Germany,  where  it  is  contended 
that  the  “universal  use  of  beer  has  solved  the  problem,” 
uses  1.58  gallons  of  distilled  spirits  per  capita  and  22.2 
gallons  of  beer.  France,  where  wine  has  proved  the 
“solution”  of  the  problem^  uses  1.32  gallons  of  dis- 
tilled spirits  per  capita,  and  38.9  gallons  of  wine.  The 
United  States  uses  less  than  one  gallon  of  wine  per 
capita  each  year.  Denmark  uses  19.1  gallons  of  beer 
per  capita,  and  2.16  gallons  of  distilled  spirits.  All 
figures  are  for  1909. 

These  figures  are  taken  from  the  Brewers’  Yearbook 
of  1913,  and  consequently  they  cannot  complain  if  they 
do  not  show  well  for  their  contentions. 

It  appears  from  this  information  that  the  brewers 
have  given  us  that  the  heaviest  consumers  of  beer 
and  wine  are  also  the  heaviest  consumers  of  stronger 
liquors,  and  that  the  increase  of  beer-drinking  in  the 


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225 


United  States  would  inevitably  result  in  a like  increase 
in  the  use  of  distilled  liquors. 

It  is  customary  for  such  probeer  advocates  as  Con- 
gressman Bartholdt  to  claim  that  there  is  no  drunken- 
ness and  no  “intemperance”  in  Germany.  German 
leaders  laugh  at  this  statement,  and  assert  that  there 
is  not  only  a grave  problem  of  drunkenness  in  Ger- 
many, but  that  the  habitual  use  of  liquors  on  the  part 
of  those  who  never  get  drunk  is  productive  of  more 
evil,  and  is  a greater  menace  to  the  nation  than  drunk- 
enness. (See  Brewers;  Germany,  etc.) 

LINCOLN,  ABRAHAM — The  liquor  interests 
never  fail  to  make  use  of  the  name  of  Abraham  Lin- 
coln to  defend  themselves  in  a prohibition  campaign. 
They  base  their  conclusions  that  Mr.  Lincoln  was  an 
antiprohibitionist  upon  the  following  premises: 

The  Liquor  Men  Claim  This 

(1)  That  Mr.  Lincoln  said:  “Prohibition  will  work 
great  injury  to  the  cause  of  temperance.  It  is  a species 
of  intemperance  within  itself,  for  it  goes  beyond  the 
bounds  of  reason  in  that  it  attempts  to  control  a man’s 
appetite  by  legislation,  and  in  making  crimes  out  of 
things  that  are  not  crimes.  A prohibition  law  strikes 
a blow  at  the  very  principles  on  which  our  government 
was  founded.  I have  always  been  found  laboring  to 
protect  the  weaker  classes  from  the  stronger,  and  I 
never  can  give  my  consent  to  such  a law  as  you  pro- 
pose to  enact.  Until  my  tongue  shall  be  silenced  in 
death  I will  continue  to  fight  for  the  rights  of  men.” 

(2)  That  Mr.  Lincoln  and  his  partner.  Berry,  held  a 
license  to  sell  liquors  in  their  store. 

(3)  That  Mr.  Lincoln  voted  against  state  prohibition 
for  Illinois  when  in  the  Legislature  in  1840,  and  voted 
against  a local  option  measure  somewhat  later. 

(4)  That  in  one  of  the  debates  with  Douglas,  Mr. 
Lincoln  interrupted  Mr.  Douglas  when  the  latter  ac- 
cused him  of  having  sold  liquor  over  a bar  with  this 
retort,  “Mr.  Douglas  is  quite  right;  I did  sell  liquor 
over  the  bar,  but  while  I was  on  the  inside  selling  it. 
Mr.  Douglas  was  on  the  outside  drinking  it.” 

(5)  That  while  the  Battle  of  Shiloh  was  being  fought. 
Mr.  Lincoln  sat  up  with  a telegraph  operator  to  get 
returns  from  the  battle  and  drank  beer. 


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But  Here  is  the  Truth 

The  contention  that  Mr.  Lincoln  ever  said  what  is 
attributed  to  him  in  the  paragraph  numbered  (1)  is  ab- 
solutely without  justification.  The  statement  never  came 
to  light  until  a local  option  election  in  Atlanta,  Ga., 
long  after  the  war,  when  it  was  used  to  influence  the 
Negro  vote.  Various  liquor  men  of  prominence,  in- 
cluding Mr.  Tom  Gilmore  of  the  National  Model 
License  League,  have  admitted  that  there  is  no  record 
of  Mr.  Lincoln’s  having  made  this  statement,  and 
Nicolay  and  Hay,  his  great  biographers,  have  pro- 
nounced it  spurious. 

It  is  true  that  a license  to  sell  liquors  was  issued  to 
Lincoln  and  Berry  as  is  asserted  in  the  paragraph  num- 
bered (2).  If  Mr.  Lincoln  did  sell  liquors,  the  time 
at  which  he  lived  must  be  taken  into  consideration. 
But  there  is  no  evidence  that  he  did  sell  liquors.  There 
IS  evidence  that  the  liquor  license  was  taken  out  by 
his  partner.  Berry,  and  that  Lincoln  disapproved  of  his 
partner’s  action.  Leonard  Swett,  one  of  his  most  inti- 
mate personal  friends,  in  the  volume,  entitled,  “Rem- 
iniscences of  Abraham  Lincoln,”  brought  out  in  1886, 
wrote  as  follows  of  this  period  of  Lincoln’s  life:  A 
difference,  however,  soon  arose  between  him  and  the 
old  proprietor,  the  present  partner  of  Lincoln,  in  ref- 
erence to  the  introduction  of  whisky  into  the  establish- 
ment. The  partner  insisted  that,  on  the  principle  that 
honey  catches  flies,  a barrel  of  whisky  in  the  store 
would  invite  custom,  and  their  sales  would  increase; 
while  Lincoln,  who  never  liked  liquor,  opposed  the  in- 
novation. He  told  me  not  more  than  a year  before 
he  was  elected  President  that  he  had  never  tasted  liquor 
in  his  life.  “What!”  I said.  “Do  you  mean  to  say 
you  never  tasted  it?”  “Yes;  I never  tasted  it.” 

The  result  was  that  a bargain  was  made  by  which 
Lincoln  should  retire  from  his  partnership  in  the  store. 

Lincoln  retired  from  the  partnership  with  Berr>-  with 
a heavy  debt  resting  upon  him  that  it  took  him  years 
to  pay. 

In  regard  to  the  assertion  in  the  paragraph  numbered 
(3),  that  Mr.  Lincoln  voted  against  a prohibition  law 
for  Illinois ; it  is  true  that  in  1840,  fighting  against  a 
drastic  regulative  law,  a proliquor  legislator,  believed  to 
have  been  the  son  of  a Chicago  dramshop  keeper,  intro- 
duced what  read  like  a prohibitory  bill  in  the  Illinois 


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227 


Legislature — introduced  it  with  a proliquor  speech — and 
Mr.  Lincoln,  as  the  recognized  leader  of  the  temperance 
forces,  moved  to  lay  it  upon  the  table  and  was  sup- 
ported in  the  motion  by  every  recognized  temperance 
man  in  the  Legislature. 

And,  upon  a somewhat  later  occasion,  when  Lincoln 
and  other  temperance  legislators  of  Illinois  were  fram- 
ing a law  to  give  county  commissioners  the  power  to- 
refuse  licenses,  the  liquor  men  introduced  an  amend- 
ment subjecting  the  action  of  the  commissioners  to  a 
local  option  vote.  This  Mr.  Lincoln  voted  against. 

The  retort  attributed  to  Mr.  Lincoln  in  paragraph 
(4)  is  not  supported  by  any  evidence  that  would  con- 
vince a student  that  it  was  ever  made.  It  is  possible 
that  Mr.  Lincoln  did  make  a whimsical  retort,  and  if 
he  did,  it  was  probably  taken  - as  it  was  meant — as  a 
jest.  In  the  debate  with  Mr.  Douglas  at  Ottawa, 
August  21,  1858,  Mr.  Lincoln,  speaking  in  the  third 
person,  did  make  this  statement  which  no  one  can  deny 
is  authentic:  “The  judge  is  woefully  at  fault  about  his 
early  friend  Lincoln’s  being  a grocery  keeper.  Lincoln 
never  kept  a grocery  anywhere  in  the  world.”  At  that 
time  “grocery”  meant  “groggery.” 

As  for  the  assertion  that  Mr.  Lincoln  drank  beer 
with  a telegraph  operator  while  awaiting  returns  from 
the  Battle  of  Shiloh,  we  have  the  best  of  authority  that 
it  is  untrue,  for  only  eighteen  months  after  that  battle 
Lincoln,  in  addressing  a committee  of  the  Sons  of 
Temperance  which  visited  the  White  House,  April  29, 
1863,  said : “When  I was  a young  man  I,  in  an  humble 
way,  made  temperance  speeches,  and  I think  I may  say 
that  to  this  day  I have  never  by  my  example  belied 
what  I then  said.” 

In  speaking  on  Washington’s  Birthday,  February  22, 
1842,  in  Springfield,  111.,  Mr.  Lincoln  compared  the 
overthrow  of  intemperance  to  the  revolution  of  1776. 

Here  is  a typical  case  of  how  the  liquor  interests 
construct  their  Lincoln  claims : A circular  issued  from 
St.  Paul  quotes  Abraham  Lincoln  as  saying  that  the 
injury  done  by  liquor  “did  not  arise  from  the  use  of  a 
bad  thing,  but  the  abuse  of  a very  good  thing.” 

Here  is  what  Mr.  Lincoln  actually  said : “It  is  true 
that  even  then  it  was  known  and  acknowledged  that 
many  were  greatly  injured  by  it  (intemperance)  ; but 


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none  seemed  to  think  the  injury  arose  from  the  use  of 
a bad  thing,  but  from  the  abuse  of  a good  thing.” 

This  statement  was  made  in  Mr.  Lincoln’s  address  of 
February  22,  1842. 

What  His  Secretary  Says 

Mr.  William  O.  Stoddard,  who  was  secretary  to  Mr. 
Lincoln  while  he  was  President,  in  his  volume,  entitled, 
“Inside  the  White  House  in  War  Times,”  after  speak- 
ing of  the  general  use  of  liquor  as  a feature  of  the  so- 
cial life  of  Washington,  says:  “There  is  nothing  of 
the  sort  in  the  White  House  at  present,  for  Mr.  Lin- 
coln is  strictly  abstinent  as  to  all  intoxicating  drinks.” 
Major  William  H.  Crook,  who  was  executive  clerk 
at  the  White  House  during  Lincoln’s  administration 
said  only  a few  years  ago:  “Nowhere,  while  I was 
present,  did  I ever  see  or  hear  of  Abraham  Lincoln’s 
drinking  one  drop  of  liquor  of  any  kind.”  And  former 
Senator  Shelby  M.  Cullom  of  Illinois,  who  knew  Mr. 
Lincoln  for  many  years  before  he  became  President,  is  ' 
reported  in  the  Chicago  Record-Herald  of  May  16,  1908, 
as  saying:  “Lincoln  never  drank,  used  tobacco,  or 
swore.”  Mr.  Cullom  says  that  when  a committee  of 
Springfield  citizens  called  at  Lincoln’s  home  to  talk 
over  arrangements  for  his  notification,  he  said:  “Boys,  i 
I have  never  had  a drop  of  liquor  in  my  whole  life,  1 
and  I don’t  want  to  begin  now.” 

Simeon  W.  King,  who,  at  this  writing,  is  eighty-three  i 
years  of  age  and  the  oldest  United  States  commis-  I 
sioner,  says  that  Mr.  Lincoln,  putting  a hand  on  his 
shoulder,  said:  “Don’t  drink,  my  boy;  great  armies  of 
men  are  killed  each  year  by  alcohol.” 

On  January  23,  1853,  Rev.  James  Smith,  D.D.,  of 
Springfield,  111.,  delivered  a temperance  address,  in 
which  he  said : “The  liquor  traffic  is  a cancer  in  society, 
eating  out  its  vitals  and  threatening  destruction,  and 
all  efforts  to  regulate  it  will  not  only  prove  abortive, 
but  will  aggravate  the  evil.  There  must  be  no  more 
effort  to  regulate  the  cancer ; it  must  be  eradicated ; not 
a root  must  be  left,  for  until  this  is  done  all  classes 
must  continue  in  danger  of  becoming  victims  of  strong 
drink.”  On  the  following  day  thirty-nine  citizens,  of 
whom  Mr.  Lincoln  was  one,  presented  the  following 
letter  to  Dr.*  Smith  : 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 


229 


“Springfield,  111.,  January  24,  1853. 
“Rev.  Jambs  Smith,  D.D., 

“Dear  Sir:  The  undersigned  have  listened  with  great 
satisfaction  to  the  discourse,  on  the  subject  of  temper- 
ance, delivered  by  you  on  last  evening,  and  believing 
that  if  published  and  circulated  among  the  people  it 
would  be  productive  of  good,  we  respectfully  request  a 
copy  thereof  for  publication. 

“Very  respectfully, 

“Your  Friends.” 

Major-General  George  Edward  Pickett,  one  of  Lee’s 
division  commanders,  was  a close  friend  of  Mr.  Lincoln, 
having  received  his  appointment  to  West  Point  through 
Lincoln’s  influence.  After  the  fall  of  Richmond,  Mr. 
Lincoln  hurried  to  that  city  and  called  upon  General 
Pickett’s  wife.  In  a letter  which  he  wrote  to  the  gen- 
eral when  he  was  a young  cadet  at  West  Point  he  put 
this  paragraph: 

“I  have  just  told  the  folks  here  in  Springfield  on 
this  111th  anniversary  of  the  birth  of  him  whose  name, 
mightiest  in  the  cause  of  civil  awe,  in  naked,  deathless 
splendor,  that  the  one  victory  we  can  ever  call  com- 
plete will  be  that  one  which  proclaims  that  there  is 
not  one  slave  or  drunkard  on  the  face  of  God’s  green 
earth.  Recruit  for  this  victory!” 

LIQUEURS — Spirituous  drinks  which  are  flavored 
with  various  aromatic  substances. 

LIQUOR  — See  Alcoholic  Beverages. 

LIQUOR  DEALERS — According  to  the  report  of 
the  Commissioner  of  Internal  Revenue  for  the  year 
ending  June  30,  1914,  190,083  persons  paid  the  federal 
tax  as  “retail  liquor  dealers”;  15,760  paid  the  federal 
tax  as  “retail  dealers  in  malt  liquors.”  In  addition  to 
these,  there  were  2,369  rectifiers,  6,949  wholesale  liquor 
dealers,  1,392  brewers,  and  12,143  wholesale  dealers  in 
malt  liquors. 

According  to  the  Preliminary  Report  of  the  Com- 
missioner of  Internal  Revenue  for  the  year  ending 
June  30,  1915,  during  that  year  the  number  of  retail 
liquor  dealers  decreased  by  12,295 ; the  number  of 
wholesale  liquor  dealers  decreased  by  672;  the  number 
of  wholesale  liquor  dealers  in  malt  liquors  decreased 


230 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 


by  1,233 ; and  the  decrease  in  the  number  of  retail 
dealers  in  malt  liquors  will  bring  a total  decrease  of 
nearly  17,000  liquor  dealers  during  the  year. 

LIQUOR  PRESS — The  attitude  of  the  liquor  trade 
toward  the  church  may  be  judged  from  an  editorial 
in  the  Brewers’  Journal  of  June  1,  1910: 

“Undoubtedly  the  Church  and  the  saloon  originated 
in  prehistoric  times — probably  simultaneously.  And  they 
have  been  rivals  ever  since.  Man  first  began  to  pray 
to  his  idols.  The  priest  gathered  around  him  under 
his  sacred  tree  or  in  his  sanctified  cave  those  whom  he 
could  induce  to  believe  in  the  ‘gods’  while  the  preparer 
of  the  REAL,  joys  of  life  required  no  argument  to 
induce  people  to  trade  with  him.  So  the  saloon  man 
had  the  advantage  from  the  start.  And  he  has  ever 
maintained  it,  as  is  shown  by  the  expenditures  as  com- 
pared with  the  income  of  the  religious  establishment. 
No  wonder  that  the  clergyman  feels  sore  when  he  con- 
templates the  national  drink  bill  and  then  looks  at  the 
rather  insignificant  figures  representing  the  sum  of 
‘offerings,’  salary  and  appurtenances  with  which  he 
keeps  his  business  going.  The  struggle  of  the  Church 
against  the  ‘worldly’  enjoyments  of  man  is  a losing 
cause,  as  its  champions  fight  with  spiritual  weapons 
against  substantial  matters.” 

And  the  Brewer  and  Malster  of  June  15,  1912,  reveals 
this  same  spirit  of  bitter  hatred  when  it  refers  to  “the 
Anglo-American  Churches — those  hotbeds  of  narrow- 
mindedness and  fanaticism.” 

Hope  Has  Fled 

The  hopeless  nature  of  the  fight  they  are  waging 
against  the  oncoming  prohibition  flood  was  set  forth 
by  the  Champion  of  Fair  Play,  the  organ  of  the  retail 
liquor  dealers  of  Illinois,  recently  in  these  startling 
words : 

“Sneering  talk  about  the  fighters  against  intoxicants 
has  gone  out  of  use.  * * * The  liquor  dealers  and  ad- 
vocates have  for  some  time  acknowledged  themselves 
on  the  run.  Not  many  years  ago  it  was  considered  by 
a majority  of  people  in  many  communities  that  the 
best  policy  was  to  let  the  liquor  traffic  alone.  * ♦ * But 
now  the  best  of  our  people  are  letting  go  such  a theory 
and  believing  that  this  nation  will  ere  long  become 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance  231 

saloonless.  The  liquor  dealers  are  acknowledging  that 
to  stem  the  tide  is  an  impossible  job.” 

Another  amazing  piece  of  candor  is  found  in  Bon- 
fort’s  Wine  and  Spirit  Circular  for  February  25,  1914: 
“No  dealer  seems  to  feel  secure  in  regard  to  his  future, 
and  this  apprehension  is  as  general  among  wholesalers 
now  as  among  retailers.  A very  large  proportion  of 
the  trade  has  come  to  the  conclusion  that  this  (na- 
tional prohibition)  is  not  only  a possibility,  but  a proba- 
bility.” This  fear  is  general  among  the  liquor  people. 
The  general  counsel  of  the  Wholesale  L,iquor  Dealers’ 
Association  confidentially  told  a New  York  newspaper 
man,  “Unless  checked,  the  prohibitionists  will  accom- 
plish their  purpose.  There  is  grave  probability  that  a 
constitutional  amendment  will  go  to  the  states,  and 
once  sent  to  the  states  no  power  on  earth  can  prevent 
its  eventual  ratification.” 

Neither  does  the  trade  press  try  to  conceal  the 
growing  hostility  to  the  liquor  industry  in  Europe. 
The  special  Munich  correspondent  of  the  Brewers’ 
Journal,  just  before  the  outbreak  of  the  war,  asserted. 
“The  German  Government  covertly  advances  the  agi- 
tation of  the  total  abstinence  fanatics.”  This  corre- 
spondent cited  many  definite  instances  in  proof. 

In  trying  to  locate  the  cause  of  this  “deplorable  state 
of  affairs,”  liquor  papers  make  various  accusations. 
Bonfort’s  Wine  and  Spirit  Circular  believes  that: 

“The  new  force  against  us  is  that  of  business.  This 
new  force  in  the  movement  for  the  restriction  or 
abolition  of  liquor  treats  the  matter  from  the  economic 
standpoint.  Its  arguments  are  longer  life,  greater 
safety  in  railroad  transportation  and  industrial  labor, 
and  a greater  degree  of  efficiency  in  every  department 
of  the  world’s  work.” 

In  continuing,  Bonfort’s  notes  the  extension  of  the 
antidrinking  rule  by  railroads  and  various  manufactur- 
ing industries. 

Mida’s  Criterion  for  February,  1914,  appears  to  find 
reason  for  the  increasing  hostility  to  the  trade  in  legis- 
lative policies,  for  it  says : “Just  as  soon  as  the  Legis- 
lature of  any  state  begins  to  sit,  the  first  thing  that 
develops  is  legislation  antagonistic  to  the  whisky  busi- 
ness.” Mida’s  is  of  the  opinion,  “It  is  futile  to  say 
that  prohibition  can  never  be  accomplished  by  law.  It 


232  Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 

is  awful  to  contemplate,  but  it  seems  to  be  just  below 
the  horizon.” 

A Brutal  Theory 

Nevertheless,  in  spite  of  all  its  pessimism,  the  trade 
honestly  believes  that  it  has  a legitimate  place  in  the 
world,  and  that  prohibition  would  be  a calamity.  The 
American  Brewer^  Remew  declares : 

“Instead  of  allowing  nature  to  proceed  in  a selective 
way  to  eliminate  those  possessing  neuropathic  disposi- 
tions and  that  lack  resistance  to  alcohol,  people  have 
been  taught  to  * * * develop  that  element  of  the  race 
which  possesses  the  very  properties  which  nature  has 
been  for  thousands  of  years  seeking  to  eliminate.” 

There  is  not  an  issue  of  a liquor  trade  periodical 
which  does  not  furnish  reams  of  good  temperance  argu- 
ment. 

LIQUOR  TRAFFIC — See  Capital;  Labor;  Farmer; 
Liquor  Dealers;  Expenditures;  Consumption  of  Liq- 
uors; and  tables  appended  at  the  end  of  the  volume. 

LOCAL  OPTION — The  term  literally  means  local 
choice.  (See  Prohibition,  Local.)  Mr.  J.  P.  Newell  of 
Portland,  Ore.,  has  illustrated  the  local  option  system 
by  a comparison  with  the  levee  system  of  the  Missis- 
sippi : 

“When  the  country  was  first  settled  the  planters 
looked  upon  the  floods  as  a necessary  evil.  Then  one 
here  and  there  began  to  build  levees  around  his  planta- 
tion. This  proved  highly  profitable  and  the  practice 
spread.  Piece  by  piece  was  reclaimed  and  the  lowlands 
made  habitable.  But  as  the  number  of  levees  increased 
it  was  noticed  that  the  difficulty  of  maintaining  them 
increased  also.  The  floods,  restricted  in  area,  grew  in 
height.  The  expense  of  protection  became  so  great 
that  many  could  not  afford  it.  and  became  discoursed. 
It  was  found  necessary  to  abandon  the  local  systems 
and  join  in  large  districts  comprising  all  the  territory 
lying  naturally  together.  By  this  plan  a few  large 
levees  kept  up  by  all  the  people  of  the  district  are 
sufficient  to  afford  protection  even  from  extraordinary 
floods  and  the  difficulty  and  expense  of  maintenance 
are  greatly  reduced. 

“The  local  option  system  has  worked  well  for  a time, 
but  it  has  proved  insufficient  As  the  reclaimed  dis- 


Cyclopedia  oi  Tempeiance 


233 


trict  increases  in  extent  the  pressure  against  the  dykes 
becomes  more  severe.  The  liquor  power,  as  its  terri- 
tory is  reduced  in  area,  becomes  more  determined  in 
its  efforts  to  regain  the  lost  ground,  for  its  leaders 
realize  that  their  dominion  everywhere  is  threatened 
by  successful  revolt  anywhere.  Our  safety  lies  in  going 
forward.  If  we  stop  we  shall  lose  all  we  have  gained.” 

LOGIC,  LIQUOR — See  Objections  to  Prohibition 
and  Anti-Prohibition. 

LONGEVITY—Stt  Mortality  from  Alcohol. 

LOUISIANA — The  state  has  thirty  dry  parishes  and 
thirty-five  wet.  Fifty-one  per  cent  oi  the  population  is 
under  no-license.  There  has  been  no  notable  change 
in  the  liquor  laws  during  the  past  two  years. 

LOYAL  TEMPERANCE  LEGION— The  Na- 
tional Convention  of  the  W.  C.  T.  U.  held  at  Newark, 
N.  J.,  in  1876  advised  that  children  be  organized  into 
“juvenile  temperance  societies.”  The  juvenile  com- 
mittee of  1880  presented  a constitution  for  children’s 
societies  which  included  the  pledge  against  all  intoxi- 
cating liquors  and  tobacco.  Under  this  constitution 
many  societies  were  organized  in  different  parts  of  the 
country.  Up  to  1886  these  societies  existed  under  many 
local  names,  but  at  the  National  Convention  held  in 
Minneapolis  in  1886  it  was  decided  to  give  these  or- 
ganizations a uniform  plan  of  work  under  the  name 
of  “Toyal  Temperance  Legion.”  This  organization  con- 
sisted in  each  state  of  as  many  divisions  as  there  are 
districts  or  counties,  the  local  societies  of  each  division 
being  known  as  Company  A,  Company  B,  etc.,  accord- 
ing to  the  time  of  formation. 

The  aim  of  the  organization  is  not  only  to  make 
children  into  total  abstainers,  but  also  to  train  them 
into  efficient  workers  for  prohibition  in  the  state  and 
nation.  In  no-Hcense  and  prohibition  campaigns  they 
have  proven  valuable  helpers.  Their  loyalty  to  the 
1 pledge  of  total  abstinence  against  alcoholic  beverages 
and  tobacco,  as  well  as  profanity,  has  repeatedly  stood 
the  test  of  severe  temptation,  statistics  gathered  about 
i 1890  showing  that  ninety-three  per  cent  of  those  pledged 
1 stand  true.  The  official  periodical  of  the  Loyal  Tem- 
i perance  Legion  is  the  Young  Crusader.  Local  socie- 


234 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 


ties  have  been  formed  in  practically  every  part  of  the 
nation  and  continue  to  be  very  effective  for  the  ac- 
complishment of  the  purposes  of  the  organization. 

MAINE — Under  constitutional  prohibition  enacted  in 
1884.  The  law  forbids  transportation  when  the  liquor 
is  intended  for  illegal  use,  forbids  liquor  advertising, 
the  sale  of  cider  for  drinking,  provides  for  search  and 
seizure  and  seizure  in  transit,  forbids  possession  with 
intent  to  sell,  forbids  drinking  on  trains,  trolleys,  and 
boats,  makes  place  where  liquor  is  sold  or  resorted  for 
the  purpose  of  drinking  a nuisance,  and  provides  for 
its  abatement,  makes  liquor  debts  illegal,  the  payment 
of  a United  States  revenue  liquor  tax  prima  facie  evi- 
dence of  guilt,  the  delivery  of  intoxicants  a proof  of 
sale,  etc. 

MALT — Barley  is  steeped  in  warm  water  until  it 
has  begun  to  germinate,  when  it  is  spread  out  and 
dried.  After  it  is  crushed  it  is  called  malt.  It  is  then 
used  in  brewing.  Much  of  the  nutriment  of  the  barley 
is  lost  in  the  process  of  changing  it  to  malt. 

MALT  LIQUORS — Alcoholic  drinks,  such  as  beer, 
ale,  etc.  (See  Alcoholic  Beverages.) 

MARTYRS — See  Heroes  and  Martyrs. 

MARYLAND — Fourteen  counties  out  of  twenty’- 
three  are  dry.  An  effort  will  be  made  to  get  the  Legis- 
lature of  1915  to  enact  prohibition  subject  to  referen- 
dum. The  majority  of  both  houses  are  pledged  to  do 
so. 

MASSACHUSETTS — The  no-license  vote  in  Massa- 
chusetts for  the  license  year  beginning  ^May  1.  1915, 
was  the  heaviest  ever  cast.  The  license  vote  fell  off 
13,042  from  the  preceding  year.  Thus  the  license  ma- 
jority of  2.471  was  converted  into  a no-license  majority 
of  18.398.  a net  gain  for  “No”  of  20,869.  Eighteen 
cities  voted  license  and  seventeen  no-license.  Seventy 
towns  voted  license  and  248  no-license.  The  follow- 
ing cities  and  towns  changed  from  “Yes”  to  “No”: 
Athol.  Clinton.  Falmouth,  Lee,  Maynard.  Norfolk, 
Northampton  Oxford  and  Shelburne,  a total  of  eleven. 
The  following  changed  from  “No”  to  “Yes” : Enfield. 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 


235 


Leominster,  Milford,  Munroe,  Oak  Bluffs,  Pepperell, 
Salisbury,  Savoy,  and  Warren,  a total  of  nine.  North- 
ampton had  been  wet  for  many  years.  Two  important 
measures  were  passed,  one  a perfecting  amendment  to 
the  Idw  governing  the  transportation  of  liquor  by  ex- 
press companies  and  the  other  making  clear  that  the 
law  governing  the  granting  of  sixth-class  druggists 
license  is  not  mandatory.  The  Legislature  of  1915 
passed  a bill  prohibiting  transportation  by  licensed 
dealers  of  intoxicating  liquors  into  dry  territory,  but 
the  bill  was  vetoed. 

MEDICAL  PRACTICE — Fifteen  years  ago  not  one 
physician  in  ten  condemned  the  use  of  alcohol  as  an 
internal  medicine.  Whisky,  wine,  and  beer  were  used 
in  medical  practice  in  dosage  quantities  equal  to  the 
quantities  used  in  drinking.  Beginning  about  that  time, 
however,  eminent  doctors  in  Europe  and  America  began 
to  advocate  the  limitation  of  the  use  of  alcohol  as  a 
medicine.  Among  these  physicians  were  Sir  Benjamin 
Ward,  Richardson,  Sims  Woodhead,  Forel,  Kassowitz, 
and  a few  others  in  Europe,  and  Nathan  S.  Davis,  T.  D. 
Crothers,  J.  H.  Kellogg,  and  a few  others  in  America. 
In  ten  years  time,  however,  so  advanced  had  become 
the  sentiment  not  only  in  regard  to  the  limitation  of 
the  use  of  alcohol  as  a medicine,  but  in  condemnation 
of  its  use  as  a beverage,  that  the  London  Times  said : 
“According  to  recent  developments  of  scientific  opinion, 
it  is  not  impossible  that  a belief  in  the  strengthening 
and  supporting  qualities  of  alcohol  will  eventually  be- 
come as  obsolete  as  a belief  in  witchcraft.” 

Early  in  1915,  the  Temperance  Society,  believing  that 
the  time  had  come  when  an  effort  should  be  made  to 
show  the  trend  of  present  medical  opinion  in  regard 
to  the  use  of  alcohol  as  a beverage  and  its  frequent 
use  as  a medicine,  made  an  arrangement  with  Dr.  Win- 
field Scott  Hall,  in  charge  of  the  Department  of  Physi- 
ology of  the  Medical  College  of  Northwestern  Univer- 
sity, to  conduct  an  investigation  among  the  presidents 
of  state  medical  societies,  the  heads  of  the  leading  hos- 
pitals in  large  cities,  the  health  officers  of  large  cities, 
and  instructors  in  the  principal  medical  schools.  In 
order  that  there  should  not  even  be  a suggestion  to 
influence  the  nature  of  replies  and  to  more  fully  secure 
the  scientific  cooperation  of  those  addressed,  the  letters 


236 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 


sent  out  were  signed  by  Dr.  Hall  himself  and  written 
upon  his  letterheads  and  all  replies  went  to  him.  No 
physician  in  America  is  more  competent  to  handle 
such  an  inquiry  than  Dr.  Hall,  who  is  president  of  the 
American  Medical  Society  for  the  Study  of  Alcohol 
and  Other  Narcotics  and  has  held  numerous  medical 
honors. 

Hospitals 

Replies  were  received  from  forty-two  hospitals  lo- 
cated in  leading  central  cities.  In  thirty-nine  of  these 
hospitals  the  use  of  alcohol  as  a remedial  agent  is  de- 
creasing. In  response  to  an  inquiry  as  to  how  much 
less  alcohol  is  used  now  than  the  amount  used  five 
years  ago,  a number  of  the  replies  say  that  the  de- 
crease has  beeu.  so  marked  that  practically  none  is  now 
used.  Others  give  figures ; for  instance,  the  Hospital  of 
the  Protestant  Episcopal  Church  in  Philadelphia,  with 
3,026  patients  in  1899,  used  $1,135.22  worth  of  alcoholic 
drinks,  but  in  1914,  with  6,312  patients,  the  expenditure 
was  only  $364.53.  Quite  a number  of  the  replies  say 
that  the  decrease  in  the  past  five  years  amounts  to 
ninety  per  cent;  others  say  seventy-five  per  cent,  and 
some  fifty  per  cent,  while  few  report  a smaller  decrease 
than  thirty  per  cent.  It  seems  from  the  replies  from 
these  hospitals  that  the  use  of  alcohol  as  a remedy  for 
shock  is  almost  disappearing,  and  there  also  seems  to  be 
little  belief  in  the  brewers’  theory  that  beer  is  useful  as 
an  aid  to  convalescence. 

It  is  notable  that  in  a great  number  of  cases  where 
alcohol  is  spoken  of  as  possibly  having  some  value,  the 
qualification  is  made  that  it  is  of  value  in  the  treat- 
ment of  habitual  users  only.  It  seems  to  be  the  gen- 
eral opinion  that  for  others  its  value  is  confined  to  such 
purposes  as^bathing.  For  internal  purposes  it  is  the 
general  opinion  that  other  remedies  are  more  valuable. 

State  Medical  Leaders 

The  replies  from  presidents  of  state  medical  societies 
represent  twenty-seven  states.  Almost  without  excep- 
tion, they  seem  to  agree  that  alcohol  is  useful  as  a 
medicine,  but  to  a very  limited  extent,  to  a much  more 
limited  extent  than  is  generally  supposed.  A great 
number  of  them  think  that  “other  drugs  are  better,” 
while  many  of  them  confine  their  prescription  of  alco- 
hol to  habitual  users  of  it  and  to  external  use.  Dr. 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 


237 


Stephan  Harnsberger,  president  of  the  Virginia  Medi- 
cal Society,  says : “Alcohol  is  sometimes  valuable  in 
fractional  closes  to  allay  the  anxiety  of  patients  or 
friends.”  In  other  words,  simply  as  a concession  to 
superstition. 

City  Health  Officers 

The  replies  from  the  chief  health  officers  of  the  lead- 
ing cities  all  indicate  that  alcohol  is  a considerable  fac- 
tor in  sickness  and  mortality  rates.  In  reply  to  the 
question,  “Do  you  have  to  contend  with  the  giving  of 
beer  or  other  drinks  to  children?”  the  answers  are  usu- 
ally “No,”  or  “Infrequently.”  The  health  officers  of 
Milwaukee,  Kansas  City,  Grand  Rapids,  Providence,  and 
several  other  cities,  however,  say  “Yes.”  All  of  these 
officers  report  that  without  doubt  a large  decrease  in 
the  use  of  alcohol  would  have  a great  effect  on  the 
sickness  and  death  rates.  Dr.  G.  B.  Young  of  Chicago, 
Dr.  William  K.  Robbins  of  Manchester,  and  others  say 
that  the  principal  effect  would  be  in  the  improvement  of 
conditions  of  living  among  the  poor. 

The  replies  received  from  medical  colleges  were 
chiefly  signed  by  the  Professors  of  Therapeutics  and 
Practice.  An  indication  of  their  general  nature  may.be 
found  in  the  fact  that  twenty-four  say  that  beer  is 
of  no  value  as  an  aid  to  convalescence.  Fourteen  find 
it  valuable  only  under  exceptional  circumstances;  for 
instance,  for  those  who  are  accustomed  to  it  as  a bev- 
erage; and  only  one  answers  unconditionally  “Yes.” 
In  general,  they  agree  with  the  other  men  queried  that 
alcohol  has  a small  place  in  medicine,  much  more  lim- 
ited than  is  generally  supposed. 

The  Drift  of  Medical  Opinion 

The  investigation  carried  on  by  Dr.  Hall,  while  it  has 
secured  more  definite  information  from  representative 
physicians  than  any  other,  has  not  revealed  anything 
that  was  unknown.  Medical  opinion  is  rapidly  and 
surely  turning  against  the  use  of  alcohol  except  as  an 
occasional  remedy  and  is  more  and  more  speaking  out 
against  its  use  as  a beverage.  For  instance,  the  national 
■convention  of  Alienists  and  Neurologists  on  July  IS, 
1914,  in  Chicago,  passed  the  following  resolutions : 

Whereas,  in  the  opinion  of  the  meeting  of  alienists  and 
neurologists  of  the  United  States,  in  convention  assembled,  it 
has  been  definitely  established  that  alcohol,  when  taken  into 


238  Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 


the  system,  acts  as  a definite  poison  to  the  brain  and  other 
tissues,  and  that  the  effects  of  this  poison  are  directly  or  in- 
directly responsible  for  a large  proportion  of  the  insane, 
epileptic,  feeble-minded  and  other  forms  of  mental,  moral  and 
physical  degeneracy;  and 

Whereas,  the  laws  of  many  States  make  alcohol  freely  avail- 
able for  drinking  purposes,  and  therefore  cater  to  the  physical, 
mental  and  moral  degradation  of  the  people,  and  many  hos- 
pitals for  the  insane  and  other  public  institutions  are  now 
compelled  to  admit  and  care  for  a multitude  of  inebriates, 
and  many  States  have  already  established  separate  colonies 
for  the  treatment  and  re-education  of  such  inebriates,  with 
great  benefit  to  the  individuals  and  to  the  commonwealth; 
therefore,  be  it 

Resolved,  that  we  unqualifiedly  condemn  the  use  of  alcoholic 
beverages  and  recommend  that  the  various  State  Legislatures 
take  steps  to  eliminate  such  use,  and  that  we  recommend  the 
general  establishments  by  all  States  and  Territories  of  special 
colonies  or  hospitals  for  the  care  of  inebriates;  and 

Resolved,  that  organized  science  should  initiate  and  carry 
on  a systematic,  persistent  propaganda  for  the  education  of 
the  public  regarding  the  deleterious  effects  of  alcohol;  and 
be  it  further 

Resolved,  that  the  medical  profession  should  take  the  lead 
in  securing  adequate  legislation  to  the  ends  herein  specified. 

The  North  Carolina  State  Board  of  Health  has  be- 
come so  aroused  on  the  question  that  it  issued  abstinence 
literature  under  its  own  authority.  So  did  the  Board 
of  Health  of  New  York  City.  Such  medical  editors, 
as  Dr.  Evans  of  the  Chicago  Tribune,  are  con- 
stantly speaking  out  against  alcoholic  superstitions. 
Great  surgeons  like  Dr.  Howard  A.  Kelly  of  Johns 
Hopkins  University,  are  saying  such  things  as  this : 
“Diquor  in  all  its  forms  and  used  for  any  purpose  is 
an  unmitigated  evil.  I believe  in  fighting  it  in  every 
way  possible.”  The  Life  Extension  Institute  in  conven- 
tion at  Philadelphia  issued  an  antialcohol  statement 
with  the  weight  of  ninety-four  eminent  scientists  back 
of  it.  The  Hygiene  Reference  Board  of  this  organiza- 
tion includes  among  its  members  General  William  C. 
Gorgas,  the  world-famed  sanitarian.  Dr.  Alexander 
Graham  Bell,  distinguished  inventor  and  student  of 
eugenics;  David  Starr  Jordan,  president  emeritus  Le- 
land  Stanford  University;  and  Dr.  G.  H.  Simmons,  sec- 
retary of  the  American  Medical  Association. 

Scientists  Denounce  Alcohol 

It  also  includes  such  physiologists  as  Professor  Wal- 
ter B.  Cannon  of  Harvard,  Professors  Richard  Af. 
Pearce  and  A.  E.  Taylor  of  the  University  of  Pennsyl- 
vania, Russell  H.  Chittenden  and  Lafayette  B.  Mendel 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 


239 


of  Yale,  Lewellys  F.  Barker  of  Johns  Hopkins,  Mazyck 
P.  Ravenel  of  Wisconsin,  Dr.  Theobald  Smith  of  the 
Rockefeller  Institute,  as  well  as  Dr.  William  J.  Mayo, 
the  distinguished  surgeon;  Dr.  J.  N.  Hurty,  ex-presi- 
dent  of  American  Public  Health  Association ; Dr.  Henry 
Smith  Williams,  Dr.  Harvey  W.  Wiley  of  pure  food 
fame.  Dr.  George  Blumer,  dean  of  the  Yale  Medical 
School ; such  physical  trainers  as  Dr.  Dudley  A.  Sar- 
gent of  Harvard  gymnasium,  Dr.  William  G.  Ander- 
son of  Yale  gymnasium,  Professor  Alonzo  A.  Stagg  of 
University  of  Chicago  gymnasium.  Dr.  R.  Tait  McKen- 
zie of  University  of  Pennsylvania,  and  such  students- 
of  the  economic  effects  of  alcohol  as  Professor  Henry 
W.  Farnam  of  Yale,  former  member  of  the  famous, 
committee  of  fifty  on  alcohol,  and  Professor  Irving 
Fisher. 

The  following  opinions  of  eminent  medical  men 
are  fairly  representative  of  practically  the  whole  pro- 
fession : 

“It  is  only  in  quite  recent  years  that  the  fact  is  being 
forced  upon  the  scientific  mind  that  even  small  quanti- 
ties of  alcohol  habitually  taken  may  do  serious  harm.”' 
— Dr.  W.  McAdam  Eccles  of  England. 

“Alcohol  may  itself  exert  an  influence  on  the  off- 
spring, but  the  poverty  it  entails,  and,  more  important 
still,  the  neglect  of  the  child,  are  very  potent  factors  im 
the  development  of  consumption.” — Dr.  Harold  Vallow,. 
Chief  Tuberculosis  Officer,  Bradford,  England. 

“I  have  no  hesitation  in  attributing  a very  large  pro- 
portion of  some  of  the  most  painful  and  dangerous 
maladies  which  have  come  under  my  notice  (during 
more  than  twenty  years  of  professional  life),  as  well 
as  those  which  every  medical  man  has  to  treat,  to  the 
ordinary  and  daily  use  of  fermented  drinks  taken  in, 
the  quantity  which  is  conventionally  deemed  moderate.”’ 
— Sir  Henry  Thompson. 

“The  only  proper  use  of  alcohol  to  an  ordinary  healthy 
person  is  its  disuse.  Either  as  a food  or  as  a drug,  we 
recognize  that  alcohol  is  of  no  service — or  of  very  little 
— to  the  community.  No  service  as  a food,  and  very 
doubtful  service  as  a drug.  A system  of  legislation 
should  be  enacted  whereby  the  sale  and  use  of  alcohol' 
shall  be  very  largely  prohibited  and  prevented.  The 
medical  profession  knows  well  that  alcohol  is  a potent 


240  Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 

cause  of  disease,  poverty,  and  death.” — Sir  Victor  Hors- 
ley. 

“There  is  no  scientific  justification  for  the  employ- 
ment of  alcohol  in  medicine.  Alcohol  is  a virulent 
poison,  and,  as  such,  should  be  placed  in  the  list  with 
arsenic,  mercury,  and  other  dangerous  drugs.” — Dr. 
a.  VV.  Carpenter,  the  eminent  physiologist. 

“Alcohol  is  a poison.  In  chemistry  and  physiology 
this  is  its  proper  place.  Many  readers  may  receive 
this  dogmatic  assertion  with  a ‘Pooh,  pooh!'  ‘fanaticism 
and  folly,’  ‘we  know  better !’  Let  me  support  the  as- 
sertion, therefore,  with  authority.  ‘The  sedative  action 
of  alcohol  on  the  brain,’  says  Christianson — and  we 
know  no  higher  authority  either  as  regards  poisons  or 
the  article  of  the  materia  medica — ‘constitutes  it  a pow- 
erful narcotic  poison.’  ” — The  late  Professor  Miller, 
Edinburgh  University. 

“Alcohol  is  one  of  the  chief  curtailers  of  human  life. 
The  man  of  twenty  who  drinks  has  a probable  life  of 
fifteen  years  before  him,  the  abstainer  one  of  forty-four 
years.” — Professor  Lombroso,  Italy. 

MEDICINE — See  Medical  Practice. 

METHODIST  EPISCOPAL  CHURCH— One  of 
the  first  rules  formulated  for  the  United  Societies  of 
Methodists  in  1743  was  that  all  “members  were  ex- 
pected to  evidence  their  desire  of  salvation,  first,  by 
doing  no  harm;  by  avoiding  evil  of  every  kind,  espe- 
cially that  which  is  most  generally  practiced,  such  as 
* * * drunkenness,  buying  or  selling  spirituous  liquors, 
or  drinking  them,  except  in  cases  of  extreme  necessity.” 
(See  Wesley,  John.)  Upon  the  organization  of  the 
Methodist  Episcopal  Church  in  America  in  1784,  the 
following  was  made  a part  of  the  minutes : 

“Q.  Should  our  friends  be  permitted  to  make  spiritu- 
ous liquors,  and  sell  and  drink  them  in  drams?  A.  By 
no  means.” 

The  radical  nature  of  this  strong  stand  against  the 
evils  of  intemperance  cannot  be  appreciated  without  a 
full  understanding  of  the  spirit  of  the  times,  which 
was  anything  but  hostile  to  the  use  of  intoxicants. 
Hardly  a man  could  have  been  found  in  a day’s  joumev. 
outside  of  the  Methodists  themselves  and  a few  lead- 
ers of  other  churches,  who  would  not  have  laughed  at 
the  absurdity  of  a total  abstinence  proposal. 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 


241 


Maybe  You  Didn’t  Know  This 

It  was  inevitable,  however,  that  the  entire  lack  of 
temperance  sentiment  should  affect  in  some  degree  the 
belief  within  the  church.  As  late  as  1812  the  General 
Conference  voted  down,  after  it  had  been  called  up 
five  successive  times,  the  following  resolution; 

“Resolved,  That  no  stationed  or  local  preacher  shall 
retail  spirituous  or  malt  liquors,  without  forfeiting  his 
ministerial  character  among  us.” 

But  from  that  time  the  utterances  of  the  Church  be- 
came more  and  more  radical,  until  they  culminated  in 
the  declaration  by  the  General  Conference  at  Minneap- 
olis in  1912,  that  “all  the  woes  of  perdition  lurk  in 
the  barroom,”  and  asserted  that  total  abstinence  is  the 
plain  duty  of  all  our  people  of  every  clime  and  coun- 
try, that  “the  liquor  traffic  cannot  be  legalized  without 
sin,”  and  that  “we  stand  for  the  speediest  possible 
suppression  of  the  beverage  liquor  traffic.”  This  same 
General  Conference  memorialized  Congress  to  prohibit 
the  sale  of  intoxicating  liquors  in  the  District  of  Colum- 
bia, in  Alaska,  in  our  island  possessions,  and  in  all 
federal  territory,  and  to  repeal  the  federal  tax  on 
liquors. 

Especially  important,  however,  was  the  action  of  the 
General  Conference  in  giving  its  own  church  temperance 
society  instructions  that  it  “cooperate  in  all  wisely  di- 
rected movements  against  the  liquor  traffic,”  but  espe- 
cially take  the  lead  within  the  church  in  educational 
matters.  (See  Temperance  Society  of  the  Methodist 
Episcopal  Church.) 

In  every  part  of  the  United  States  leaders  of  the 
war  against  the  liquor  traffic  have  paid  tribute  to  the 
faithful  activity  of  Methodist  pastors.  By  common 
consent  they  are  the  most  active  of  all  church  leaders 
in  this  fight,  and  the  liquor  interests  themselves  have 
paid  tribute  to  their  prowess.  Secretary  Debar,  in  ad- 
dressing the  convention  of  the  National  Wholesale 
Liquor  Dealers’  Association  in  Washington,  in  May, 
1914,  said: 

What  the  Liquor  Men  Say 

“What  church  is  it  that  is  seeking  to  override,  in- 
timidate. and  browbeat  men  in  public  life  with  a view 
to  political  supremacy  in  this  country?  It  is  only 
necessary  to  read  the  list  of  those  preachers  who  are 
active  in  the  present  propaganda  for  legislative  pro- 


242  Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 

hibition  to  realize  that  it  is  the  Methodist  Church  which 
is  obsessed  with  the  ambition  to  gain  control  of  our 
government.  This  is  the  fanatical,  aggressive,  and 
sometimes  unscrupulous  force  which  is  leading  the 
movement  for  political  supremacy  under  the  guise  of 
temperance  reform.” 

The  National  Convention  of  Brewers  which  met  in 
New  Orleans  in  the  same  year  also  paid  attention  to 
the  Methodist  Church.  At  one  time,  under  the  leader- 
ship of  the  Temperance  Society,  the  pastors  of  Meth- 
odism had  overwhelmed  Congress  with  thousands  of 
telegrams  in  favor  of  the  Hobson-Sheppard  Bill,  and 
this  aroused  the  brewers  to  declare  that  the  Methodist 
Churches  had  no  right  to  speak  as  units  in  regard  to 
such  matters. 

Utterances  in  the  liquor  press  which  pay  unwilling 
tribute  to  the  activity  of  the  Afethodists  against  the 
liquor  traffic  are  very  numerous.  In  trying  to  arouse 
its  constituency  to  the  alarming  nature  of  the  action 
of  the  Methodist  Church  in  reviving  the  Temperance 
Society  upon  the  basis  of  a church  benevolence.  Bon- 
fort’s  Wine  and  Spirit  Circular  of  October  25,  1914, 
declared : 

“We  must  realize  that  the  entire  Methodist  Church  is 
a solidified,  active,  aggressive,  and  obedient  unit  in  this 
warfare  on  our  trade.” 

METHODIST  EPISCOPAL  CHURCH, 
SOUTH — The  utterances  of  the  Alethodist  Episcopal 
Church,  South,  have  been  so  similar  to  those  of  the 
Methodist  Episcopal  Church  that  they  might  be  summed 
up  in  this  one  quotation  from  the  declaration  of  the 
General  Conference  held  in  St.  Louis,  in  May,  1890: 
“We  are  emphatically  a prohibition  church.” 

METHODIST  PROTESTANT  CHURCH— The 
General  Conference  of  this  church  has  repeatedly 
taken  the  most  radical  stand  possible  in  favor  of  the 
suppression  of  the  liquor  traffic  and  total  abstinence 
in  its  membership. 

MICHIGAN — Forty-four  dry  counties,  thirty-nine 
wet.  Fourteen  out  of  sixteen  elections  in  1915  were 
won  by  the  drys.  During  the  year  a law  was  secured 
giving  the  right  to  township  boards  and  village  and 
city  councils  to  reject  liquor  bonds.  There  \yill  be 
a state-wide  fight  in  1916  for  constitutional  prohibition. 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 


243 


MINNESOTA — During  the  last  session  of  the  Leg- 
islature a county  option  bill  was  passed  and  signed  by 
Governor  Hammond  on  March  1.  In  eight  months 
fifty-six  counties  in  Minnesota  held  county  option  elec- 
tions, forty-five  voted  dry  and  eleven  voted  wet.  Among 
these  counties  was  Hennepin,  which  contains  the  city 
of  Minneapolis,  population  360,000.  In  this  county  an 
intense  campaign  was  developed,  and  30.000  temperance 
votes  were  cast,  but  9,000  more  votes  were  cast  at  the 
election  than  the  complete  registration,  and  the  wets 
won  by  a majority  of  about  9,000.  The  output  of  beer 
from  Minnesota  breweries  compared  with  the  output 
for  the  same  months  during  the  year  1914  fell  off  99,000 
barrels,  or  50,000,000  drinks. 

MISSIONS — The  American  expenditures  for  mis- 
sions are  variously  estimated  at  from  $12,000,000  to 
$15,000,000.  The  contrast  with  the  expenditure  of 
$2,300,000,000  for  liquors  is  startling. 

MISSISSIPPI — Under  state  prohibition.  Legisla- 
ture and  courts  have  materially  strengthened  the  dry 
policy  during  the  past  two  years.  One  law  allows  one 
third  of  fines  to  be  devoted  to  the  expense  of  securing 
convictions.  Another  prohibits  the  transportation  of 
liquors  into  Mississippi  for  illegal  purposes,  and  pro- 
vides that  not  more  than  one  gallon  of  liquor  shipped 
in  either  interstate  or  intrastate  commerce  can  be  de- 
livered to  any  person,  firm,  or  corporation  at  a time. 
Delivery  is  also  made  conditional  upon  the  signing  of 
a special  certificate  defining  the  nature  of  the  contents, 
from  whence  shipped,  to  whom  delivered,  and  for  what 
purpose.  This  certificate  is  required  to  be  filed  in  the 
circuit  derk’s  office  at  once.  Another  law  prohibits  the 
carrying,  sending,  or  delivering  of  liquors  to  any  social 
club  or  lodge  under  any  circumstances.  All  these 
measures  stood  the  test  of  the  Supreme  Court.  The 
shipments  of  liquor  by  express  into  Mississippi  during 
1915  amounted  to  twenty-eight  per  cent  less  in  quantity 
than  during  1914. 

MISSOURI — This  state  has  eighty-one  dry  counties, 
sixteen  mostly  dry,  and  seventeen  mostly  wet.  Ten 
local  option  elections  were  won  by  the  drys  in  1915, 
two  by  the  wets,  and  the  result  of  one  is  still  in  the 
courts  for  decision.  During  1915  the  drys  added  four 


244  Cyclopedia  oi  Temperance 

counties  to  their  list.  Missouri  has  twenty-nine  cities 
of  more  than  2,500  population  dry.  Fifty-one  per  cent 
of  the  population  live  in  dry  territory.  The  prohibition 
forces  are  contending  before  the  Legislature  for  statu- 
tory prohibition  or  submission  of  the  question  to  the 
people. 

MODERATION — This  is  the  plea  of  the  brewers. 
Temperance  people  have  taken  the  stand  that  there 
can  be  no  such  thing  as  a moderate  beverage  use  of  a 
poison.  The  idea  of  the  brewers  as  to  what  modera- 
tion is  may  be  judged  from  the  fact  that  at  their  ban- 
quet m connection  with  the  Brewers’  Congress  in  Chi- 
cago in  1911,  1,200  brewers  drank  9,219  bottles  of  beer. 
(See  Brewers;  also  for  facts  in  regard  to  moderation 
in  wine  and  beer-drinking  countries,  see  Germany,  etc.) 

MOHAMMEDANS— 'See  Koran. 

MONTANA — This  state  will  vote  on  prohibition  in 
1916.  The  law  proposed  forbids  the  sale  of  any  liquor 
containing  alcohol  if  it  may  be  used  as  a beverage, 
except  wine  for  sacramental  purposes,  etc.  The  present 
dry  territory  consists  of  Richland  County,  all  Indian 
reservations,  and  the  towns  of  Corvallis,  Victor,  Ballan- 
tine.  Warden,  and  Pompey’s  Pillar.  The  last  legislative 
assembly  enactecf  a law  closing  all  saloons  in  the  state 
in  places  having  less  than  fifty  residents  within  one 
fourth  of  a mile  of  a saloon;  another  law  closing  sa- 
loons on  Sundays  until  1 P.  M.;  and  still  another  law 
giving  county  commissioners  discretionary  power  in  the 
granting  of  saloon  licenses  in  unincorporated  places. 

MONTENEGRO — See  Balkan  countries. 

MOONSHINE  WHISKY— See  Illicit  Distilleries. 

MORAL  SUASION — The  place  of  moral  suasion 
in  the  temperance  reform  is  large,  but  it  is  to  be  brought 
to  bear  upon  the  individual  to  secure  personal  total 
abstinence,  and  has  no  place  in  dealing  with  a social, 
commercial,  and  economic  problem  such  as  the  liquor 
traffic  constitutes. 

MORTALITY  FROM  ALCOHOL— Mr.  E.  Bun- 
nell Phelps,  author  of  “The  Mortality  of  Alcohol.” 
estimates  that  65.897  deaths  occur  annually  in  which 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 


245 


alcohol  is  a causative  or  contributing  factor.  Mr. 
Phelps  is  much  opposed  to  the  prohibitionists  and  his 
estimate  is  accepted  by  writers  for  the  liquor  interests. 
It  may  be  taken  as  very  conservative. 

On  December  10,  1914,  Mr.  Arthur  Hunter,  chairman 
of  the  Central  Bureau  of  the  Medico-Actuarial  Mortal- 
ity Investigation  and  Actuary  of  the  New  York  Life 
Insurance  Company,  delivered  an  address  before  the 
eighth  annual  meeting  of  the  Association  of  Life  In- 
surance Presidents  in  New  York  City,  in  which  he  de- 
tailed the  results  of  an  investigation  covering  the  rec- 
ords of  two  million  lives  over  a period  of  twenty-five 
years.  These  records  were  furnished  by  forty-three  of 
the  leading  life  insurance  companies  of  the  United 
States  and  Canada. 

“It  is  certain,”  said  Mr.  Hunter,  “that  abstainers  live 
longer  than  persons  who  use  alcoholic  beverages. 
Among  the  men  who  admitted  that  they  had  taken  alco- 
hol occasionally  to  excess  in  the  past,  but  whose  habits 
were  considered  satisfactory  when  they  were  insured, 
there  were  289  deaths,  while  there  would  have  been 
only  190  deaths  had  this  group  been  made  up  of  insured 
lives  in  general.  The  extra  mortality  was,  therefore, 
over  fifty  per  cent,  which  was  equivalent  to  a reduction 
of  over  four  years  in  the  average  life  of  these  men. 
For  example,  at  age  thirty-five,  the  expectation  of  life 
is  thirty-two  years;  in  the  first  year  after  that  age, 
instead  of,  say,  nine  persons  dying,  there  would  probably 
be  twelve  deaths ; that  is,  three  men  would  each  lose 
thirty-two  years  of  life;  in  the  next  year  probably  four 
men  would  each  lose  thirty-one  years  of  life,  etc.  As 
a matter  of  fact,  many  immoderate  drinkers  would  live 
longer  than  thirty-two  years,  but  not  nearly  so  many 
as  would  live  if  they  had  been  moderate  drinkers,  and 
far  fewer  than  if  they  had  been  total  abstainers  from 
alcohol. 

“In  the  foregoing  classes  men  who  were  in  the  liquor 
business,  or  in  any  other  occupation  involving  hazard, 
were  excluded. 

Gaining  Five  Hundred  Thousand  Lives 

“The  Committee  of  the  Medico-Actuarial  Mortality 
Investigation  did  not  make  a report  on  the  mortality 
among  total  abstainers,  but  sufficient  statistics  have  been 
published  by  individual  companies  to  justify  the  state- 


246 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 


ment  that  persons  who  have  always  been  total  abstainers 
have  a mortality  during  the  working  years  of  life  of 
about  one  half  of  that  among  those  who  use  alcohol 
to  the  extent  of  at  least  two  glasses  of  whisky  per  day. 
In  view  of  this,  the  effect  of  prohibition  of  the  manu- 
facture and  sale  of' alcoholic  beverages  in  Russia  must 
be  very  great.  It  is  not  too  much  to  say  that  the  loss 
of  500,000  men  as  the  result  of  the  present  warfare 
could  be  made  good  in  less  than  ten  years  through  com- 
plete abstinence  from  alcoholic  beverages  by  all  the  in- 
habitants of  Russia.” 

Previously  published  investigations  of  occupational 
mortality  issued  by  the  American  Actuarial  Society 
had  shown  a significant  difference  in  the  death  rate 
of  men  following  what  are  generally  called  the  “dan- 
gerous occupations”  and  those  whose  work  brings  them 
into  constant  contact  with  the  “harmless”  beverage  of 
beer. 

A Bar  to  Life 

It  is  less  dangerous  to  be  a lineman,  a pole-climber, 
arc-light  trimmer,  etc.,  than  it  is  to  attend  bar  in  hotels, 
for  the  ratio  of  actual  to  expected  death  rates  is  142 
per  cent  in  the  case  of  the  former  as  opposed  to  178 
per  cent  in  the  case  of  the  latter. 

Possibly  you  have  visited  the  steel  mills  at  some  time, 
and  it  may  have  been  your  misfortune  to  see  a line  of 
bloody  forms  laid  out  in  some  near-by  undertaking 
establishment,  and  yet  the  death  rate  among  rolling 
mill  employees — hot-iron  workers  only — is  only  117  per 
cent,  while  in  the  case  of  waiters  in  hotels,  restaurants, 
and  clubs  where  liquor  is  served,  the  rate  is  177  per 
cent,  and  among  foremen,  malsters,  and  beer-pump 
repairers  it  is  135  per  cent ! 

No  need  to  thrill  with  horror  again  when  you  see 
the  brave  fireman  going  up  the  ladder  to  rescue  the 
baby.  The  death  rate  among  ladder  men,  pipemen,  and 
hosemen  is  only  148  per  cent.  You  had  best  save  your 
feelings  of  horror  for  the  moment  when  you  step  into 
the  restaurant  where  liquors  are  served,  and  gaze  upon 
the  proprietor,  for  his  death  rate  is  152  per  cent,  and 
the  death  liability"  of  his  cook  or  chef  in  the  kitchen 
is  exactly  the  same. 

And  the  locomotive  engineer  who  braves  wreck  and 
bursting  boilers  incurs  less  danger  by  fourteen  per  cent 
than  the  proprietor  of  a grocery  with  bar. 


Cyclopedia  oi  Temperance 


247 


Europe  Learned  it  Long  Ago 

About  seventy-two  years  ago,  a Quaker  applied  to 
an  English  life  insurance  company  for  life  insurance, 
and  was  asked  ten  per  cent  extra  because  he  was  a 
total  abstainer.  This  struck  the  Quaker  as  idiocy,  and. 
so,  we  are  informed,  he  immediately  proceeded  to  or- 
ganize the  United  Kingdom  Temperance  and  General 
Provident  Institution  of  London.  This  company  kept 
its  total  abstainers  and  nonabstainers  in  two  separate 
classes,  and  in  1903,  published  the  result  of  its  experi- 
ment over  that  long  term  of  years.  The  moderate  drink- 
ers— of  course  heavy  drinkers  are  not  insured — died 
at  the  rate  of  104  per  cent  of  the  death  table,  and  the 
total  abstainers  at  the  rate  of  only  74.3  per  cent.  Sim- 
ilar reports  have  been  issued  by  other  European  com- 
panies, such  as  the  Gotha  Life  of  Prussia,  the  Sceptre 
Life  of  England,  the  Scottish  Temperance  Life,  and  the 
Actuary  of  the  Mutual  Life  of  New  York  discovered  a 
similar  condition  among  the  insured  of  that  coiltpany. 

So  well  understood  has  become  the  danger  to  life  of 
even  occasional  contact  with  intoxicating  liquors,  that 
the  Northwestern  Mutual  Life  will  not  even  insure  a 
traveling  man  who  is  required  to  carry  liquors  among 
his  samples. 

(See  Kansas  for  effect  of  prohibition  upon  death 
rate.) 

NARCOTICS— \ narcotic  is  a paralyzing  poison 
capable  of  giving  temporary  anaesthetic  relief.  Its  use 
induces  languor  and  a sufficient  quantity  will  bring  about, 
first,  insensibility,  and  then  death.  Its  habitual  use 
will  create  a mania,  or,  as  Dr.  Norman  Kerr  phrases 
it,  “an  inexpressibly  intense,  involuntary  crave.”  Alco- 
hol is  now  generally  classed  as  a narcotic  rather  than 
as  a true  stimulant. 

NATIONAL  PROHIBITION— SNhtn  the  Consti- 
tution was  being  formulated  as  a basis  for  a more 
complete  union  of  the  states,  one  of  the  most  serious 
points  of  contention  was  the  number  of  sovereignties 
which  should  be  accorded  to  the  federal  government. 
Finally  these  powers  were  clearly  defined,  with  a pro- 
hibition against  an  encroachment  upon  “the  reserved 
rights’’  of  the  states  themselves. 


248 


Cyclopedia  of  Tempeiance 


Under  the  Constitution,  certain  powers  belong  solely 
to  the  federal  government,  and  certain  powers  solely 
to  the  states.  Consequently,  upon  certain  questions  the 
state  may  go  so  far  and  no  farther,  and  upon  other 
questions  the  federal  government  may  go  a part  but 
not  all  of  the  way. 

And  in  the  evolution  of  the  various  state  governments 
certain  privileges  were  delegated  to  municipalities  and 
some  to  counties. 

Is  prohibition  a local  question  to  be  decided  by 
municipalities?  Is  it  a state  question  to  be  finally 
acted  upon  by  the  various  states  as  they  may  think 
best?  Or  is  it  a federal  question  concerning  which  it 
is  not  only  proper,  but  necessary  that  the  federal 
government  exercise  all  of  its  rights  and  authority? 

The  question  must  be  decided  by  the  determination 
of  what  branch  of  government  possesses  the  powers 
or  the  majority  of  the  powers  which  apply  to  the  case 
in  question. 

A Truly  Local  Question 

There  are  certain  questions  that  are  truly  local.  If 
a municipality  wishes  to  float  bonds  for  a new  sewer 
system  and  the  Legislature  of  the  state  has  granted 
the  right  of  local  option  on  such  questions  in  the  char- 
ter held  by  the  municipality,  that  locality  can  act  with 
finality  upon  the  question.  The  state  will  not  inter- 
fere, nor  will  the  federal  government  concern  itself  in 
the  matter. 

But  the  drink  traffic  does  not  arise  locally.  It  gets 
its  power  from  state  and  federal  governments,  prin- 
cipally the  latter,  and  no  local  action  can  influence  the 
agencies  which  are  under  federal  or  state  control. 

And  this  holds  true  of  the  state  also.  Let  us  see 
just  what  powers  upon  which  the  liquor  traffic  is  de- 
pendent for  its  existence  belong  respectively  to  the 
city,  the  state,  and  the  nation. 

Powers  Exercised  by  the  Municipality 

1.  The  issuance  of  local  liquor  licenses. 

Powers  Exercised  by  the  State 

1.  Manufacture  of  intoxicating  liquors  in  state  terri- 
tory. 

2.  Sales  inside  state  territorj-. 

3.  State  and  municipal  licenses. 

4.  Shipments  within  the  state. 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 


249 


Powers  Exercised  by  the  Federal  Government 

1.  Interstate  rail  shipments. 

2.  Transportation  by  navigable  waters,  including 
coast  line. 

3.  Tariff  collections. 

4.  Regulation  of  manufacture.  (Equal  power  with 
state  governments.) 

5.  Treaties  embodying  the  rights  of  importation  and 
exportation. 

6.  Control  of  the  United  States  mails. 

7.  Federal  taxation  of  liquors. 

8.  Federal  licenses,  which  may  be  issued  even  to 
violators  of  state  laws. 

9.  The  testimony  of  internal  revenue  collectors. 

10.  Distributing  centers  incident  to  interstate  traffic, 
such  as  express  offices,  railroad  depots,  steamboat  land- 
ings, etc. 

Here  we  have  one  power  resting  upon  the  local  gov- 
ernment, and  this  power  may  be  overridden  by  the 
state,  which  has  equal  right  to  forbid  or,  if  it  desires, 
to  compel  the  issuance  of  local  licenses.  We  have 
four  powers  belonging  to  the  state,  all  of  which  may 
be  overridden  by  superior  power  over  the  same  matter 
belonging  to  the  federal  government.  And  then  we 
have  ten  powers  upon  which  the  liquor  traffic  is  de- 
pendent belonging  to  the  federal  government,  and  in 
only  one  case  (the  manufacture  of  liquors)  has  the 
state  equal  right  to  exercise  authority. 

Some  Truly  State  Questions 

There  are  some  questions  that  belong  wholly  to  the 
states,  or  to  say  the  least,  concerning  which  the  states 
are  sovereign.  If  Kansas  wishes  to  enfranchise  its 
women,  it  can  do  so  without  any  reference  to  federal 
authority.  The  national  government  has  no  power  to 
forbid  such  action  or  to  compel  it,  excepting  as  its 
power  may  be  enlarged  by  an  amendment  to  the  fed- 
eral constitution.  The  state  is  sovereign  over  the 
question  of  suffrage,  with  the  one  exception  of  limita- 
tion of  suffrage  because  of  race,  which  was  added  as 
an  amendment  to  the  Constitution.  The  federal  govern- 
ment is  sovereign  as  to  matters  falling  within  its  juris- 
diction, such  as  the  tariff,  treaties,  coinage  of  money, 
interstate  commerce,  etc.,  while  some  questions  are 
covered  by  two  sovereignties,  the  particulars  over  which 


250  Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 

sovereignty  is  recognized  being  divided  between  the  two 
governments. 

But  if  the  state  is  sovereign  as  to  suffrage,  it  cer- 
tainly cannot  be  said  to  be  sovereign  concerning  a 
traffic  which  derives  its  rights  in  so  much  greater  de- 
gree from  the  federal  government.  If  a state  suffrage 
law  is  passed  it  enforces  itself.  If  a state  prohibition 
law  is  passed,  it  faces  a hostile  attitude  on  the  part 
of  the  federal  government  in  many  particulars. 

And  it  is  right  that  the  federal  government  should 
have  authority  over  the  liquor  traffic.  One  drop  of 
poison  will  flow  throughout  the  entire  body  politic,  cor- 
rupting its  remotest  centers,  and  New  York  cannot 
tolerate  the  liquor  traffic  within  its  borders  without 
grievously  wronging  California. 

The  Right  of  the  States  to  Make  the  Nation  Dry 

There  is  nothing  more  insincere  than  the  outc^  of 
the  liquor  people  that  national  prohibition  will  violate 
the  doctrine  of  “States  Rights.”  When  the  Webb- 
Kenyon  legislation  was  proposed  to  aid  the  states  in 
curbing  the  liquor  traffic  the  liquor  press  was  full  to 
overflowing  with  humor  at  the  expense  of  the  “ex- 
ploded” theory  of  “States  Rights.”  Now.  the  tune 
has  changed.  If  there  is  one  right  of  the  states  more 
sacred  than  any  other,  it  is  the  right  to  amend  the 
federal  constitution.  Three  fourths  of  the  states  have 
a right  to  make  the  entire  nation  drJ^ 

It  is  significant  that  when  the  Hobson-Sheppard  Bill 
came  to  a vote  in  the  House  of  Representatives,  Decem- 
ber 22,  1914,  more  than  eighty  per  cent  of  the  congress- 
men from  the  states  which  seceded  voted  “Aye.” 
Rightly  or  wrongly,  the  South  believes  that  the  doctrine 
of  “States  Rights”  is  essential  to  its  safety.  If  there 
were  anything  in  the  cry  of  the  liquor  interests  that 
national  prohibition  will  violate  that  principle,  there 
would  have  been  a different  line-up  on  the  vote. 

NATIONAL  TEMPERANCE  SOCIETY  AND 
PUBLICATION  HOUSE— In  1865,  after  peace  had 
come,  a national  temperance  convention  assembled  at 
Saratoga  Springs  at  which  the  National  Temperance 
Society  and  Publication  House  was  organized,  which 
became  the  real  successor  of  the  American  Temperance 
Union  by  purchase  of  and  payment  for  the  property 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 


251 


belonging  to  that  Union.  Its  first  president  was  the 
Hon.  Wm.  E.  Dodge.  The  National  Temperance  So- 
ciety has  been  constantly  and  consistently  inclusive  and 
cohesive — nonpartisan,  nonsectarian,  patriotic,  and 
Christian. 

This  Society  in  its  fifty  years  of  corporate  life  as 
such  has  published  over  twenty-four  hundred  publica- 
tions, has  prepared  and  circulated  fully  two  billion  pages 
of  temperance  literature  and  has  disbursed  in  this 
manner  and  in  its  many  field  activities  over  two  million 
of  dollars. 

Its  present  location  is  at  373  Fourth  Avenue,  New 
York  City.  Its  officers  are  the  Rev.  David  Stewart 
Dodge,  D.D.,  President;  A.  A.  Hopkins,  Ph.D.,  Editor 
and  Lecturer;  and  John  W.  Cummings,  Business  Man- 
ager and  Treasurer.  Its  official  periodical  is  the  Na- 
tional Temperance  Advocate.  During  1915,  it  is  cele- 
brating its  fiftieth  anniversary. 

NAVY — When  Secretary  Josephus  Daniels  issued  an 
order  that  “the  use  or  introduction  for  drinking  pur- 
poses of  alcoholic  liquors  on  board  any  naval  vessel 
or  within  any  navy  yard  or  station  is  strictly  prohibited, 
and  commanding  officers  will  be  held  directly  responsi- 
ble for  the  enforcement  of  the  order,”  he  called  down 
upon  himself  the  bitter  hostility  of  the  liquor  interests 
and  every  political  opponent  who  was  willing  to  make 
use  of  such  capital. 

On  October  17,  1909,  long  before  this  order  was 
issued,  the  Chicago  Tribune  said:  “To-day  three  mari- 
time Powers  surpass  all  others  in  the  matter  of  naval 
gunnery — Great  Britain,  Japan,  and  the  United  States — 
and  knowing  the  strenuous  total  abstinence  regulations 
now  in  force  by  these  three  nations,  may  we  not  as- 
sume that  this  superiority  is  due  to  the  total  abstinence 
encouraged  or  enforced?” 

An  effort  was  made  after  Mr.  Daniels  issued  his 
order  to  provoke  rebellion  against  him  in  the  navy. 
The  New  York  World  wired  all  the  retired  rear-ad- 
mirals of  the  navy  for  an  expression  on  the  order,  but 
they  refused  to  criticise  it.  Congress  showed  its  tacit 
approval  by  appropriating  $104,000  to  pay  for  the  offi- 
cial entertainment  of  foreign  naval  visitors,  a thing 
it  had  never  before  been  willing  to  do.  Former  Sec- 
retary of  the  Navy  John  D.  Long  spoke  out  in  hearty 


252 


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approval,  and  Surgeon-General  Gorgas  of  the  army, 
the  man  who  conquered  the  mosquitoes  of  Panama, 
declared  himself  in  entire  sympathy  with  Mr.  Daniels’ 
forward  step,  and  likewise  said  that  such  an  order 
would  be  a good  thing  for  the  army. 

Norway,  immediately  following  the  American  ex- 
ample, “humiliated”  her  people  and  made  herself  “a 
laughing  stock”  by  prohibiting  the  use  of  alcohol  by  the 
officers  of  the  Norwegian  navy. 

The  order  has  been  so  rigidly  enforced  that  when  an 
attempt  was  made  to  carry  beer  through  the  Boston 
navy  yards  to  the  Argentine  battle  ship  “Rivadavia,” 
the  American  naval  officers  forbade  its  passage. 

Do  Not  Be  Misled 

Temperance  people  should  be  warned  against  the 
brutal  attempts  of  certain  agencies  to  assail  the  reputa- 
tion of  Mr.  Daniels’  administration  of  the  depart- 
ment. Owing  to  faulty  legislation,  the  navy  is  under- 
manned and  underofficered,  but  for  the  first  time  in 
many  years  it  is  enlisted  up  to  the  capacity  of  legis- 
lation. No  administration  has  seen  abler  handling  of 
naval  affairs. 

It  was  remarkable  that  ten  days  before  the  sinking 
of  the  “Lusitania”  certain  interests  were  howling  at 
Secretary  Daniels.  “The  wine-mess  was  abolished: 
everything  was  inefficient,  rotten !”  But  the  “Lusitania” 
had  hardly  disappeared  below  the  waters  than  a strange 
silence  ensued.  In  the  face  of  war  those  who  lifted 
their  voices  at  all  spoke  with  splendid  confidence  in  the 
magnificent  efficiency  of  the  fleet.  They  called  atten- 
tion to  the  fact  that  ninety-eight  per  cent  of  “our  boys” 
are  Americans  and  are  acknowledged  to  average  higher 
in  intelligence  than  an}'  other  fighting  force  ever  put 
on  the  waters.  They  gloried  in  the  fact  that  the  na\^ 
was  readj',  that  even  with  its  faults  it  was  stronger 
than  ever  before.  Secretary  Daniels  looked  mighty 
good  to  the  country  then. 

There  was  ample  warrant  for  Air.  Daniels’  order. 
Not  only  has  drinking  in  the  American  Nav3'-  lost  hun- 
dreds of  thousands  of  dollars’  worth  of  property  and 
wrecked  at  least  one  fine  ship,  but  foreign  officers  of 
high  standing  have  time  and  again  expressed  them- 
selves vigorously  for  enforced  total  abstinence.  Ad- 
miral Charles  Beresford  and  Vice-Admiral  .1.  G.  Jelli- 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 


253 


coe,  the  latter  commander-in-chief  of  the  Atlantic  fleet 
of  the  British  navy,  are  among  those  who  have  spoken 
out. 

The.  order  issued  by  Mr.  Daniels  was  based  upon  the 
following  opinion  of  Dr.  W.  C.  Braisted,  surgeon-gen- 
eral of  the  navy: 

“It  may  be  stated  as  a fact  that,  except  as  a tem- 
porary expedient  in  certain  cases  of  illness,  the  use 
of  alcohol  is  harmful,  and  its  abuse  disastrous  alike 
to  the  individual  and  to  the  human  race.  Its  use  in  the 
service  is  based  upon  worn-out  customs,  and  there  is 
no  authority  by  law  or  otherwise  for  its  continuance, 
except  as  contained  in  the  naval  instructions.” 

N AZARITES — The  law  of  the  Nazarites  is  con- 
tained in  Numbers  6:3-6: 

“When  either  man  or  woman  shall  separate  them- 
selves to  vow  a vow  of  a Nazarite,  to  separate  them- 
selves unto  the  Lord,  he  shall  separate  himself  from 
wine  and  strong  drink,  and  shall  drink  no  vinegar  of 
wine,  or  vinegar  of  strong  drink,  neither  shall  he  drink 
any  liquor  of  grapes,  nor  eat  moist  grapes,  or  dried. 
All  the  days  of  his  separation  shall  he  eat  nothing 
that  is  made  of  the  vine  tree,  from  the  kernels  even  to 
the  husk.  All  the  days  of  the  vow  of  his  separation 
there  shall  no  razor  come  upon  his  head ; until  the 
days  be  fulfilled,  in  the  which  he  separateth  himself 
unto  the  Lord,  he  shall  be  holy,  and  shall  let  the  locks 
of  the  hair  of  his  head  grow.  All  the  days  that  he 
separateth  himself  unto  the  Lord  he  shall  come  at  no 
dead  body.” 

The  Nazarites,  consecrated  to  God  from  birth  or  by 
vow,  were  at  various  times  quite  numerous  in  Israel. 

NEBRASKA — The  state  will  vote  on  prohibition  in 
1916.  At  present  it  has  thirty  dry  counties  and  sixty- 
three  wet : forty-eight  dry  county  seats  and  forty-five 
wet;  351  dry  villages  and  cities  and  219  wet.  There  are 
890  saloons  in  the  state,  of  which  one  third  are  in 
Douglas  County.  During  1915  the  drys  gained  thirty- 
three  wet  towns  and  lost  seven.  (See  Anti-Prohibition.) 

NEGROES — Under  slavery  the  Negroes  were  pro- 
tected from  alcohol,  consequently  they  developed  no 
high  degree  of  ability  to  resist  its  evil  effects.  It  is 
well  known  that  if  a disease  becomes  prevalent  in  a 


254 


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community  where  it  has  not  existed  for  some  genera- 
tions past,  it  is  peculiarly  virulent.  This  is  true  of 

alcoholism,  as  is  commonly  observed  in  regard  to  the 

Indians. 

At  the  present  time  the  Negroes  are  subjected  to  the 
most  energetic  exploitation  of  Cincinnati,  Louisville, 
and  Jacksonville  liquor  wholesalers.  Illustrated  circu- 
lars fairly  flood  the  cabins  of  the  corn  and  cotton 

hands,  and  politicians  who  desire  to  make  use  of  the 

Negro  vote,  which  in  some  parts  of  the  South  is  con- 
siderable and  in  other  parts  practically  does  not  exist, 
frequently  have  their  political  documents  printed  on 
the  back  of  liquor  circulars  and  call  attention  to  the 
fact  that  certain  wholesalers  are  deserving  of  patron- 
age. 

Intelligent  Negroes  often  break  into  the  public  prints 
of  the  South  in  protest  against  the  custom  of  aban- 
doning their  residential  sections  in  cities  to  the  saloon, 
and  many  of  their  most  prominent  leaders  are  doing 
everything  possible  to  induce  their  people  to  abstain. 
The  Rev.  J.  N.  C.  Coggin,  who  is  field  secretary  of  the 
Temperance  Society  of  the  Methodist  Church  for  the 
colored  people,  in  calling  attention  to  the  deplorable 
effect  of  alcohol  upon  the  Negroes  says : 

“Three  fourths  of  all  the  crimes  among  Negroes  can 
be  traced  to  liquor,  and  their  poverty  is  largely  in- 
creased by  the  use  of  strong  drink.  In  Orange  County, 
South  Carolina,  in  September.  $27,000  was  spent  in  the 
dispensaries ; in  October,  $32,000,  and  in  the  same  month 
in  Florence  County,  $54,000;  a total  of  $113,000  in  three 
months.  Three  fourths  of  this  was  spent  by  the  col- 
ored people.” 

And  Booker  T.  Washington,  in  1914.  in  a letter  to 
the  Temperance  Society  declared;  “When  all  the  facts 
are  considered,  strong  drink,  I believe,  is  one  of  the 
chief  causes  of  Negro  crime  in  the  South.  In  Macon 
County,  Alabama,  where  I live,  there  are  about  twenty- 
two  thousand  Negroes  and  four  thousand  whites.  The 
sheriff  of  my  county  recently  reported  that  he  had  only 
one  deputy  and  did  not  have  enough  work  to  keep  him 
busy.” 

A recent  report  from  Washington  indicates  that  pro- 
hibition has  done  wonderful  things  in  promoting  the 
prosperity  of  the  Negro.  According  to  that  report,  the 
Negroes  of  the  country  at  the  present  time  own  prop- 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 


255 


erty  worth  about  $1,100,000,000.  In  1909  their  wealth 
amounted  to  about  $570,000,000. 

It  is  remarkable  that  this  wonderful  increase  in 
prosperity  began  at  the  time  when  a prohibition  wave 
swept  over  the  South,  bringing  state-wide  prohibition 
in  many  cases,  and  drying  up  vast  territories  in  the 
remaining  license  states. 

The  Negro  is  a cotton-maker  par  excellence.  Here- 
tofore he  has  made  good  cotton  for  the  white  man  and 
poor  cotton  for  himself.  Hundreds  of  thousands  of 
colored  men  who  formerly  owned  straggling  patches 
now  cultivate  strong  and  sturdy  plants,  and  those  who 
formerly  raised  a hound  dog  and  a whisky  habit  arc 
now  raising  a family  of  pigs  and  a new  appetite  for 
industry.  If  he  is  let  alone  by  the  wholesale  liquor 
dealers  of  Cincinnati  and  Louisville  and  Jacksonville, 
the  Negro  seems  in  a fair  way  to  settle  his  own 
problem. 

NEVADA — The  Indian  reservations  are  the  only  dry 
territory  in  this  state. 

NEW  HAMPSHIRE — In  1914  every  city  and  town 
voted  on  the  question  of  license  or  no-license.  The 
total  license  vote  was  32,776,  the  no-license  vote  40,439, 
giving  a majority  of  7,663,  the  largest  no-license  ma- 
jority ever  given.  One  city  and  four  towns  changed 
from  no-license  to  license,  and  five  towns  changed  from 
license  to  no-license.  The  last  Legislature  enacted  two 
restrictive  measures  bearing  upon  the  liquor  traffic. 

NEW  JERSEY — This  state  has  no  dry  counties. 
There  are  nine  cities  of  5,000  or  more  population  under 
local  dry  laws.  The  prohibitionists  are  contending  for  a 
municipal  local  option  bill,  which  the  Senate  of  the 
state  favors  by  a vote  of  twelve  to  nine.  The  House, 
however,  has  a heavy  wet  majority.  In  November,  1915, 
an  unofficial  referendum  in  Montclair,  a city  of  25,000, 
was  won  by  the  wets  by  a majority  of  169,  and  a similar 
election  in  Burlington,  with  9,000  population,  was  won 
by  the  wets  by  a majority  of  forty-nine.  Collingswood, 
Haddonfield,  Haddon  Heights,  Audubon,  Oaklyn,  West- 
mont, and  Haddon  Township,  which  have  special  char- 
ter provisions  for  “wet”  and  “dry”  campaigns  bien- 
nially, all  voted  dry  by  almost  unanimous  vote. 


256 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 


NEW  MEXICO — Twenty-four  out  of  the  twenty- 
six  counties  have  held  local  option  elections  during  1915. 
One  county  is  entirely  dry,  and  ten  others  are  nearly 
so.  In  eastern  New  Mexico  territory  two  hundred 
miles  long  by  150  wide  has  all  been  voted  dry  except 
about  a dozen  saloons  remaining.  Along  the  “cutoff” 
railroad  for  250  miles  there  is  but  one  town  which  re- 
tains the  legalized  saloon.  From  Las  Vegas  to  Raton. 
110  miles,  but  two  towns  retain  saloons.  The  governor 
and  most  state  officers  are  for  prohibition.  A cam- 
paign is  now  on  to  elect  a Legislature  which  will  sub- 
mit state-wide  prohibition  to  vote  of  the  people,  where 
the  drys  claim  it  will  probably  carry  by  ten  to  twenty- 
thousand  majority. 

NEWSPAPERS — See  Advertising,  Liquor. 

NEW  YORK — In  1914  there  were  408  totally  dry- 
towns  in  New  York.  By  November  1,  1915.  the  number 
had  been  increased  to  421  out  of  a total  of  932  in  the 
state.  In  the  elections  of  November  2.  1915,  the  drys 
added  two  entire  counties  to  their  list,  making  four  in 
all.  In  addition  to  this,  they  added  sixty-four  dry- 
towns  on  that  day-,  so  that  now  the  total  number  of 
dry-  towns  in  New  York  is  485.  The  state  also  elected 
three  congressmen,  all  of  whom  were  pledged  to  vote 
for  the  national  prohibition  amendment. 

NORTH  CAROLINA — Under  statutory-  prohibition 
adopted  by  referendum  May  26.  1908.  There  is  a law 
prohibiting  the  delivery  of  liquor  for  beverage  pur- 
poses which  applies  to  nine  counties.  During  1915  the 
Legislature  prohibited  any  drug  store  to  retail  liquors 
as  a medicine  or  otherwise,  put  a limit  on  the  amount  of 
liquor  that  might  be  imported  for  personal  use,  pro- 
vided for  the  confiscation  of  automobiles  or  other 
vehicles  hauling  liquors  for  unlawful  purposes.  The 
amount  of  liquor  imported  into  the  state  during  the 
year  declined  by  eighty  per  cent  under  these  laws. 

In  an  investigation  reaching  every  banker  and  whole- 
sale grocer  in  the  state  of  North  Carolina,  the  Rich- 
mond Virginian  found  that  306  favored  the  continu- 
ance of  prohibition  and  only  twenty-three  voted  that  it 
should  be  abolished.  This  result  seems  to  be  repre- 
sentative of  the  entire  state. 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance  257 

“Leading  business  interests  of  North  Carolina — even 
though  some  of  them  opposed  prohibition  before  they 
saw  it  to  be  a success — would  not  consider  a return  to 
old  conditions,’’  declared  Judge  Peter  C.  Pritchard  of 
the  United  States  Circuit  Court  of  Appeals,  before  a 
mass  meeting  of  Richmond  (Va.)  citizens  gathered  in 
the  Lyric  Theater. 

After  quoting  Governor  Locke  Craig’s  now  familiar 
assertion  that  “North  Carolina  has  never  known  in  all 
her  history  a period  of  greater  prosperity  than  that 
through  which  she  has  passed  since  prohibition  was 
adopted,”  Judge  Pritchard  cited  the  opinion  of  leading 
business  men,  judges,  and  other  citizens  of  promiflence. 
in  the  old  North  State. 

Hon.  James  J.  Britt,  third  assistant  postmaster-gen- 
eral under  last  administration : 

“State-wide  prohibition  in  North  Carolina  has  met 
every  reasonable  expectation  of  its  friends.  Temperance 
has  been  promoted,  crime  has  been  lessened,  the  state 
has  gained  in  property  values,  and  the  public  morals 
have  been  greatly  improved.  Prohibition  is  the  wisest, 
the  most  beneficial,  and  the  most  uplifting  social  and 
moral  change  made  in  North  Carolina  since  the  war 
between  the  states.  It  has  wrought  a vast  change  for 
good  in  every  part  of  the  state.” 

Hon.  M.  H.  Justice,  Supreme  Court  judge: 

“I  have  held  court  in  towns  with  free  saloons — dis- 
pensaries— under  the  Ward  law,  local  option,  and  the 
present  prohibition  law.  I am  not  a fanatic,  but  I have 
been  a close  observer  of  the  results  of  the  legislation 
on  the  liquor  question.  The  use  of  liquor  has  very 
greatly  decreased.  I can  point  to  not  one  county,  but 
to  dozens  of  them,  where  there  was  almost  a reign  of 
terror  and  anarchy  under  the  saloon  system  that  are 
now  quiet  and  law-abiding.” 

“It  was  earnestly  insisted  that  prohibition,  if  adopted, 
would  destroy  Asheville,  especially  as  a summer  resort,” 
declares  Judge  Pritchard.  “In  order  that  the  real 
effect  of  prohibition  on  that  city  may  be  understood, 
I call  attention  to  the  following  statements  by  leading 
officials  and  business  men : 

“Mr.  Paul  E.  Wilkes,  associate  manager  of  the  Grove 
Park  Inn,  Asheville: 

“ ‘From  our  own  observations  and  from  what  Ashe- 
ville business  men  have  told  us,  this  city  is  now  and 


258 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 


has  been  for  the  past  winter  more  prosperous  than 
in  many  years  past.’ 

“The  president  of  the  Citizens  Bank,  Asheville: 

‘“Business  is  better  than  it  ever  has  been  before;  the 
liquor  interests  have  been  eliminated  from  politics;  the 
banks  have  more  on  deposit  than  ever ; the  building  and 
loan  association  has  made  phenomenal  headway,  and 
real  estate  values  and  rents  have  materially  advanced.’ 

“Hon.  J.  E.  Rankin,  mayor  of  Asheville,  and  also 
cashier  of  the  Battery  Park  Bank: 

“‘I  have  been  closely  identified  with  the  business 
life  of  this  city  for  a number  of  years  and  at  no  time 
■before  in  its  history  has  there  been  such  marked  ac- 
ti'vity  in  all  lines  of  business  as  now.’ 

“Mr.  Wallace  B.  Davis,  cashier  of  the  Central  Bank 
and  Trust  Company: 

“ ‘Asheville  has  never  seen  a more  prosperous  time 
than  we  are  now  having  and  have  had  since  we  voted 
whisky  out.’ 

“Mr.  W.  B.  Williamson,  cashier  of  the  Wachovial 
Bank  and  Trust  Company: 

“ ‘Asheville  shows  every  evidence  of  greater  pros- 
perity now  than  it  has  shown  before  for  many  years, 
notwithstanding  the  fact  that  it  has  grown  steadily  for 
the  past  decade.  There  is  now  in  the  process  of  erec- 
tion and  under  contract  more  buildings  than  ever  known 
here  before.  Although  I am  not  a prohibitionist,  I 
must  admit  that  our  city  has  been  more  prosperous 
since  prohibition  went  into  effect  than  before.’ 

“Hon.  Junius  G.  Adems,  police  justice  of  Asheville: 

“ ‘I  was  bitterly  opposed  to  prohibition  when  it  was 
presented.  My  experience  as  judge  of  the  city  court 
of  Asheville  for  the  past  three  or  four  years,  and  my 
intimate  association  with  the  people  directly  affected 
by  the  workings  of  the  prohibition  law  has  made  it 
absolutely  necessary  for  me  to  change  my  ideas  on 
this  subject,  although  I did  it  very  reluctantly.  The 
law,  as  does  any  human  law,  produces  bad  effects  in 
some  respects,  but  I unhesitatingly  say  that  prohibition 
tends  to  decrease  crime  of  all  kinds  and  to  uplift  the 
moral  and  general  conditions  of  the  people  as  a whole. 
Prohibition  is  for  the  welfare  of  the  people  in  general. 
During  the  time  we  had  barrooms  in  Asheville  there 
were  on  an  average  as  many  as  three  damage  suits  on 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance  259 

our  docket  against  the  Southern  Railway  each  year,  on 
account  of  personal  injuries  sustained  by  persons  while 
drunk  on  the  tracks  of  the  company,  while  since  pro- 
hibition went  into  effect  there  has  not  been  a suit 
of  that  character.  Likewise,  the  street  railway  com- 
pany was  subjected  to  many  suits  on  account  of  drunken 
passengers,  but  since  the  barrooms  have  moved  out  I 
have  not  heard  of  a suit  of  this  character.  I could  add 
the  testimonials  of  thousands  of  our  citizens,  includ- 
ing public  officials,  ministers,  doctors,  lawyers,  and 
railway  officials.  In  fact,  the  great  bulk  of  our  people 
would  contribute  to  the  material  advancement  of  our 
state  would  say  with  one  accord  that  under  no  condi- 
tions would  they  be  willing  to  repeal  the  prohibition 
law.’  ” 

George  H.  Taylor,  a Philadelphian  who  is  now  a resi- 
dent of  Wilmington,  N.  C.,  in  the  North  American  of 
his  native  city,  declares  that  while  he  went  to  Wilming- 
ton a wet,  he  now  believes  prohibition  to  be  “God’s 
richest  material  blessing  to  our  city.” 

“Prohibition  has  done  more  for  Wilmington  than 
all  other  agencies  combined,”  says  Mr.  Taylor.  “To-day 
the  city  has  35,000  people  and,  since  prohibition,  the 
most  prosperous  times  we  have  ever  had. 

“Property  has  doubled  and  trebled  and  in  some  cases 
quintupled  in  value,  and  we  have  forty  miles  of  as  good 
roads  for  automobiles  as  there  are  in  the  country, 
phosphate  rock  and  cocanay  construction.  Two  very 
large,  handsome  brick  schools  are  about  completed  and 
plans  for  two  additional  ones  are  in  process.  The 
merchants  who  sell  groceries,  shoes,  and  other  neces- 
saries are  selling  more  and  making  better  collections 
than  ever,  and  not  a vacant  store  or  desirable  house  to 
be  rented,  except  as  they  are  built. 

“I  came  here  not  a prohibitionist,  but  a license  man, 
and  as  I have  been  a reader  of  your  paper  for  many 
years  and  for  many  years  a resident  of  Philadelphia,  I 
can  truthfully  say  that  I have  been  persuaded  to  be- 
lieve by  experience  here  that  national  prohibition  would 
be  God’s  richest  material  blessing  to  our  country.” 

And  Commissioner  of  Labor  and  Printing  Shipman 
of  North  Carolina  recently  issued  the  following  start- 
ling statement: 

“Gratifying  effects  are  noticeable  in  every  trade  and 
among  all  classes  of  toilers  throughout  the  state.  Where 


260 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 


ignorance  and  vice  once  stalked  abroad  in  the  land, 
education  and  morality  have  become  the  pleasing  boast 
of  a happy  and  prosperous  people.  Whisky  distilleries 
have  been  displaced  with  industrial  plants  and  over  the 
remains  of  the  saloon  have  been  erected  splendid 
school  buildings  and  magnificent  church  edifices.  In 
Gaston  County  alone  twenty-six  distilleries  were  in 
operation  under  former  conditions.  It  now  boasts  of 
forty-seven  textile  plants,  employing  more  than  seven 
thousand  people,  and  makes  the  further  claim  of  hav- 
ing one  of  the  finest  systems  of  public  schools  in  the 
state. 

“The  era  of  progress  in  morality,  education,  and 
along  all  lines  of  industrial  endeavor,  noted  with  the 
passing  of  the  distillery  and  the  saloon  is  not  confined 
to  any  particular  county  or  section.  This  condition 
prevails  generally  throughout  the  commonwealth.  In- 
stead of  spending  their  weekly  earnings  in  saloons, 
and  frequently  in  police  stations,  the  wage-earners  of 
North  Carolina  are  now  providing  an  abundance  of 
wholesome  food  and  adequate  clothing  for  their  fami- 
lies. True,  some  of  them  are  being  inveigled  into  the 
purchase  of  the  Virginia  product  and  ‘fall  from  grace’ 
once  in  a while.  But  drunkenness  is  less  frequent  and 
the  deportment  of  our  people  much  better  than  before 
the  prohibition  law  became  effective  five  years  ago.” 

How  Organizations  Stand 

Various  organizations  of  leading  citizens  have  taken 
a similar  stand. 

The  Medical  Society  of  North  Carolina,  recently  in 
session,  passed  the  following  resolutions : 

“That  the  Medical  Society  of  the  State  of  North 
Carolina  will  use  its  best  efforts  to  discourage  the  use 
of  alcohol  in  any  form  as  a beverage. 

“That  it  is  the  sense  of  this  society  that  a member  of 
the  profession  who  does  promiscuous,  or  unnecessary, 
prescribing  of  whisk}%  either  to  patients  or  nonpatients, 
is  violating  one  of  the  principles  of  our  profession,  and 
is  deserving  of  censure. 

“That  alcohol  as  a drug  can  be  eliminated  from  the 
pharmacopoeia,  without  in  any  degree  crippling  the 
efficiency  of  the  doctor’s  armamentarium.” 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 


261 


The  North  Carolina  Farmers’  Convention,  meeting 
in  Raleigh,  August  24-27,  1914,  passed  the  follow^ing 
resolution : 

“Whereas,  North  Carolina  has  enjoyed  state- wide 
prohibition  for  five  and  a half  years;  and,  whereas, 
other  states  are  looking  to  North  Carolina  and  asking 
if  it  is  a benefit,  therefore,  be  it 

“Resolved  by  the  North  Carolina  Farmers’  Conven- 
tion of  1914,  That  we  endorse  state-wide  prohibition 
for  its  benefits  to  farmers  and  all  other  classes,  and  we 
urge  other  states  to  adopt  it.” 

And  the  Negro  school-teachers  of  North  Carolina, 
in  their  1914  convention,  declared  that  prohibition  has 
been  a benefit  to  their  race  as  well  as  to  the  white 
people. 

There  is  good  reason  for  the  popularity  of  the  dry 
policy.  It  has  made  North  Carolina  one  of  the  most 
prosperous  states  of  the  Union.  According  to  a letter 
signed  by  Mr.  R.  B.  Uacy,  state  treasurer,  while  the 
school  appropriation  in  that  state  in  1907,  the  year  be- 
fore the  prohibition  law  went  into  effect,  was  only 
$197,320,  it  is  now  $698,852.61.  The  appropriation  for 
Confederate  soldiers  has  been  increased  since  prohi- 
bition went  into  effect  from  $287,969.50  to  $542,455.50. 
Besides  this,  several  new  institutions,  including  a teach- 
ers’ training  school,  have  been  built.  The  income  from 
taxation  was  over  $1,000,000  greater  for  1913  than 
for  1907.  Mr.  Racy  opposed  the  prohibition  law,  but 
he  declares  that  “the  wets  will  have  to  find  some  other 
argument  than  the  financial  condition  of  North  Caro- 
lina.” 

A typical  illustration  of  how  the  prohibition  law  is 
enforced  in  North  Carolina  occurred  recently  when 
five  druggists  in  Raleigh,  N.  C.,  were  fined  $2,600  in 
cash  fines,  had  their  booze  confiscated,  and  a judgment 
hung  over  their  heads  to  prevent  their  selling  liquors 
again.  The  court  costs  were  additional  to  the  fines. 

As  the  Cincinnati  Commercial-Tribune  facetiously 
put  it,  in  North  Carolina  now  they  sing: 

“Old  Father  Hubbard 
Went  to  the  cupboard. 

To  cure  his  awful  thirst. 

But  when  he  got  there 
The  cupboard  was  bare; 

The  Webb  Bill  had  done  its  worst.” 


262 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 


NORTH  DAKOTA — Constitutional  prohibition 
went  into  effect  in  both  North  Dakota  and  South  Da- 
kota in  1890.  The  policy  had  been  approved  by  the 
people  in  a tentative  election  in  1885,  but  really  effec- 
tive action  was  taken  by  both  states  in  the  fall  of  1889, 
when  both  were  admitted  into  the  Union  as  prohibition 
states. 

North  Dakota  clung  to  its  prohibition,  but  South 
Dakota  abandoned  it  after  a short  trial.  The  contrast- 
ing development  of  these  two  states,  one  under  a 
license  and  the  other  under  a prohibition  policy,  should 
settle  in  the  mind  of  any  reasonable  man  that  prohibi- 
tion pays. 

The  two  states  are  of  about  the  same  size,  North 
Dakota  having  an  area  of  70,795  square  miles  and  South 
Dakota  a slightly  larger  area  of  77,650  square  miles.  In 
1890  South  Dakota  led  North  Dakota  in  practically 
every  way.  In  1890  South  Dakota  had  4.5  population 
to  the  square  mile  and  North  Dakota  only  2.7,  but  in 
1910  North  Dakota,  with’  its  prohibition,  had  8.2  people 
to  the  square  mile  and  South  Dakota  7.6. 

Not  only  has  the  prohibition  state  forged  slightly 
ahead  in  population  despite  its  large  handicap  in  1890, 
but  it  was  ahead  in  all  conditions  that  make  for  state 
and  individual  prosperity.  According  to  the  census  of 
1910,  North  Dakota  had  a foreign-born  population  of 
35.4  per  cent  and  South  Dakota  only  twenty-two,  al- 
though we  are  told  that  prohibition  keeps  out  the  im- 
migrant. In  North  Dakota  eighty  per  cent  of  the 
people  own  their  own  homes,  but  in  South  Dakota  the 
percentage  was  only  71.2.  Paupers  to  the  100.000  of 
population  in  North  Dakota  in  1910  numbered  only 
fourteen,  but  in  South  Dakota  there  were  24.8.  The 
insane  in  North  Dakota  were  108.8  to  the  100,000  of 
population,  but  in  South  Dakota  thej'  numbered  148  to 
the  100,000.  North  Dakota  had  a fairly  high  average 
rate  of  divorce,  but  South  Dakota  led  her  by  fifteen  to 
the  100,000  of  population. 

The  census  of  1910  disclosed  an  almost  startling  de- 
velopment in  North  Dakota.  It  was  shown  that  her 
population  had  increased  in  the  decade  by  80.8  per 
cent;  her  wealth  grew  from  $225,166,751  in  1900  to 
$976,814,205  in  1910 — an  increase  of  281.9  per  cent;  the 
value  of  her  farm  products  increased  from  $64,252,000 
in  1900  to  $220,000,000  in  1910 — or  211  per  cent. 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance  263 

The  value  of  North  Dakota  live  stock  increased 
from  1900  to  1910  155  per  cent,  probably  a larger  in- 
crease than  any  other  state.  The  value  of  crops  grew 
from  $53,911,419  in  1900  to  $180,279,872  in  1910— or 
234.4  per  cent  increase.  No  other  state  exceeded  this 
percentage  of  increase.  North  Dakota’s  agricultural 
wealth  exceeds  the  agricultural  wealth  of  the  seven 
combined  New  England  States.  Her  bank  deposits  in- 
creased from  1898  to  1913  by  more,  than  one  thousand 
per  cent. 

No  license  state  in  North  Dakota  territory  has  had 
anything  like  her  prosperity. 

The  Temperance  Society,  in  an  effort  to  arrive  at  the 
truth  in  regard  to  prohibition  in  North  Dakota,  wrote 
every  banker,  every  wholesale  merchant,  officers  of 
building  and  loan  associations,  and  similar  representa- 
tive citizens  in  that  state.  Of  the  replies  received  only 
one  man  was  of  the  opinion  that  prohibition  does  not 
pay. 

“The  benefits  of  prohibition  can  be  seen  on  every 
hand,”  writes  Mr.  F.  J.  Grady,  the  chief  clerk  of  the 
Board  of  Control  of  state  institutions.  Mr.  Grady 
bases  his  opinion  upon  his  daily  opportunities  of  view- 
ing the  effect  of  prohibition  in  limiting  crime,  insanity, 
pauperism,  and  other  state  ills  which  are  treated  by  the 
institutions  under  the  management  of  the  Board  of 
Control. 

Some  of  the  leading  bankers  and  others  who  reply  to 
the  queries  of  the  Society  express  themselves  as  fol- 
lows : 

“I  have  lived  in  saloon  states ; also  have  been  a 
resident  of  North  Dakota  for  the  past  fifteen  years.  I 
am  in  favor  of  the  prohibition  state.” — Mr.  H.  W. 
Hansch,  Citizens’  Bank  of  Kenmare,  N.  D. 

“I  have  watched  this  state  develop  since  1883  and  it 
is  largely  on  account  of  the  prohibition  laws  so  early 
put  in  force  that  such  wonderful  development  has  been 
made.  Bank  deposits  are  fifteen  times  greater  than 
they  were  in  the  state  twenty  years  ago.” — Mr.  W.  I. 
Forbes,  Bank  of  Gilby,  N.  D. 

“Not  under  any  conditions  could  I be  induced  to  go 
back  to  a license  community.” — Mr.  W.  H.  McIntosh, 
Bottineau,  N.  D. 

“Prohibition  is  undoubtedly  the  greatest  reform  that 
North  Dakota  has  adopted  since  statehood.” — Mr.  L.  B. 


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Garnaas,  president  Farmers’  and  Merchants’  Bank, 
Sheyenne,  N.  D. 

“I  was  engaged  in  business  for  several  years  in  Minne- 
sota in  a high-license  town,  and  I am  convinced  that 
prohibition  is  much  to  be  preferred  to  high  license.” — 
Mr.  F.  M.  Rich,  president  First  National  Bank,  Willow 
City,  N.  D. 

“Any  banker  in  North  Dakota  who  is  candid  will  say 
that  the  effects  of  prohibition  upon  the  commercial 
conditions  of  the  state  have  been  in  every  way  favora- 
ble and  in  many  ways  very  striking.  I am  acquainted 
with  many  bankers  and  business  men  of  the  state  who 
are  not  prohibitionists  from  principle,  but  are  radical 
prohibitionists  from  policy.” — Mr.  R.  J.  Adams,  presi- 
dent First  National  Bank,  Lisbon,  N.  D. 

“There  is  nowhere  near  the  quantity  of  alcohol  used 
that  there  would  be  if  we  did  not  have  state-wide 
prohibition.  I am  not  biased  in  favor  of  prohibition,  but 
the  state  is  far  better  off  under  present  conditions.” — 
Mr.  E.  A.  Hoff,  Farmers’  State  Bank,  Ypsilanti,  N.  D. 

“We  would  under  no  circumstances  want  a change. 
Temperance  is  playing  no  small  part  in  our  growth  and 
development.” — Mr.  E.  G.  Quamme,  president  State 
Bank  of  Findlay,  N.  D. 

“The  absence  of  saloons  in  any  town  is  a blessing. 
The  law  here  is  quite  vigorously  enforced.” — Mr.  R.  A. 
Werner,  president  First  State  Bank,  Alfred,  N.  D. 

“On  the  dividing  line  of  our  state  where  licenses  are 
issued  the  largest  and  best  cities  are  built  on  the  dry 
side,  and  it  also  seems  to  me  that  the  higher  class  of 
citizens  live  in  the  dry  towns.  Prohibition  stimulates 
legitimate  business,  banking  included.” — Mr.  N.  H.  El- 
vick,  Michigan,  N.  D. 

“Prohibition  has  had  a very  wholesome  effect  on 
business.  We  need  every  dollar  for  the  home  and  pro- 
hibition helps  solve  the  problem.” — Mr.  James  A. 
Cooper.  Spring  Brook,  N.  D. 

“Under  prohibition  we  have  not  the  temptations 
thrown  before  decent  people.  As  a result  people  are 
better  off  financially;  they  are  able  to  pay  their  debts 
and  maintain  bank  accounts.  We  make  money  on  pro- 
hibition as  well  as  everybody  else.” — Mr.  C.  A.  Jeglum, 
president  Scandia-America  Bank,  Adams,  N.  D. 

“The  prohibition  law  is  not  violated  more  than  other 
laws.  The  children  are  growing  up  without  coming  in 


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265 


contact  with  the  saloon  as  a legitimate  place  of  busi- 
ness.”—Mr.  George  F.  Carpenter,  secretary  and  treas- 
urer Dakota-Montana  Mortgage  Company,  Williston, 
N.  D. 

“In  1886  both  North  Dakota  and  Minnesota  were 
allowing  liquor  to  be  sold,  but  when  our  state  was  ad- 
mitted as  a prohibition  state  I noticed  a great  change. 
Here  is  hoping  that  Congress  will  endorse  national 
prohibition.” — Mr.  D.  E.  Bemis,  Bank  of  Inkster,  N.  D. 

“Prohibition  is  a benefit  to  all  kinds  of  legitimate 
business.” — Mr.  E.  M.  Upson  of  Cumings,  N.  D.,  and 
Englewood,  N.  J. 

“There  can  be  no  doubt  whatever  of  the  good  moral 
effect  of  prohibition.  It  also  prohibits  the  influx  of  a 
careless,  idle  class  of  people.” — Mr.  A.  Nystrom,  cashier 
the  Scandinavian-American  Bank,  Van  Hook,  N.  D. 

“By  all  means  give  us  the  present  condition  of  pro- 
hibition in  preference  to  license.” — Mr.  J.  H.  Smith, 
president  First  National  Bank  of  Crary,  N.  D. 

“It  is  the  general  opinion  of  merchants  and  bankers 
throughout  the  state  that  the  prohibition  law  is  bene- 
ficial. When  the  crops  come  in  the  proceeds  go  to  the 
banks  and  the  stores  instead  of  the  saloons.” — Mr.  C. 
W.  Fielder,  cashier  Bottineau  County  Bank,  Bottineau, 
N.  D. 

“Prohibition  has  been  an  advantage  to  our  state  in 
evei^  way.” — Mr.  W.  L.  Richards,  president  Merchants' 
National  Bank,  Dickinson,  N.  D. 

“The  benefits  of  prohibition  are  immeasurable  from 
every  standpoint.  I speak  from  the  standpoint  of  the 
employer  and  am  not  an  absolute  temperance  man 
personally.” — Mr.  J.  A.  Power,  executor  Helendale 
Stock  Farm,  Richland  County,  and  president  Farmers' 
Bank,  Leonard,  N.  D. 

“I  am  in  favor  of  keeping  the  state  in  the  prohibition 
column.” — Mr.  J.  N.  Fox,  president  Kenmare  National 
Bank,  Kenmare,  N.  D. 

“Prohibition  has_  been  a blessing  to  North  Dakota.” 
— Mr.  W.  L.  Williamson  of  the  Williamson  Mortgage 
Company,  Lisbon,  N.  D. 

“There  is  not  as  much  liquor  used  as  if  we  had 
open  saloons.  It  does  not  appeal  to  the  young  man. 
There  is  very  little  blind  pigging  done  in  this  county 
as  there  are  too  many  who  will  not  stand  for  it.  I can 
see  the  difference  between  this  state  and  Minnesota 


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and  Montana  on  either  side  of  us.” — Mr.  Jesse  J. 
Taylor,  cashier  State  Bank  of  Oriska,  N.  D. 

“Prohibition  has  been  an  advantage  to  North  Dakota.” 
— Mr.  E.  R.  Gamble,  Long  Beach,  Cal.,  and  Wahpeton, 
N.  D. 

“The  people  enforce  the  laws  and  adhere  to  them. 
It  would  be  easy  to  decide  from  my  experience  which 
is  better,  prohibition  or  license.”— rMr.  W.  A.  Lanter- 
man,  president  state  bank  of  Morton  County,  Mandan, 
N.  D. 

“North  Dakota  has  developed  much  faster  under 
prohibition  than  it  possibly  could  have  developed  under 
license.” — Mr.  C.  O.  Follett,  vice-president  Fargo  Mer- 
cantile Company,  wholesale  grocers,  Fargo,  N.  D. 

“If  resubmission  were  put  to  a vote  now  I question  if 
there  would  be  fifteen  per  cent  in  favor  of  license.” — 
Mr.  G.  G.  Thompson  of  the  Pioneer  Express,  Pembina, 
N.  D. 

“This  town  and  Lemmon,  S.  D.,  were  started  at  the 
same  time.  Lemmon  is  twenty-three  miles  east  of  us 
and  received  the  first  impetus  of  building.  The  country 
about  us  is  very  much  the  same  and  identical  conditions 
govern  our  prosperity,  except  that  Lemmon  has  always 
had  saloons — a municipal  one  just  now.  Our  bonded 
debt  here  is  about  $10,000,  while  Lemmon  has  some 
$60,000.  Our  houses  here  are  all  occupied,  while  one 
third  of  the  houses  there  are  empty  and  almost  half 
of  the  business  houses  are  not  in  use.  Their  taxes  are 
set  at  the  limit  allowed  by  law,  but  here  only  the 
school  tax  is  high,  the  municipal  tax  being  very  low. 
Several  murders  and  holdups  have  occurred  there,  but 
we  have  never  had  one  here.” — Mr.  Paul  M.  Brown, 
president  Hettinger  Bank,  Hettinger,  N.  D. 

“We  have  got  alcohol  in  this  state  on  a par  with 
morphine  and  cocaine.  Our  state  is  prospering  mightily 
under  prohibition.” — Mr.  S.  H.  Sleeper,  Mohall  State 
Bank,  Mohall,  N.  D. 

In  addition  to  these,  there  are  other  letters  marked 
“Confidential,”  which  could  not  be  used  in  a public 
way.  and  which  speak  just  as  enthusiastically  of  the 
policy  of  prohibition. 

NORWAY — “Of  all  the  countries  in  Europe  Norway 
is,  next  to  Finland,  the  one  with  the  least  amount  of 
intoxicating  liquor  used,”  says  Arne  Halgjen,  Grand 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance  267 

Chief  Templar  of  Norway.  The  temperance  movements 
of  Norway  and  Sweden  are  close  akin  and  both  are 
trending  straight  toward  national  prohibition.  The 
royal  family,  a number  of  members  of  the  cabinet,  the 
leader  of  the  Radical  Party,  the  union  of  Norwegian 
workmen,  and  other  influential  persons  and  bodies  favor 
national  prohibition.  As  far  back  as  1854,  the  country 
adopted  local  option.  Since  that  time  some  experiments 
have  been  made  with  public  ownership  of  liquor  stores, 
but  these  have  not  been  satisfactory.  The  French 
Government  forced  Norway  to  permit  the  importation 
of  wines  against  her  will  by  the  application  of  financial 
pressure. 

More  than  a majority  of  the  Norwegian  Parlia- 
mentary body  is  pledged  to  total  abstinence  and  consid- 
ered favorable  to  immediate  prohibition.  Since  the  war 
the  subject  has  become  acute  in  political  circles. 

NUISANCE — See  Injunction  Laws. 

NURSING— Set  Women. 

NUTRITION— See  Food  Value. 

OBJECTIONS  TO  PROHIBITION— The  con- 
flict of  the  ages  between  the  church  and  saloon  is  just 
now  coming  on,  and  the  intrenched  liquor  traffic  has 
thrown  out  as  defenses  in  the  public  thought  certain 
skirmish  lines  which  we  will  call  objections  to  prohibi- 
tion progress.  Many  of  them  are  embodied  in  trite 
sayings  which  express  the  whole  line  of  resistance  in 
a single  proverb.  I want  to  meet  these  skirmish  lines 
one  by  one  and  see  how  many  I can  drive  in,  and  then 
call  up  the  reserves  for  the  battle  royal. 

1.  “Saloon  Keeping  is  a Legitimate  Business” 

The  first  thing  to  make  clear  is  that  this  liquor  power 
is  not  a business,  but  a crime.  All  human  activities 
are  divided  into  three  classes,  business,  charity  and 
crime.  Business  is  commodity  or  service  for  profit. 
Charity  is  the  same  commodity  or  service  without 
profit.  Crime  is  the  profit  without  the  commodity  or 
service. 

“The  average  man  spends  his  money  anyway.”  But, 
if  he  spends  it  in  the  butcher  shop,  he  has  a beefsteak 


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on  the  table  to  show  for  it.  If  he  spends  it  at  the 
grocery  store,  he  has  good  provisions  in  the  pantry.  If 
he  deposits  it  in  the  bank,  he  has  a bank  account  laid 
up  for  a rainy  day.  If  he  spends  it  in  the  millinery 
store,  his  wife  is  a well-dressed  woman,  with  a hat 
you  can’t  see  over.  But  one  may  spend  his  money 
every  day  for  thirty  years  in  the  saloon,  and  he  will 
have  nothing  but  the  color  of  his  nose  to  show  for  his 
cash. 

Someone  may  claim  that  the  saloon  helps  to  pay  his 
taxes,  but  this  is  a great  error.  Can  you  squeeze  water 
out  of  a sponge?  If  you  think  you  can,  go  down  to 
the  drug  store  and  buy  one.  I will  squeeze  it.  How 
much  do  I get?  The  only  way  you  can  get  water  out 
of  a sponge  is  to  bring  the  water  in  a basin,  drop  in 
the  sponge  and  let  it  absorb  it.  Then  you  can  squeeze 
some  of  it  back.  If  you  want  to  get  money  out  of  a 
saloon,  the  only  way  is  to  put  the  saloon  down  in  the 
community  and  for  every  $28,000  it  takes  from  the 
pockets  of  the  people  you  can  squeeze  one  thousand 
of  it  back  in  the  form  of  city  license.  The  saloon  must 
pick  the  pockets  of  the  poor — to  pour  a thin  golden 
stream  of  revenue.* 

Every  business  is  founded  on  the  principle  of  mutual 
advantage.  So  fundamental  is  this  agreement  that  one 
cannot  make  a contract  of  legal  validity  in  which  the 
advantage  is  all  on  one  side.  You  cannot  make  a 
legal  note  without  reco^izing  this  principle.  You  must 
write,  “For  value  received,  I promise  to  pay.”  Busi- 
ness is  for  the  public  good;  but  crime  leaves  one  the 
victim  and  the  other  the  victor.  Charity  is  the  min- 
istration of  mercy  to  the  needy  without  profit  to  the 
donor.  The  sale  of  rum  is  therefore  neither  a business 
nor  charity;  it  is  a crime  against  the  man,  the  home, 
the  church,  the  state.  Civilization  that  begot  it  must 
destroy  it  or  go  forever  branded  with  the  scarlet  let- 
ter of  its  own  shame. 

2.  “The  Liquor  TraSc  Has  a Natural  Right  to 
Exist!" 

The  Supreme  Court  has  declared  that  no  man  has 
a natural,  inherent  or  constitutional  right  to  engage  in 
the  sale  of  intoxicating  liquors  and  that  the  only  way 
he  can  acquire  this  right  is  to  secure  a license  which  is 
of  the  nature  of  a permission  issued  by  the  local  au- 


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269 


thorities.  The  right  of  said  local  authorities  to  permit 
implies  the  right  to  prohibit.  There  is  no  such  thing 
as  a natural  right  to  do  wrong,  nor  can  there  be  a 
legal  right  to  injure  society.  The  people  themselves 
cannot  confer  such  a right,  much  less  their  representa- 
tives. The  court  decision  of  Samuel  R.  Artman  of 
Indiana  will  one  day  be  the  law  of  Christendom.  Law 
may  pronounce  what  is  right,  but  it  cannot  make  rights, 
much  less  make  them  out  of  wrongs. 

3.  "Why  Stir  Everybody  up  on  the  Temperance 
Question?” 

Because  the  license  system  by  which  we  perpetuate 
the  iniquitous  liquor  traffic  is  eternally  wrong  and  can 
never  be  settled  until  it  is  settled  right.  Unsettled 
moral  problems  have  no  mercy  on  the  peace  of  nations. 
And  secondly,  in  church  and  state,  agitation  is  better 
than  stagnation. 

Two  different  ministers  go  into  the  same  community. 
One  feels  himself  surrounded  and  surrenders ; the  other 
hits  and  kicks  and  agitates  until  he  has  churned  indif- 
ference into  public  sentiment  for  moral  decency  to 
stand  upon. 

There  are  some  passions  that  you  had  better  not  stir 
unless  you  want  to  get  into  trouble.  The  one  is  love 
of  home  and  the  other  love  of  country.  And  the  drink 
traffic  has  put  his  hand  on  both  of  these;  and  when  the 
Anglo-Saxon  realizes  this,  he  will  rise  up  in  his  wrath. 

Those  who  constitute  the  vicious  minority  have  al- 
ways been  active,  while  the  righteous  majority,  like 
their  churches,  were  found  too  often  closed  for  the 
week.  When  not  closed  up  they  have  often  been 
asleep,  dreaming  that  a giant  wrong  of  the  magnitude 
of  the  liquor  power  would  abdicate  for  the  crooked 
little  compromise  of  our  license  system. 

Of  course  no  law  can  give  good  government  auto- 
matically; but,  given  a prohibitory  law,  and  the  saloon 
is  on  the  run  and  a dozen  righteously  aggressive  men 
can  bring  in  a reign  of  righteousness  anywhere.  Law 
enforcement  is  easy  where  you  have  the  man.  And 
every  jointkeeper  in  Kansas  found  that  one  woman 
was  too  much  for  them. 

4.  “Temptations  Must  Needs  Come!” 

This  is  the  Scripture  selected  by  the  liquor  dealers 
and  put  on  their  placards  in  a recent  campaign.  As  if 


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we  had  to  side  with  the  devil  in  order  to  make  the 
Lord  a true  prophet!  They  did  not,  however,  quote 
the  balance  of  the  verse: 

“But  woe  unto  the  man  by  whom  the  temptation 
cometh.  It  were  better  that  a millstone  were  hanged 
about  his  neck  and  he  be  drowned  in  the  midst  of  the 
sea  than  that  he  should  cause  one  of  the  least  of  these 
that  believe  on  me  to  stumble.” 

What  a peculiar  thing  that  some  folks  should  try  to 
quote  the  Scriptures  when  you  think  of  the  side  they 
advocate ! They  argue : “Prohibition  attempts  to  re- 
move temptation  from  men,  while  God’s  plan  is  to 
permit  temptation  to  exist  in  order  to  strengthen  the 
moral  power  of  man.  Therefore  prohibition  is  not  in 
accord  with  God’s  methods.” 

The  fallacy  involved  in  this  is  due  to  the  supposition 
that  the  object  of  prohibitory  law  is  to  make  men  moral. 
But  the  purpose  of  any  criminal  law,  and  this  among 
others,  is  not  to  make  men  moral,  but  to  stop  a traffic 
that  injures  everyone  in  the  community  by  disturbing 
public  order,  by  endangering  personal  safety,  by  in- 
creasing public  taxes  for  the  support  of  paupers  and 
criminals,  by  demoralizing  legitimate  productive  indus- 
tries and  by  cursing  the  homes  on  which  in  the  last 
analysis  a nation  is  built,  and  in  which  its  future  cit- 
izens receive  their  bent  toward  virtue.  It  is  to  prevent 
this  injury,  positive  and  enormous,  to  the  community  as 
a whole  and  to  every  individual  in  it,  that  prohibitory 
law  is  advocated. 

Is  it  the  state’s  duty  to  supply  temptation  so  that 
men’s  moral  nature  will  be  tested  and  strengthened? 
That  is  what  the  objection  involves,  for  no  saloon  can 
be  legal  unless  the  state  protects  it  with  its  courts,  its 
police,  its  militia,  if  necessary;  nay,  may  even  summon 
any  citizen  to  take  arms  in  its  defense. 

If  the  supplying  of  temptation  is  an  important  aid 
to  the  development  of  virtue,  then  why  is  not  the  keep- 
ing of  a saloon  as  important  and  beneficial  to  the  com- 
munity as  teaching  a public  school  or  preaching?  If  it 
is  God’s  method  of  increasing  man’s  virtue,  then  why 
should  not  you  and  your  son  keep  a saloon,  or  con- 
duct a gambling  house  or  publish  obscene  literature? 
Would  you  not  be  aiding  thereby  in  God’s  work? 

But  the  objection  involves  such  positive  disrespect  to 
Satan ! It  implies  that  he  is  not  equal  to  the  task  of 


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271 


supplying  the  world  with  sufficient  temptations,  and  the 
development  of  virtue  requires  that  we  go  into  active 
partnership  with  him.  We  believe  in  giving  the  devil  his 
due,  and  there  is  little  cause  to  call  in  question  his 
activity  or  ability  in  our  times. 

Temptation  is  the  devil’s  job,  not  ours.  The  average 
saloon  as  a character  builder ! — such  a suggestion  is 
enough  to  make  a halfway  decent  demon  blush  up  to 
the  roots  of  his  horns. 

5.  "You  Can’t  Make  Men  Good  by  Law” 

This  is  a bit  of  folly;  we  do  not  try.  But  you  have 
made  men  bad  by  law.  What  we  quarrel  about  is  the 
latter  attempt,  whether  the  other  can  be  done  or  not. 
The  law  is  a great  sentiment  maker.  Besides  it  fixes 
the  environment  of  many  absolutely. 

But  is  it  true  that  men  cannot  be  made  good  by  law? 
The  supposition  of  criminal  laws  is  that  they  do  have 
some  restraining  influence  among  men.  They  not  only 
serve  to  punish  bad  men,  to  protect  good  men,  but  to 
keep  many  individuals  out  of  a life  of  crime  which  they 
would  have  entered  if  there  had  been  no  such  laws.  I 
apprehend  that  we  are  a great  deal  better  under  law, 
and  by  reason  of  law,  than  we  would  be  without  any 
law.  No  doubt  there  is  a good  deal  less  of  crime  in 
the  state  than  if  we  had  no  criminal  code.  By  so  much 
are  men  made  better  by  means  of  law.  A good  pro- 
hibitory law  reasonably  enforced  would  serve  to  im- 
prove the  character  and  lives  of  many  people.  Saloon 
keepers  would  be  forced  to  go  into  some  decent  busi- 
ness, which  would  make  them,  their  wives  and  children 
better.  Many  a young  man  who  has  been  subjected  to 
temptation  and  has  just  started  on  the  road  to  ruin 
would  be  saved  by  a law  shutting  up  saloons. 

Prohibition  is  not  an  attempt  to  make  men  moral. 
We  recognize  the  fact  that  you  cannot  strengthen  man’s 
will  nor  weaken  his  appetite  by  statute  law.  But  what 
is  any  criminal  law  for?  Do  we  send  any  thief  to  jail 
in  order  to  make  a moral  man  of  him?  Do  we  hang 
a murderer  in  order  to  make  a moral  man  of  him? 
Do  we  imprison  a forger  in  order  to  make  him  good? 
No!  Criminal  law  is  not  enacted  to  make  men  moral, 
but  to  protect  the  community  against  wrong-doing. 
The  saloon  breeds  crime  against  the  person,  against 
public  order,  against  life  itself.  Two  thirds  of  the 


272  Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 

arrests  made  are  for  drunkenness — either  “plain  drunks” 
or  “drunks  and  disorderlies,”  every  one  of  which  sig- 
nifies at  the  very  least  a public  nuisance,  and  in  very 
many  cases  a menace  to  life.  The  community  has  a 
right — it  has  a positive  duty — to  protect  itself  from 
these  forms  of  wrong-doing.  The  purpose  of  prohib- 
itory law  is  not  to  make  the  drunkard  moral  and  the 
saloon  keeper  virtuous,  but  to  protect  the  public  against 
wrong-doing.  We  ought  to  stop  making  men  immoral 
by  law.  Men  may  get  liquor  if  they  hunt  it,  but  we 
ought  to  stop  the  saloon  from  hunting  men.  We  want 
a law  that  will  shield  and  protect  the  young,  the  habit- 
bound  and  the  helpless,  and  not  become  a snare  to  en- 
trap the  unwary. 

6.  "It  is  Unreasonable” 

“Because  one  man  out  of  ten  makes  a fool  of  him- 
self is  no  reason  why  the  other  nine  should  be  deprived 
of  the  pleasure  of  drink.” 

Yes;  but  it  does  not  stop  with  one  man’s  making  a 
fool  of  himself.  The  trouble  is  that  he  makes,  too 
often,  a wild  beast  of  himself,  and  in  that  condition 
he  is  liable  to  make  a corpse  of  somebody  else. 

7.  "It  is  Opposed  to  Personal  Liberty” 

The  American  Brewers’  Review,  March,  1914,  said 
editorially : 

“With  the  increase  of  population,  Ae  gathering  of 
the  people  closer  together  in  cities,  the  greater  division 
of  labor  and  specialization  of  effort,  have  come  a closer 
dependence  of  man  upon  man,  a more  constant,  in- 
timate and  vital  contact,  and  hence,  a greater  restriction 
in  the  freedom  of  individual  movement.  We  submit 
to-day  to  restrictions  which,  a hundred  years  ago,  would 
have  been  considered  monstrous.  Regulations  for  the 
public  safety,  the  general  health,  the  facilitating  of 
traffic  and  industry,  minute  prescriptions  for  the  con- 
duct of  elections,  are  established  and  acquiesed  in  from 
the  conviction  that  without  them  there  would  be 
chaos.” 

And  at  another  time  it  admitted : 

“The  so-called  personal  liberty  argument  in  behalf 
of  alcoholic  drink  loses  more  and  more  of  its  force. 
Consideration  of  the  public  welfare  continues  to  grow 
and  overshadow  the  rights  of  the  individual.  The  drink 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance  273 

question  must  be  fought  out  upon  the  ultimate  founda- 
tion of  morals,  hygiene  and  social  order—in  other 
words,  the  public  welfare.  If  the  public  welfare  re- 
quires the  suppression  of  the  alcoholic  drink  traffic  it 
should  be  suppressed.” 

This  is  a frank  repudiation  of  the  personal  liberty 
argument,  and  it  is  safe  to  say  that  restriction  and 
prohibition  will  be  extended  to  include  the  drinking  of 
alcoholic  liquors  as  well  as  their  manufacture  and  sale ; 
for  the  statement  of  the  temperance  reformer  that  we 
do  not  intend  to  regulate  one’s  appetite  is  illogical.  If 
the  drinker  of  liquor  voluntarily  puts  himself  in  a self- 
responsible  condition  to  endanger  others,  he  should  be 
punished  for  the  condition,  without  waiting  for  the  deed 
that  injures  another.  The  condition  threatens  and 
menaces  society. 

At  present  there  is  no  law  against  drunkenness;  and 
as  there  is  no  penalty  no  man  fears  to  get  drunk.  This 
would  be  justifiable  if  all  individuals  lived  apart;  but 
every  man  is  a part  of  the  social  compact;  and,  when 
we  allow  him  to  put  himself  in  an  irresponsible  condi- 
tion, to  disturb  the  public  peace  and  menace  the  public 
safety,  we  blunder  in  underestimating  the  rights  of 
society.  Individual  rights  can  only  be  absolute  in  a 
population  of  one,”  says  Sir  Wilfred  Lawson,  M.P.  If 
one  is  going  to  live  in  society  his  standards  of  liberty 
are  different  from  one  who  lives  a Robinson  Crusoe 
life  alone.  If  he  goes  to  a desert,  mountain,  or  island, 
he  may  plant  an  orchard,  make  apple  brandy,  and 
drink  himself  full  where  the  wolves  will  get  his  body 
and  the  devil  will  take  his  soul,  and  still  be  within  his 
natural  rights ; but  if  he  is  going  to  share  the  life  of 
the  social  compact  there  is  no  liberty  but  in  obedience 
to  righteous  law,  and  the  unwritten  code  of  the  public 
good.  They  talk  of  “blue  laws.”  Why,  all  laws  look 
“blue”  to  the  one  who  violates  them. 

“No  rogue  e’er  felt  the  halter  draw, 

With  good  opinion  of  the  law.” 

8.  “It  is  a Bad  Thing  to  Have  Laws  That  Are  not 
Enforced” 

Yes,  but  a worse  thing  to  have  laws  which  decent 
people  cannot  respect;  enactments  which,  instead  of 
reflecting  the  sentiments  of  the  best  classes,  only  mark 


274 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 


the  level  of  morality  among  the  lowest  and  vilest.  Shall 
we  go  around  among  horse  thieves,  train  robbers,  safe 
breakers,  and  thugs,  and  ask  them  what  kind  of  laws 
they  are  willing  to  obey?  Shall  we  put  on  our  statute 
books  only  the  laws  that  can  be  enforced  without  dif- 
ficulty? And  if  we  find  something  particularly  favored 
by  these  classes,  something  which  will  make  a great 
deal  of  trouble  if  we  try  to  enforce  it,  shall  we  legalize 
the  thing  and  encourage  it,  no  matter  how  much  mis- 
chief it  will  work  among  men?  If  not,  we  ought  not  to 
do  so  with  reference  to  the  sale  of  liquor.  Liquor 
selling  is  more  dangerous  to  society  than  gambling, 
more  dangerous  than  making  counterfeit  money,  more 
dangerous  than  any  one  thing  now  placed  under  the 
ban  of  the  law.  Why  not  be  consistent  and  treat  liquor 
selling  as  we  treat  other  dangerous  things? 

But  the  temperance  reform  is  the  only  one  which 
is  reversed  when  it  proves  its  case.  We  start  out 
charging  the  brewer  and  saloon  keeper  with  anarchy, 
saying  they  violate  every  restrictive  law  on  the  statute 
books.  When  we  vote  them  out  and  they  come  back 
and  violate  the  prohibitory  law,  instead  of  rebuking 
them,  or  the  perjured  scoundrel  who  is  under  oath  and 
salary  to  enforce  law,  you  go  back  on  us  and  vote  the 
law  breakers  a new  lease  on  life.  Whenever  you  have 
blind  pigs  you  have  blind  officers ; and  when  you  have 
a blind  officer  he  is  taking  something  to  keep  his  eyes 
closed.  Why  a puppy  gets  his  eyes-  open  in  nine  days ; 
we  might  get  our  officers’  eyes  open  sooner  if  we  would 
go  to  electing  pups.  I don’t  mean  any  reflection  on 
any  respectable  dog,  remember.  I only  mean : If  you 
want  to  get  rid  of  blind  tigers  you  must  elect  officers 
who  have  eyes. 

But  in  passing  let  me  inquire  why  we  have  named 
them  “blind  pigs’’  and  “blind  tigers’’?  I never  saw  the 
significance.  If  we  must  name  an  illicit  rumshop  for 
any  animal,  I propose  to  call  it  a skunk;  that  is  the 
beast  that  dispenses  strong  liquor  without  a license ! 

9.  ’‘Prohibition  Don’t  Prohibit” 

The  logic  of  this  objection  is  as  bad  as  its  grammar. 
If  prohibition  doesn’t  prohibit,  what  will?  If  it  doesn’t 
prohibit,  it  isn’t  prohibition.  If  it  is  prohibition,  it 
does  prohibit.  We  have  tried  total  abstinence,  but  it 
managed  the  private  appetite  and  let  the  public  traffic 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 


275 


go  unrestricted.  We  tried  license,  but  license  is  per- 
mission, not  prohibition.  We  raised  the  price,  and  high 
license  entrenched  the  traffic.  We  tried  restriction,  but 
the  legalized  outlaw  was  stronger  than  any  restrictive 
measures.  It  is  easier  to  kill  it  than  confine  it.  There 
is  only  one  mode  of  dealing  with  intrinsic  evils  and  with 
that  which  is  evil  in  all  its  results;  the  Divine  method 
must  become  the  human  method:  Prohibition.  This 
has  been  tried  with  duelling,  slavery,  fighting;  it  will 
work  as  well  on  rum  selling.  It  does  it  now.  All  the 
states  have  tried  it  with  success  once  a year — on  elec- 
tion day.  Most  of  them  run  prohibition  quite  success- 
fully once  a week — on  Sunday.  If  prohibition  can  be 
made  to  prohibit  one  day  a year  and  as  easily  one  day 
each  week,  the  same  legal  system  and  the  same  officers 
could  make  it  prohibit  on  every  other. 

10.  “The  Brewers  Have  Agreed  to  Reform” 

The  citizens  of  the  United  States  began  to  receive 
promises  a dozen  years  ago  that  the  liquor  trade  was 
to  be  reformed;  the  brewers  were  going  to  do  it.  A 
Model  License  League  was  established  with  headquar- 
ters at  Louisville,  Ky.,  financed  by  the  liquor  men.  No 
more  saloons  were  to  be  thrust  into  residence  sections, 
women  would  not  be  permitted  to  frequent  any  of 
them,  observance  of  Sunday  laws  was'  to  be  strict,  no 
sales  to  minors  or  inebriates,  saloons  to  close  within 
legal  hours;  but  all  this  was  just  before  election  day. 

The  Model  License  League  had  a great  attorney. 
Major  Dan  Morgan  Smith,  who  went  into  fifteen  or 
twenty  states  promising  all  these  reforms,  if  prohibition 
could  be  voted  down.  In  many  instances  the  promises 
were  believed,  but  when  the  election  was  over  these  pre- 
election promises,  like  some  New  Year’s  resolutions, 
“folded  their  tents  like  the  Arabs  and  silently  stole 
away.’’  The  voters  in  many  of  these  states,  disgusted 
at  the  deception,  have  since  prohibited  the  liquor  traffic, 
and  in  the  remainder  they  are  preparing  to  do  so,  and 
Major  Smith,  disgusted  with  his  attempts  to  reform 
the  liquor  trade,  has  become  a prohibitionist,  and  says 
there  is  not  a model  license  law  on  the  statute  books 
of  any  state  in  the  Union  or  a well-regulated  saloon 
on  the  whole  earth. 

The  ease  with  which  the  liquor  men  have  fooled  good' 
people  reminds  one  of  a certain  philosopher’s  comment: 


276 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 


on  human  nature:  “There  is  a sucker  born  every  min- 
ute.” The  liquor  trade  will  never  be  reformed  as  long 
as  alcohol  dwells  in  whisky  and  beer.  It  is  not  the 
reputation  of  the  man  behind  the  bar  nor  the  color  of 
the  saloon,  whether  it  is  gilded  or  white-washed,  nor 
the  amount  paid  for  the  license,  nor  the  resolutions  of 
the  Model  License  League  that  stamps  the  character  of 
the  saloon;  it  is  the  nature  of  the  beverage  it  deals  over 
the  bar  that  goes  to  a man’s  head,  dethrones  his  reason, 
saps  the  integrity  of  his  conscience,  takes  strength  from 
his  character,  leaves  him  an  unbridled  beast  to  do  evil 
deeds  and  leaves  us  to  take  the  consequences  and  pay 
the  damages. 


11.  “Prohibition  is  Hurting  Business” 

“Don’t  you  know  you’re  hurtin’  bizness,” 
Said  the  red  fox  to  the  hound. 

“When  instead  of  sleepin’  peaceful, 

You  come  snoopin’,  sniffin’  round? 
What’s  the  good  of  all  your  barkin’? 

What’s  the  use  of  all  this  fuss? 

What  were  chickens  ever  made  for 
If  they  weren’t  made  for  us?” 

“Can’t  you  see  you’re  hurtin’  bizness?” 

Said  the  South  Sea  savage  chief 
To  the  fearless  missionary 
Who  was  sitting  on  the  reef. 

“I  have  seven  white  men  captured 
That  I want  to  sell  as  meat; 

What  were  white  folks  ever  made  for 
If  they  weren’t  made  to  eat?” 

“Don’t  you  know  you’re  hurtin’  bizness?” 

Said  the  robber  in  the  jail 
While  the  stubborn  sheriff  listened 
To  his  almost  tearful  tale. 

“Those  who  make  and  sell  the  jimmies, 
Don’t  you  see,  are  losin’  trade 
While  you  foolishly  confine  me 
Where  no  getaways  are  made.” 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 


277 


“Can’t  you  see  you’re  hurtin’  bizness?” 

Said  the  Devil  to  the  Man, 

Who  was  steadily  progressing 
On  the  live-and-let-live  plan. 

“You  are  keepin’  men  from  failin’ 

Who,  if  sorely  pressed,  might  fall. 

Why,  if  all  men  done  as  you  do, 

I would  have  no  job  at  all.” 

12.  “Prohibition  is  Sumptuary  Legislation” 

See  “Sumptuary  Laws.” 

13.  “We  Ought  to  Compensate  Liquor  Dealers  for 
Their  Losses'’ 

See  “Compensation.” 

14.  “Half  a Loaf  is  Better  Than  no  Bread” 
That  all  depends  on  whether  the  half  loaf  is  poisoned. 
It  is  better  to  work  for  a whole  loaf  and  miss  getting 
it  through  no  fault  of  ours  than  compromise  on  a 
half  loaf  that  has  been  poisoned  and  then  stain  our 
hands  with  the  blood  of  our  children  and  our  neigh- 
bors’ children  who  drink  their  degradation  and  death 
in  the  saloon  our  votes  have  intrenched.  It  is  better  to 
vote  for  what  you  want  and  not  get  it  than  to  vote  for 
what  you  don’t  want  and  succeed.  Every  compromise 
right  makes  with  wrong  is  a new  intrenchment  for  the 
wrong. 

15.  “Of  Two  Evils,  Choose  the  Least” 

Of  two  evils,  there  is  no  choice  for  me.  You  go  into 
a refreshment  store  and  call  for  an  egg  in  your  soda. 
The  clerk  informs  you  that  he  has  but  two  eggs  left, 
one  is  rotten ; the  other,  spoiled.  Which  will  you 
choose?  You  would  say:  “I  will  take  the  spoiled  one,” 
but  I should  say : “I  will  wait  till  the  hens  lay.”  Of 
those  easy  folks  who  in  every  contest  for  better  things 
allow  the  enemy  to  fix  up  a concoction  for  them  as  a 
substitute  for  prohibition,  I have  no  uncharitable  re- 
marks. A great  deal  depends  on  the  taste ! As  between 
low  license  and  high  license,  there  can  be  no  choice,  for 
our  license  system  is  not  a restriction  nor  a prohibition, 
but  a legal  permission  to  do  a wrong  act  detrimental  to 
the  public  good  for  a price.  The  archway  of  triumph 
through  which  the  liquor  traffic  expects  to  march  tri- 


278  Cyclopedia  of  Tempeiance 

umphantly  into  the  future  is  supported  by  two  pillars : 
respectability,  to  trap  the  youth;  and  revenue,  to  bribe 
the  voter,  both  erected  by  our  infamous  license  system, 
a sale  of  souls  for  revenue  only. 

16.  “We  Need  Home  Rule  for  American  Cities” 

There  is  a systematic  movement  from  one  side  of 
the  continent  to  the  other  to  put  into  the  constitutions  of 
our  states  Home  Rule  Amendments.  This  is  a plan  to 
exempt  cities  and  corporate  towns  from  the  working  of 
the  local  option  laws  of  our  counties  and  the  prohibi- 
tion laws  of  our  states.  In  other  words,  to  let  the  cities 
govern  themselves,  independent  of  the  police  regulations 
of  the  commonwealth.  But  there  is  not  a good  thing 
that  will  not  be  debased  or  a bad  thing  that  will  not 
be  exalted  by  this  measure. 

It  is  unfair  and  un-American  to  tax  the  farmers  of 
a given  county  for  the  expenses  incurred  by  courts, 
jails,  almshouses,  penitentiaries,  etc.,  and  give  them  no 
say  as  to  the  institution  that  makes  four  fifths  of  these 
expenses.  Besides,  the  county  is  the  unit  of  taxation 
and  of  government  as  every  court  house  testifies,  and 
if  a county  votes  dry,  it  should  be  dry;  but  the  Home 
Rule  Amendment  would  then  permit  every  little  rum 
hole  of  a municipality  to  set  up  a city  election,  and 
vote  itself  wet  in  defiance  of  the  vote  of  the  whole 
county  of  which  it  is  a part.  It  is  an  outrage  upon  the 
taxpayer  of  the  little  town  and  farm  to  make  him  foot 
the  bills  of  his  whole  county  for  city  vices  and  give 
him  no  say  as  to  whether  our  cities  shall  be  law-abiding 
or  wide  open.  It  is  un-American  to  tax  him  for  what 
he  has  no  voice  in  controlling. 

To  let  the  farmer  vote  only  on  what  concerns  his 
county  outside  of  city  interests  and  then  let  the  city 
dweller  vote  on  all  that  concerns  the  city  and  all  that 
concerns  the  whole  county  as  well  is  to  give  the  city 
man  two  votes  and  deprive  the  farmer  of  the  vote 
which  concerns  him  most,  namely,  a vote  on  the  char- 
acter of  the  county  which  is  the  unit  of  government 
and  taxation. 

The  Home  Rule  Amendments  would  make  our  cities 
little  principalities  absolutely  independent  of  the  moral 
sentiment  and  police  regulations  of  county  and  state, 
and  there  is  hardly  a reform  that  has  ever  been  wrought 
out  in  an  American  city  but  was  accomplished  by  state 


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279 


laws  and  through  state  and  county  officers,  notably 
by  sheriffs  and  district  attorneys.  Reforms  do  not 
come  to  cities  through  the  city  councils  and  city  officers, 
and  I have  a conviction  that  our  nation  can  only  be 
saved  by  turning  the  pure  stream  of  country  sentiment 
and  township  morals  to  flush  out  the  cesspools  of  the 
cities  and  so  save  civilization  from  pollution. 

Besides,  the  fathers  and  mothers  who  live  in  the 
country  are  as  much  entitled  to  say  what  kind  of 
places  our  college  town,  our  capital  city,  and  our 
metropolis  shall  be  as  the  people  who  live  in  them. 
These  places  were  not  made  by  the  people  who  dwell 
there.  They  were  made  by  the  people  who  came  to 
them  to  attend  school,  to  transact  business,  to  invest 
fortunes,  or  to  settle  for  a lifework;  and  it  is  a matter 
of  vital  concern  to  every  family  in  the  state  what 
political  conditions  shall  prevail  in  our  towns.  The 
liquor  dealers  of  the  nation  seek  to  exempt  their  traffic 
from  a state-wide  vote  or  from  county  measures  and 
put  its  fate  in  the  hands  of  the  corrupted  city  and  slum 
vote;  and  our  people  must  open  their  eyes  to  the  un- 
fairness, un-Americanism  and  -evil  influence  of  the  so- 
called  Home  Rule  bills.  It  is  the  liquor  traffic’s  scheme 
to  trade  a little  country  territory  for  the  perpetual 
right  to  the  towns,  where  Home  Rule  is  misrule. 

17.  “Why  Put  Prohibition  Into  the  Constitution?” 

Prohibition  should  be  put  into  the  constitution  of  the 
state : 

Because  the  liquor  traffic  is  vast  enough  as  a public 
evil  to  justify  this  extreme  measure. 

Because  this  evil  is  state-wide,  and  active  everywhere; 
and  the  remedy  must  be  as  extensive  as  the  wrong. 

Because  nothing  short  of  a constitutional  amendment 
breaking  up  the  trade  can  eliminate  the  liquor  traffic 
from  politics. 

Because  state-wide  prohibition  alone  goes  to  the 
source  of  the  trouble  and  strikes  down  the  manufacture 
as  well  as  the  sale. 

Because  of  the  utter  inadequacy  of  local  option  as 
we  now  have  it — too  local  for  a national  wrong  and  too 
optional  for  a moral  question. 

Because  fictitious  lines  whether  of  precinct,  township, 
county,  ward,  or  city  so  limit  prohibition  as  to  deprive 
it  of  a fair  chance  to  do  its  work. 


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Because  this  is  the  only  method  society  ever  uses  in 
dealing  with  kindred  vices.  What  have  we  done  with 
the  gambling  hell,  the  lottery  and  the  brothel  but  pro- 
hibit them? 

Because  nothing  short  of  a constitutional  amendment 
is  permanent  enough  to  give  prohibition  a fair  trial. 
What  the  people  thus  adopt  will  stay  till  they  see  fit 
to  change  it. 

Because  the  state  is  the  unit  of  sovereignty  in  the 
American  system  of  government.  The  evil  of  rum 
rule  is  not  local  and  the  blessings  that  have  attended 
the  local  prohibitions  should  now  be  extended  to  all  the 
states. 

Because  the  efforts  of  good  men  should  be  concen- 
trated on  law  enforcement  and  wise  selection  of  rulers 
and  not  divided  by  efforts  to  prevent  legislative  repeals, 
amendments,  judicial  interpretations  or  executive  vetoes. 

Because  the  liquor  power  is  a disturber  of  the  public 
peace.  It  threatens  public  safety;  it  induces  private 
vice ; it  fosters  crime  and  political  corruption  and  every 
community  in  the  state  needs  and  will  equally  profit  by 
its  banishment. 

Because  in  dealing  with  recognized  crimes  and  great 
public  evils  prohibition  is  the  fundamental  principle  of 
government  and  hence  should  be  imbedded  in  the  con- 
stitution. and  must  not  be  left  to  mere  statutory  enact- 
ment. What  is  wrong  in  one  part  of  the  state  cannot 
be  right  in  another. 

Because  our  present  local  option  laws  are  aimed  at 
the  saloon  and  the  blind  pig,  but  the  center  of  the  evil 
and  the  instigator  of  lawlessness  is  not  the  bootlegger 
or  even  the  saloon  keeper,  but  the  organized  brewers, 
distillers,  and  wholesalers  who  control  the  manufacture 
and  distribution,  and  browbeat  government.  Permanent 
cure  must  get  rid  of  the  source  of  the  curse. 

Because  the  cities  are  a part  of  the  state.  The 
farmer  is  taxed  to  support  the  criminal  and  delinquent 
classes ; the  sons  and  daughters  of  the  townspeople  and 
country  men  must  come  to  the  cities  to  study  and  to 
settle;  and  it  is  a matter  of  vital  concern  to  ever>’ 
family  in  the  state  what  moral  conditions  shall  prevail 
in  our  state  capital,  our  metropolis,  our  college  towns, 
and  other  cities. 

Because  constitutional  amendments  prohibiting  the 
traffic  can  alone  prevent  the  liquor  dealers  from  using 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance  281 

the  referendum  to  put  their  own  vicious  legislation  un- 
der the  name  of  Home  Rule,  which  when  invoked  by 
them,  always  means  rum  rule,  into  the  constitution  of 
all  the  states,  thus  excluding  the  people  of  the  towns 
and  country  from  any  say  as  to  the  character  of  the 
cities  and  incorporated  towns,  while  taxing  them  for 
the  results  of  the  cities’  vices  and  voting  open  sin  upon 
the  pure  country  places  through  the  city  slum  vote. 

Because  national  prohibition  can  only  come  through 
the  multiplying  of  dry  states.  We  have  nineteen  such 
now,  having  won  five  out  of  seven  that  voted  in  1914 
and  every  progressive  state  should  feel  the  moral  re- 
sponsibility of  being  a leader  in  this  greatest  moral 
and  economic  reform  of  the  century  and  not  a “hold- 
back.” They  should  push  on  the  collar  and  not  pull  in 
the  breeches.  States  like  individuals  have  their  epochal 
status  fixed  by  their  relation  to  the  dominant  reform  of 
their  generation. 

18.  “This  is  Not  a National  Issue” 

National  prohibition  must  come,  because  under  the 
American  scheme  of  government,  no  state  can  exercise 
complete  and  controlling  influence  over  the  liquor  traffic. 
The  state  controls  state  license,  and  little  else.  The 
Federal  Government  controls  interstate  commerce, 
navigable  waters,  and  mails  which  carry  advertisements, 
treaties,  imports  and  exports,  federal  license,  the  testi- 
mony of  federal  revenue  officers,  all  territory  belonging 
to  the  federal  government,  even  within  the  bounds  of 
the  state  itself.  The  Liquor  Problem  is  a federal 
question;  for  the  federal  government  alone  can  exer- 
cise a direct  and  conclusive  control  of  the  traffic;  and 
therefore  national  prohibition  by  federal  amendment 
to  the  Constitution  is  the  ultimate  solution  of  the 
Liquor  Problem.  Every  state  should  count  one  in 
helping  to  bring  that  result.  See  “National  Prohibi- 
tion.” C.  T.  W. 

OHIO — The  vote  against  state-wide  prohibition  in 
the  election  of  1914  was  84,251.  In  the  election  of  1915. 
the  majority  against  the  measure  was  55,412. 

OKLAHOMA — The  state  was  admitted  into  the 
Union  November  16,  1907,  as  “a  Constitutional  Prohibi- 
tion” state.  The  code  prohibits  the  advertising  of  in- 


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toxicating  liquors  in  any  manner  whatever,  and  makes 
it  unlawful  to  drink  in  public  and  upon  railroad  trains. 
It  also  prohibits  druggists  of  the  state  from  handling 
intoxicating  liquors  of  any  kind,  including  alcohol,  for 
sale,  A druggist  may  purchase  pure  grain  alcohol  from 
the  state  agent  appointed  by  the  governor,  for  com- 
pounding prescriptions  or  medicines,  the  sale  of  which 
will  not  subject  him  to  the  payment  of  the  special 
liquor  dealers’  tax  to  the  United  States  Government, 
The  state  has  complete  search  and  seizure  and  injunc- 
tion laws,  and  a civil  statute  fixing  the  penalty  from 
$100  up  to  $1,000  per  day  against  the  premises  where 
the  law  is  violated. 

OPIUM — This  drug  is  manufactured  from  the  juice 
of  the  poppy.  The  use  of  opium  was,  until  recently, 
common  in  China,  but  prohibition  of  the  cultivation  of 
the  poppy  by  the  Chinese  Government,  together  with 
the  absolute  prohibition  of  the  use  of  opium,  seems  to 
be  wiping  out  the  evil  in  that  country,  although  old 
treaties  still  prevent  China  from  prohibiting  the  impor- 
tation of  opium  from  the  outside. 

The  enactment  of  the  antidrug  law  by  the  federal 
government  taking  effect  Alarch  1.  1915,  seems  to  be 
at  least  the  beginning  of  the  end  of  the  use  of  opium 
in  America.  (See  Drugs.) 

OREGON — The  state  voted  dry  November  3,  1914, 
by  a majority  of  36.340.  The  law  becomes  effective 
January  1,  1916.  At  present  the  state  has  five  dr^- 
counties  and  twenty-nine  wet.  There  are  about  one 
thousand  saloons.  Exceedingly  drastic  laws  have  been 
framed  for  the  enforcement  of  prohibition  when  it 
becomes  effective. 

ORIGINAL  PACKAGES — This  was  a term  used 
in  federal  legislation  prior  to  the  Webb-Kenyon  law 
which  was  designed  to  protect  the  supposed  right  of 
any  person  in  a prohibition  state  to  receive  liquors  from 
another  state  without  interference.  The  theorj^  was 
that  liquor  in  the  original  package  would  not  pass 
through  the  hands  of  any  intermediarj'  before  reach- 
ing the  ultimate  consumer. 

PALESTINE — See  Bible  and  Drink;  and  Com- 
munion Wines. 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance  283 

PARENT AGESee  ChM  Welfare;  Heredity;  and 
Women. 

PAUPERISM — The  Committee  of  Fifty  found  that 
thirty-seven  per  cent  of  all  pauperism  and  a much 
larger  per  cent  of  “poverty”  is  due  to  drink. 

A question  so  shifting  in  its  phases  and  one  affected 
by  such  various  legislation  in  the  states  is  difficult  of 
exact  analysis,  but  it  is  certain  that  a very  large  per 
cent  of  extreme  poverty  is  due  to  the  use  of  liquor, 
and  it  is  still  more  certain  that  such  poverty  is  seldom 
found  among  abstainers.  Wherever  the  probe  is  pushed 
into  the  body  social  this  fact  is  touched.  For  instance, 
a straw  vote  of  nearly  twenty  thousand  destitute  and 
homeless  men,  taken  by  the  Charity  Organization  on 
the  streets  of  New  York  City,  showed  that  sixty  per 
cent  of  these  men  ascribed  their  destitution  to  in- 
temperance, only  seventeen  per  cent  to  sickness  and 
injury,  and  twenty-three  per  cent  to  old  age  and  slack 
work.  Naturally,  they  would  shield  themselves  as  much 
as  possible  by  saying  “sickness,”  unless  the  evidences 
of  their  intemperance  were  apparent  to  the  casual  in- 
vestigator. An  investigation  by  a superintendent  of  a 
municipal  lodging  house  in  the  same  city  which  cov- 
ered 2,000  cases  revealed  that  thirty  per  cent  of  these 
people  were  vagrants  solely  because  of  addiction  to 
intoxicating  liquors,  and  that  in  fifty  per  cent  of  the 
cases  there  was  a very  excessive  consumption  of  alco- 
hol. The  number  of  abstainers  among  these  2,000  is 
not  reported. 

The  results  of  such  investigations  are  nearly  uni- 
form. An  agent  of  the  Associated  Charities  of  Toledo 
found  120  needy  families  in  his  ward.  In  his  report  he 
says  that  in  all  cases  except  two  these  families  became 
dependent  through  drink  on  the  part  of  husband  or 
father. 

Effect  of  Prohibition  Upon  Pauperism 

It  is  hard  to  make  a comparison  between  states  in 
regard  to  pauperism  which  will  be  just,  but  in  almost 
all  cases  the  injustice  will  be  done  to  the  prohibition 
states.  For  instance,  the  liquor  people  are  accustomed 
to  saying  that  Kansas  shows  fewer  paupers  because  its 
counties  do  not  maintain  poorhouses,  but  the  Census 
of  1910  shows  that  seventy-four  of  the  105  counties  of 
Kansas  do  maintain  poor-farms  or  poorhouses,  while 


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in  Nebraska  only  fifty-one  counties  out  of  ninety-two 
had  such  houses. 

If  all  the  prohibition  states  and  all  the  licenje  states 
are  taken,  however,  we  can  reach  some  satisfactory 
results,  because  the  prohibition  states  are  so  well  scat- 
tered that  they  are  typical  of  the  entire  country,  and 
the  same  is  true  of  the  license  states.  Upon  this,  basis 
we  find  that  the  following  is  true : 

Census  of  1910 

Rate  for  the  Continental  United  States..  88,319 
If  the  rate  in  the  license  states  prevailed 

throughout  the  country  108,808 

If  the  rate  in  the  prohibition  states  pre- 
vailed throughout  the  country  27,309 

If  the  Kansas  rate  had  prevailed 
throughout  the  country 22,819 

If  we  divide  the  rate  of  commitments  to  poorhouses 
in  all  of  the  states  by  the  population  of  the  respective 

states,  we  get  the  following  rate  per  100,000  of  popu- 
lation : 

Alabama  22.4 

Arizona  497.3 

Arkansas  31.0 

California  404.4 

Colorado  87.2 

Connecticut  244.9 

Delaware  212.8 

District  of  Columbia  51.6 

Florida  124.0 

Oeorgia  19.7 

Idaho  54.4 

Illinois  99.1 

Indiana  64.4 

Iowa  37.0 

Kansas  24.9 

Kentucky  49.4 

Louisiana  6.7 

Maine  115.9 

Maryland  150.5 

Massachusetts  ' 282.8 

Michigan  99.0 

Minnesota  39.2 

Mississippi  13.6 

Missouri  34.9 

Montana  266.2 

Nebraska  92.3 

Nevada  562.9 

New  Hampshire  188.8 

New  Jersey  68.4 

New  York 189.6 

North  Carolina  33.0 


Cyclopedia  ot  Temperance  285 


North  Dakota  19.7 

Ohio  121.9 

Oklahoma  3.6 

Oregon  75.0 

Pennsylvania  123.6 

Bhode  Island  97.0 

South  Carolina  18.8 

South  Dakota  ,. 27.4 

Tennessee  56.1 

Texas  27.7 

Utah  48.4 

Vermont  75.7 

Virginia  116.6 

Washington  109.2 

West  Virginia  43.4 

Wisconsin  50.4 

Wyoming  37.0 


New  Mexico  is  not  included  because  it  had  no  poor- 
houses  and  was  not  reported  in  the  census. 

If  we  segregate  the  prohibition  states  and  the  license 
states  in  this  group,  we  get  the  following  rates  of  ad- 
missions : 


License  states 110.0 

United  States  96.3 

Prohibition  states  29.8 


If  the  reader  will  contrast  for  himself  the  rate  in  the 
various  prohibition  states  with  the  states  near  him  in 
geographical  position,  he  will  find  that  the  result  is 
highly  favorable  to  the  prohibition  policy. 

These  comparisons  can  be  made  by  selecting  states 
from  the  table  above  and  segregating  them  in  groups. 
For  instance,  if  we  compare  North  Dakota  with  near-by 


states,  we  find  the  following: 

North  Dakota  19.7 

Minnesota  39.2 

South  Dakota 27.4 

Montana  266.2 

The  showing  of  Kansas  with  its  neighbors,  excluding 
the  prohibition  state  of  Oklahoma,  where  the  rate  is 
abnormal,  is  as  follows; 

Kansas  24.9 

Missouri  34.9 

Iowa  37.0 

Nebraska  92.3 

Colorado  87.2 


PENALTIES — Laws  and  juries  are  becoming  con- 
stantly more  severe  in  their  treatment  of  violators  of 


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prohibitory  statutes.  In  Kansas,  the  law  provides  for 
a penalty  of  $100  to  $500  and  thirty  to  ninety  days  in 
jail  for  each  offense  in  selling  liquors.  Where  fifteen 
or  twenty  cases  are  proven  against  the  man,  obviously 
the  penalty  becomes  heavy.  If  the  offense  is  in  main- 
taining a place  where  liquors  are  sold,  the  minimum 
jail  sentence  in  Kansas  is  six  months. 

However,  the  most  significant  feature  of  the  Kansas 
penalty  is  the  provision  that  a man  may  be  sent  to  the 
penitentiary  for  one  year  to  be  spent  in  hard  labor  if 
he  offends  the  second  time.  The  state  will  permit  no 
contempt  for  its  prohibition  law.  Practically  all  of 
the  other  prohibition  states  are  adopting  penalties  as 
heavy,  especially  those  which  have  recently  passed  pro- 
hibition laws. 

PENNSYLVANIA — In  1681  William  Penn  dra'fted 
a constitution  for  an  ideal  government,  calling  it  a 
“fundamental  constitution.”  In  it  appears  this  para- 
graph : 

“THERE  SHALL  BE  NO  TAVERNS  OR  ALE 
HOUSES,  AND  HORSE  RACES,  BULL  AND  BEAR 
BAITING,  GAMES  OF  CARDS  AND  DICE  SHALL 
BE  PROHIBITED.” 

Pennsylvania  has  a high  license  law  and  the  grant- 
ing of  licenses  is  in  the  hands  of  county  judges.  The 
decision  of  Judge  Criswell,  later  approved  by  the  Su- 
preme and  Superior  Courts,  makes  the  judge  the  final 
and  sole  arbiter  in  the  matter.  Under  the  operations 
of  that  law  Pennsylvania  now  has  ten  dry  counties. 
There  has  been  no  new  legislation  on  this  question  in 
Pennsylvania  in  twenty-five  years.  The  contention  of 
the  prohibitionists  in  the  state  is  for  a county  local 
option  law. 

PERSONAL  LIBERTY — See  Objections  to  Pro- 
hibition. 

PETITIONS — The  right  of  petition  is  fundamental 
in  the  government  of  the  United  States  and  is  vig- 
orously used  by  prohibitionists  and  their  opponents 
alike.  Perhaps  the  most  notable  instance  of  effective 
petitioning  was  on  the  first  of  July,  1914,  when  there 
was  an  opportunity  to  bring  the  federal  prohibition  bill 
to  a vote  in  the  House  of  Representatives  at  Washing- 
ton. The  Temperance  Society  sent  out  a bulletin  to 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 


287 


all  pastors  asking  them  to  vote  their  congregations  and 
report  the  result  to  Congress  by  telegraph.  The  result 
was  startling.  Congress  was  nearly  swamped  with  a 
mass  of  Night  Letters.  Nothing  else  did  so  much  to 
strengthen  the  Hobson  bill  in  the  House  of  Represen- 
tatives. 

An  investigation  showed  that  from  April  20,  1914,  to 
May  5,  1914,  there  was  received  by  Congress  a total 
of  612  petitions  for  the  adoption  of  the  prohibition 
amendment,  and  only  435  against  it. 

PHYSICAL  TRAINING— See  Athletics. 

PLEDGES — The  pledge  has  been  one  of  the  most 
effective  weapons  in  the  war  against  intemperance. 
Practically  every  temperance  organization  has  pushed 
its  work  by  the  circulation  of  total  abstinence  pledges. 
But  the  pledge  method  is  not  by  any  means  confined 
to  temperance  organizations.  Religious,  social,  and  all 
juvenile  delinquent  societies  have  made  extensive  use 
of  it.  The  pledge  method  is  used  widely  by  police 
judges  to  effect  the  reformation  of  men  accused  of 
habitual  drunkenness,  nonsupport  of  family,  etc. 

The  various  stages  of  development  in  the  temperance 
reform  are  accurately  registered  in  pledges.  For  in- 
stance, the  pledges  up  to  1826  promoted  “moderation” 
in  the  use  of  intoxicants;  the  pledges  in  use  from  1826 
to  1836  emphasize  abstinence  from  the  use  of  “distilled” 
liquors;  after  1836  all  pledges  were  for  total  abstinence; 
beginning  with  1842  practically  all  pledges  stressed  the 
idea  of  fighting  the  traffic  in  intoxicants  as  well  as 
inculcating  sobriety  in  the  individual,  while  after  1869 
most  new  forms  taught  fighting  the  traffic  by  political 
methods.  This  shows  a distinct  advance,  step  by  step, 
to  the  present  position  held  by  most  prohibition  workers. 

Within  the  last  ten  years  there  has  been  a revival 
of  interest  in  the  pledge-signing  method.  Many  or- 
ganizations have  again  begun  to  stress  the  importance 
of  this  work.  Most  of  the  large  denominations  in 
America  have  Temperance  Boards  which  push  pledge- 
signing crusades.  The  Temperance  Society  of  the 
Methodist  Episeopal  Church  has  secured  the  signatures 
of  about  a million  boys  and  girls  in  the  past  three  years. 

POISONS — There  are  quick-acting  poisons,  slow- 
acting  poisons,  and  racial  poisons.  Alcohol  is  a slow- 


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acting,  racial  poison,  and  is  becoming  recognized  as 
such  because  of  the  fact  that  in  any  quantity  it  has  a 
deleterious  effect  upon  the  physical  system,  and  in  suffi- 
cient quantity  it  is  capable  of  producing  death. 

At  its  annual  meeting  in  Lincoln,  Neb.,  December, 
1914,  the  Board  of  Managers  of  the  Temperance  So- 
ciety authorized  the  introduction  in  Congress  of  a bill 
requiring  all  alcoholic  beverages  to  bear  this  label : “This 
bottle  contains  alcohol,  a habit-forming,  irritant,  nar- 
cotic drug.” 

POLITICAL  ACTION — Sooner  or  later,  no  doubt, 
prohibition  will  enter  into  partisan  politics  between  the 
dominant  parties,  unless  Congress  submits  a constitu- 
tional amendment  putting  the  matter  up  to  the  states. 
It  is  generally  believed  by  the  friends  of  prohibition 
that  it  would  be  a misfortune  for  it  to  become  a subject 
of  controversy  between  great  parties.  Believing  that  the 
question  of  the  expediency  of  attempting  to  secure  plat- 
form planks  in  favor  of  prohibition  in  1916  is  a vital 
matter,  the  Temperance  Society  of  the  Methodist 
Church  sent  a list  of  questions  to  the  daily  newspapers 
of  the  country. 

The  questions  asked  were  not  “leading,”  and  the 
end  sought  was  to  arrive  at  that  “multitude  of  counsel” 
which  is  wisdom. 

The  exact  questions  as  submitted  were  as  follows : 

1.  Do  you  believe  that  your  party,  in  its  1916  national 
platform,  should  favor  the  submission  of  a prohibition 
constitutional  amendment  by  Congress? 

2.  Do  you  believe  that  your  party  should,  in  its  plat- 
form, oppose  such  action  by  Congress? 

3.  Do  you  believe  that  the  platform  of  your  part\- 
should  propose  any  other  method  of  dealing  with  the 
liquor  problem? 

4.  Do  you  believe  that  your  party  should  absolutely 
ignore  the  liquor  question  in  its  platform? 

5.  May  we  quote  your  reply? 

The  result  of  the  inquiry  uncovered  some  highly  im- 
portant and  intensely  interesting  opinions.  These  points 
stand  out  prominently  in  surveying  the  replies: 

1.  More  papers  favor  the  incorporation  of  a prohibi- 
tion plank  in  the  national  platforms  of  their  respective 
parties  than  oppose  it.  The  exact  figures  are : For.  265 ; 
Against,  174;  Indefinite,  seventy-two.  This  clearly  in- 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance  289 

dicates  that  the  majority  of  the  editors  think  that  pro- 
hibition would  prove  a political  asset  in  the  presidential 
campaign. 

2.  A majority  of  the  174  opposing  such  action  by 
their  party  conventions  are  friendly  to  prohibition,  but 
think  it  would  be  a great  mistake  for  the  question  to 
creep  into  party  politics.  One  editor  says : "It  would 
be  good  for  the  party,  but  bad  for  the  cause;”  and  a 
number  express  the  earnest  hope  that  Congress  will  sub- 
mit the  question  in  order  that  it  may  be  kept  out  of 
the  campaign.  Many  replies,  especially  of  independent 
papers,  favor  the  advocacy  of  prohibition  by  ail  party 
platforms,  which  they  think  would  not  subject  the 
cause  to  the  uncertainties  of  party  rivalry.  One  editor 
very  tersely  says : "Both  or  none,”  and  several  express 
the  opinion  that  if  one  party  favored  the  issue  and  the 
others  did  not  the  wets  would  consolidate  while  the 
drys  would  remain  divided. 

3.  The  belief  that  "the  time  is  not  yet  ripe”  is  held 
by  numerous  editors.  Some  prefer  that  prohibition 
should  progress  along  present  lines  until  it  lias  gained 
more  territory,  while  several  say  that  while  it  should 
not  be  an  issue  in  1916  it  will  inevitably  become  so  in 
1920,  unless  it  is  disposed  of  before  that  date.  Quite  a 
few  replies  use  the  words,  “Prohibition  is  of  increasing 
importance,”  while  more  than  150  consider  it  even  now 
of  paramount  importance.  The  present  progress  of  the 
cause  is  indicated  by  the  fact  that  quite  a number  of 
papers  announce  that  they  have  recently  come  to  the 
conclusion  that  prohibition  is  a national  issue.  One 
paper  founded  in  1822  says  that  it  “came  out”  for 
national  prohibition  last  January. 

4.  Only  forty-two  papers  of  the  550  replying  believe 
that  the  campaign  platforms  of  their  parties  should 
oppose  submission  of  the  prohibition  resolution,  while 
396  hold  the  contrary  opinion  and  sixty-eight  are  in- 
definite. More  significant  is  the  fact  that  only  131 
papers  believe  that  their  parties  can  safely  ignore  the 
question  absolutely,  while  303  oppose  such  a policy  and 
fifty-seven  are  indefinite.  However,  a number  who 
favor  ignoring  the  question  are  friendly  to  the  policy. 

5.  Only  sixty-four  papers  believe  that  their  parties, 
should  propose  any  other  method  of  dealing  with  the 
liquor  problem,  and  this  includes  several  who  favor 
such  action  only  in  event  the  party  should  fail  to  indi- 


290  Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 

cate  a stand  in  favor  of  national  prohibition.  In  oppo- 
sition to  the  proposal  of  any  other  method  are  279,  with 
fifty-seven  indefinite.  Only  thirteen  Southern  papers 
favor  proposing  other  methods  as  opposed  to  seventy 
“No’s,”  which  indicates  that  the  South  will  not  lend  its 
support  to  the  States’  Rights  plea.  An  unexpectedly 
small  number  mention  States’  Rights,  and  it  is  notable 
that  the  number  of  editors  declaring  it  to  be  a state 
question  includes  more  Republicans  than  Democrats 
and  more  from  the  North  than  from  the  South.  Several 
papers  which  say  they  are  friendly  to  prohibition  but 
consider  it  a state  question  express  themselves  in  favor 
of  severing  all  federal  government  relations  with  the 
traffic  and  prohibiting  absolutely  all  interstate  com- 
merce in  liquors.  The  issue  appears  to  be  clearly  drawn, 
not  only  along  national  lines,  but  in  other  ways,  for 
only  five  papers  sajqanything  about  compensation.  Two. 
however,  suggest  that  proper  time  should  be  given  to 
dispose  of  stocks  and  readjust  property  interests. 

6.  A large  number  of  friendly  editors  insist  that 
there  is  a crying  need  of  a greater  educational  move- 
ment to  establish  a foundation  for  prohibitory  law. 
The  church  and  the  temperance  forces  are  taken  to 
task  for  neglecting  this  phase  of  the  question. 

7.  The  proportion  of  papers  believing  that  their 
parties  should  favor  the  submission  of  prohibition  is 
just  about  the  same  in  the  East,  the  West,  and  the 
South.  The  West  has  a slight  leadership  over  both  of 
the  other  sections. 

Alany  of  the  comments  were  exceedingl3’'  interesting, 
but  it  is  impossible  to  give  them  here.  A cop3'  of  the 
entire  report  will  be  sent  to  anj-one  who  makes  a re- 
quest of  the  Temperance  Society  of  the  Alethodist 
Church,  Topeka,  Kan.,  and  incloses  a two-cent  stamp. 

POLITICAL  EVILS — See  Brewers;  and  Lawless- 
ness. 

POOR  MAN’S  CLUB — A term  applied  to  the  sa- 
loon by  those  who  wish  to  magnify  the  harmless  social 
features  of  that  institution  and  minimize  its  evils.  It 
is  true  that  the  saloon  at  the  present  time  fills  a cer- 
tain social  place  that  no  other  institution  has  success- 
fully occupied,  but  it  is  also  true  that  the  dues  of  money 
and  character  demanded  are  far  too  high.  The  poor 
man’s  club  has  always  been  responsible  for  many  a 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance  291 

poor  man’s  miserable  home.  (See  Substitutes  for  the 
Saloon.) 

POPULAR  FALLACIES — See  Objections  to  Pro- 
hibition. 

PORT — A heavy  wine  usually  containing  more  than 
twenty  per  cent  of  alcohol. 

PORTUGAL — There  is  practically  no  temperance 
movement  in  Portugal.  The  evils  of  drinking  are  very 
extensive.  More  settled  political  conditions  will  un- 
doubtedly give  birth  to  reforms. 

POSTERS — The  use  of  posters  to  warn  the  people 
against  the  eifects  of  alcohol  has  been  much  more 
common  in  Europe  than  in  America.  In  France  the 
government  alone  is  permitted  to  display  posters  printed 
in  black  and  white,  and  at  various  times  the  French 
Government  has  seen  fit  to  warn  the  people  against 
“alcoholism,  which  is  the  chronic  poisoning  resulting 
from  the  habitual  use  of  alcohol,  even  when  the  latter 
would  not  produce  drunkenness.”  The  Italian  Govern- 
ment has  also  advised  governors  of  various  provinces 
to  warn  the  people  in  a similar  way.  In  England  a 
large  use  is  made  of  the  poster  m,ethod.  Very  fre- 
quently they  are  displayed  under  the  authority  of  med- 
ical officers  of  health,  mayors,  sanitary  committees, 
temperance  organizations,  and  distinguished  medical 
practitioners.  Upon  the  outbreak  of  war  anti-alcohol 
posters  became  especially  common  in  England.  One  of 
the  most  famous  of  these  posters  is  given  here: 

Effects  of  Alcohol  on  Naval  and  Military  Work 

To  all  men  serving  the  Empire  it  has  been  proved  by 
the  most  careful  scientific  experiments  and  completely 
confirmed  by  actual  experience  in  athletics  and  war  as 
attested  by  Field-Marshal  Lord  Roberts,  V.C..  K.G.. 
K.P.;  Field-Marshal  Lord  Wolseley,  K.P.,  G.C.B.;  and 
many  other  army  leaders  that  alcohol  or  drink  (1) 
slows  the  power  to  see  signals,  (2)  confuses  prompt 
judgment,  (3)  spoils  accurate  shooting,  (4)  hastens 
fatigue,  (5)  lessens  resistance  to  diseases  and  exposure, 
and  (6)  increases  shock  from  wounds. 

We,  therefore,  most  strongly  urge  you  for  your  own 
health  and  efficiency  that  at  least  as  long  as  the  war 
lasts  you  should  become  total  abstainers.  (Signed)  : 


292 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 


Thomas  Barlow,  M.D.,  F.R.S.,  K.C.V.O.,  Pres.  Coll. 
Phys.,  Physician  to  H.M.  the  King;  Frederick  Treves, 
F.R.C.S.,  G.C.V.O.,  Hon.  Col.  R.A.M.C.,  T.F.,  Ser- 
geant-Surgeon to  H.M.  the  King;  G.  J.  H.  Evatt,  M.D., 
C.B.,  Surgeon-General  R.A.M.C. ; Victor  Horsley, 
F.R.C.S.,  F.R.S.,  Captain  R.A.M.C.,  T.F. ; and  G.  Sims 
Woodhead,  M.D.,  F.R.S.,  Lt-Col.  R.A.M.C.,  T.F. 

At  the  present  time  the  Temperance  Society  is  pub- 
lishing a series  of  twelve  posters,  three  of  which  are 
illustrated.  They  are  exceedingly  low  in  price,  but  are 
high  in  fighting  efficiency.  A sample  set  of  twelve  is 
sent  to  any  address  for  twenty  cents. 

PROFITS  OF  THE  LIQUOR  TRAFFIC— 

Barrels  and  Bottles  of  Indianapolis  is  responsible  for 
the  statement  that  “the  cost  of  pure  whisl^  with  corn 
around  fifty  cents  a bushel  is  about  seven  cents  a gallon. 
In  view  of  these  facts  let  us  see  what  becomes  of  the 
averment  that  the  people  of  our  country  spend  some 
two  billions  of  dollars  annually  for  strong  drink.  Nine 
tenths  of  the  outlay  is  for  licenses,  excises,  imposts, 
taxes,  and  the  enormous  cost  of  espionage  and  collec- 
tion, together  with  the  various  species  of  graft,  tribute, 
and  excessive  profit  involved  in  the  traffic.  Drinkers 
pay  it,  doubtless,  but  not  for  drink.  Most  of  those  two 
billions  are  blackmail.” 

There  is  undoubtedly  a startling  difference  between 
the  cost  of  producing  whisky  and  the  cost  of  drinking 
it.  The  Rugby  Distillery  Company  of  Louisville,  Ky., 
recently  said  that,  at  the  current  price  of  corn,  whisky 
can  be  produced  in  Louisville  for  twenty-seven  cents 
per  gallon.  The  average  price  to  the  consumer  who 
buys  by  the  gallon  is  $4.00,  and  over  the  saloon  bar  that 
same  gallon  of  whisky  will  sell  for  $8.53. 

According  to  the  testimony  of  L.  F.  Padberg,  a 
brewer  of  St.  Louis,  in  a proceeding  in  which  the 
Mutual  Brewing  Company  was  involved,  it  costs  only 
$2.52  to  manufacture  a thirty-one  gallon  barrel  of 
beer,  which  will  sell  over  the  bar  for  $26.90. 

The  profits  of  the  saloon  are  being  constantly  brought 
out  in  the  “Want  Ad”  columns  of  daily  newspapers.  A 
recent  ad  in  the  New  York  World  states  that  an  in- 
vestment of  $1,400  will  yield  $7,500  profit  during  the 
year.  An  ad  in  the  Chicago  Tribune  promises  $350  a 
month  in  return  for  an  investment  of  $1,400,  and  an- 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance  293 

other  ad  in  the  same  paper  says,  “This  saloon  has  made 
two  men  rich;  will  sell  cheap  for  a quick  deal.” 

The  federal  government’s  tax  on  a gallon  of  whisky 
is  $1.10,  and  on  a barrel  of  beer  $1.50. 

After  bleeding  the  public  with  such  prices  as  these 
for  scores  of  years,  have  the  liquor  interests  a right 
now  to  cry  for  compensation? 

PROGRESSIVE  PARTY— The  attitude  of  this 
young  party  toward  prohibition  has,  up  to  the  present, 
been  highly  creditable.  In  no  place  has  it  opposed  that 
policy,  and  in  a number  of  important  campaigns  it  has 
spoken  emphatically  in  favor  of  the  principle.  In  Ohio 
Mr.  Roosevelt  declared  that  he  would  vote  for  state 
prohibition.  In  the  vote  upon  the  Hobson  bill  in  the 
House  of  Representatives,  December  22,  1914,  only  one 
Progressive  opposed  the  resolution,  and  a number  of 
Progressives  were  prominent  advocates  of  its  adop- 
tion. 

PROHIBITION,  BENEFITS  OF— See  Benefits 
of  Prohibition;  also  Kansas;  West  Virginia,  etc. 

PROHIBITION,  GENERAL  PRINCIPLES  OF 

— “The  legal  prohibition  of  an  act  is  solely  upon  the 
grounds  of  its  evil  effect  upon  society,  and  not  at  all 
upon  the  grounds  of  the  inherent  evil  of  the  act  itself.” 

The  evil  effect  of  the  liquor  traffic  upon  society  is 
indisputable. 

The  very  presence  of  the  saloon  lessens  the  value  of 
surrounding  property  and  raises  the  fire  insurance  rates. 

When  a man  engages  in  a traffic  which  lessens  the 
value  of  property  in  his  vicinity,  which  increases  the 
burdens  of  taxation,  which  promotes  crime,  disease, 
and  social  disorder  in  the  community,  then  the  inter- 
ests of  the  people  become  affected.  The  personal  rights 
of  others  become  invaded,  which  rights  it  is  the  duty 
of  the  state  to  protect. 

Prohibition  is  justified  as  a remedy  for  these  evils 
because  the  evils  do  not  result  from  the  abuse  of  a 
good  thing,  but  the  use  of  a bad  thing. 

It  is  not  reasonable  to  prohibit  any  good  thing  be- 
cause its  use  is  abused. 

It  is  reasonable  to  prohibit  a thing  which  is  evil  in 
itself — always  and  everywhere  evil. 


294 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 


It  is  not  a question  of  the  man  that  gets  drunk.  It 
is  a question  of  an  institution  that  exists  for  the  pur- 
pose of  making  men  drink. 

Mr.  C.  A.  Windle,  prize  spieler  for  the  poison  ven- 
ders, says : “A  man  gets  sick.  You  send  for  a doctor. 
You  give  the  sick  man  medicine,  but  do  not  compel 
every  man  in  town  to  take  medicine  because  one  man 
is  sick.”  Neither  do  you  license  shops  to  retail  typhoid 
fever  germs,  tuberculosis  germs,  etc.  Prohibition  says, 
“Give  the  sick  man  medicine  and  clean  up  the  cess- 
pool that  made  him  sick.” 

If  the  saloon  can  be  run  without  harm  to  the  com- 
munity, why  isn’t  it?  If  the  “abuses”  of  the  liquor 
traffic  can  be  separated  from  the  sale  of  liquors,  why 
is  it  not  done? 

The  principle  of  prohibition  is  not  now  applied  in 
the  hope  that  it  will  act  directly  upon  the  morals  of  the 
individual.  As  Dr.  Matt  S.  Hughes  has  said : 

“Paris  green  does  not  add  to  the  edible  qualities  of 
potatoes  any  more  than  legislation  directly  acts  upon 
the  moral  character  of  men.  But  when  the  potato  bugs 
are  getting  in  their  work  on  the  crop,  a dose  of  paris 
green  protects  the  plant,  insures  the  crop  and  gives  us 
potatoes  to  eat  which  otherwise  would  be  destroyed. 
Thus  law  may  not  make  men  moral,  but  it  can  do  much 
to  keep  them  from  immorality.  It  can  la}'  hands  upon 
the  parasites  who  commercialize  the  weakness  and  ruin 
of  their  fellows  and  thus  give  the  weak  members  of 
the  community  a chance  of  survival.  At  any  rate  it 
can  forever  put  a stop  to  the  legalized  encouragement 
of  drunkenness  with  all  its  evils  and  the  artificial  stim- 
ulation of  all  kinds  of  vice  for  the  sake  of  the  dollar.” 

Efficiency  of  the  Method 

The  efficacy  of  the  prohibition  policy  in  dealing  with 
the  evil  has  been  proven  both  by  experience  and  logic. 

The  saloon  advocates  say,  “Prohibit  the  saloon  and 
there  will  be  more  drinking  than  ever.” 

Go  to  any  business  house  in  town  and  say:  “Close 
your  doors  and  take  down  your  signs.  The  people  will 
hunt  you  up  and  give  you  more  patronage  than  ever 
before.” 

Doesn’t  it  sound  silly? 

The  majority  of  men  and  boys  drink  because  of  the 
accessibility  of  the  saloon,  because  of  its  bright  signs 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance  295 

and  its  bright  windows,  because  of  its  flamboyant  temp- 
tation. Remove  these  features  and  you  remove  their 
inclination  to  drink. 

The  average  self-respecting  young  man  will  shudder 
with  disgust  at  the  mere  thought  of  hunting  up  a sneak- 
ing bootlegger. 

The  policy  has  been  applied  to  other  evils.  For  in- 
stance, in  1908,  5,623  serious  accidents  were  reported 
as  the  result  of  the  use  of  fireworks  in  the  celebration 
of  Independence  Day.  In  1913  the  number  had  been 
decreased  to  1,163. 

This  reform  was  accomplished  by  the  enactment  of 
prohibitory  laws  and  ordinances.  It  is  a clear  case  of 
prohibition  accomplishing  a great  task  in  spite  of  the 
personal  liberty  of  American  citizens  to  shoot  fire 
crackers,  etc. 

It  is  noticeable  that  these  laws  did  not  entirely  wipe 
out  the  evil  at  which  they  were  aimed,  still  very  few 
people  call  them  failures. 

In  the  words  of  the  Chicago  Tribune,  which  was  edi- 
torially advocating  this  reform,  “the  way  to  prevent  is 
to  prohibit.”'  (For  the  practical  effects  of  prohibition 
see  Kansas;  West  Virginia;  Local  Prohibition,  etc.) 

In  Bonfort’s  Wine  and  Spirit  Circular  of  January  10, 
1914,  Mr.  Lee  Bernheim  of  the  Bernheim  Distilling 
Company,  one  of  the  largest  whisky  distilleries  of  the 
United  States,  said,  in  reviewing  the  year  1913 : “Busi- 
ness has  been  bad  in  Ohio,  Texas,  and  Arkansas.  Ad- 
verse legislation  cut  down  the  business  very  heavily.” 
And  yet  these  people  would  be  the  last  ones  in  any  other 
connection  to  admit  that  adverse  legislation  had  any 
effect  at  all  upon  the  consumption  of  liquor. 

Bonfort’s  Wine  and  Spirit  Circular  of  June  10  offers 
a striking  illustration  of  the  insincerity  of  the  attacks 
upon  the  prohibition  principle : 

“Let  anyone  visit  the  homes  and  the  clubs  of  Maine, 
Kansas,  Oklahoma,  North  Dakota,  Georgia,  Tennessee, 
North  Carolina,  or  any  other  so-called  prohibitory  state 
and  jhe  is  impressed  with  the  sentiment  fn  favor  of 
prohibition  and  Jhe  belief  that  prohibition  is  working 
wonders  for  society.” 

This  is  from  page  78.  On  page  98  the  following 
appears : 


296  Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 

“There  is  not  a state  in  the  Union  to-day  living  under 
dry  laws  in  which  a large  proportion  of  the  population 
is  not  disgusted  with  existing  conditions.” 

PROHIBITION,  LOCAL — Local  prohibition  op- 
erates under  the  handicap  of  a hostile  state  and  federal 
policy.  It  has  very  appropriately  been  called  “prohibi- 
tion with  half  a chance.”  And  yet,  even  with  half  a 
chance,  local  prohibition  very  frequently  shows  amaz- 
ing results.  The  amount  of  available  data  in  this 
connection  is  so  large  that  we  confine  ourselves  to  a 
report  of  a careful  survey  of  the  state  of  Illinois  made 
by  the  Temperance  Society  itself  in  January,  1915.  In 
the  spring  of  1914,  1,100  saloons  were  voted  out  of 
Illinois.  The  Society  conducted  an  investigation  reach- 
ing every  town  which  voted  dry  at  that  time.  Accord- 
ing to  representative  bankers,  lawyers,  ministers,  mer- 
chants, and  city  officials  in  these  contented  towns,  the 
1,100  saloons  have  small  chance  of  a welcome  back. 

Some  of  the  towns  reached  were  Rockford,  Herrin, 
Mount  Sterling,  Woodstock,  Plano,  Carmi,  Warren, 
Geneseo,  Ava,  Canton,  Dwight,  Hinckley,  Taylorville, 
Stockton,  Somonauk,  Grant  Park,  Ashkum,  Harrisburg, 
Fairbury,  Sandwich,  Manteno,  Libertyville,  Grafton, 
Genoa,  and  Freeport.  The  business  men  were  taken 
“as  they  come,”  and  were  urged  to  express  their  opin- 
ions, whether  favorable  or  unfavorable  to  the  dry  law. 

“License  Mayor”  is  Now  a Dry 

Mr.  Chandler  Starr,  once  known  as  the  “license 
mayor”  of  Rockford,  the  largest  dry  city  in  Illinois, 
says  that  the  actual  operation  of  the  dry  law  in  that 
city  has  changed  his  opinion. 

“Speaking  as  a business  man  and  not  as  a politician.” 
said  Mr.  Starr,  “I  believe  that  prohibition  has  been 
very  beneficial  to  this  city  of  50,000  to  60,000  people. 
When  it  was  first  voted  upon  Rockford  1 was  opposed 
to  it,  believing  it  would  be  a failure  as  was  the  case 
under  the  old  dramshop  act.  But  after  prohibitioa  had 
been  tried  under  this  new  law  for  a period  of  six 
months  I became  satisfied  that  it  was  a great  success. 
Blind  pigs  are  few  and  far  between,  and  are  very  gen- 
erally suppressed  after  a short  run. 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 


297 


“Our  merchants  have  claimed  that  under  this  present 
law  they  sell  more  for  cash  and  less  on  credit  ac- 
counts. There  are  more  savings  accounts  throughout 
the  city,  and  the  working  people  are  much  better  off. 
Under  the  old  law  nearly  ninety  per  cent  of  the  pay 
checks  from  the  factories  came  into  the  banks  with 
saloon  accounts.  Now,  as  a general  thing,  the  wives 
come  in  and  get  these  checks  cashed,  or  they  are  used 
to  pay  bills  at  grocery  stores,  drygoods  stores,  etc.” 

Mr.  Starr  is  now  the  cashier  of  the  Winnebago  Na- 
tional Bank  of  Rockford,  a half-million  dollar  insti- 
tution. 

His  opinion  in  regard  to  the  law  is  shared  by  the 
president  of  the  bank,  Mr.  W.  T.  Robertson. 

Mr.  J.  D.  Waterman,  president  of  the  Forest  City 
National  Bank  of  Rockford,  and  Mr.  G.  C.  Spafford, 
president  of  the  Third  National  Bank,  also  believe  that 
Rockford  is  better  off  without  saloons.  “Manufacturers 
in  general  are  pleased  with  the  effects  of  the  law,” 
says  Mr.  Spafford.  And  Mr.  F.  F.  Wormwood,  presi- 
dent of  the  People’s  Trust  Company,  says  this  satis- 
faction extends  to  all  employers  of  labor  as  well  as 
the  manufacturers. 

What  Prohibition  Did  for  Herrin 

A shining  example  for  the  prohibitionists  is  afforded 
by  the  little  town  of  Herrin,  where  an  investigation  was 
conducted  for  the  Society  by  Mr.  Manly  J.  Mumford. 
Herrin  Township,  including  the  city  of  Herrin,  closed 
its  saloons  May  7,  1914.  The  arrests  for  intoxication 
for  the  last  seven  months  under  saloons  numbered 
ninety-two,  but  for  the  first  seven  months  after  saloons 
were  banished,  such  arrests  numbered  only  twelve,  as 
is  shown  by  the  following  table: 

Arrests  for  Intoxication 


With  saloons 


Oct.,  1913  24 

Nov.,  1913  28 

Dec.,  1913 13 

Jan.,  1914  7 

Feb.,  1914  . . . . : 8 

Mar.,  1914  8 

Apr.,  1914 4 


Without  saloons 


June,  1914  1 

July,  1914 0 

Aug.,  1914  0 

Sept.,  1914  1 

Oct.,  1914 5 

Nov.,  1914  2 

Dec.,  1914 3 


Total 


92 


Total 


12 


298 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 


There  was  very  nearly  as  wide  a discrepancy  in  the 
matter  of  arrests  for  disturbing  the  peace,  assault  and 
batte^,  etc.  Some  places  were  discovered  which  still 
sell  liquor,  but  it  was  found  that  the  number  of  such 
places  was  not  greater  than  the  number  in  addition  to 
the  saloons  under  license.  It  was  Mr.  Mumford’s 
opinion  that  the  consumption  of  liquor  in  Herrin  is  not 
now  more  than  one  fifth  as  great  as  it  was  before  the 
saloons  were  voted  out.  It  should  also  be  understood 
that  the  officers  of  the  law  in  Herrin  are  not  supposed 
to  be  overly  friendly  to  the  prohibition  law,  and  the 
splendid  showing  outlined  is  not  due  to  entirely  favor- 
able conditions. 

Representative  opinions  secured  from  other  Illinois 
towns  are  almost  uniformly  favorable.  Some  of  these 
opinions  in  brief  are; 

“The  second  time  Mount  Sterling  voted  on  prohibi- 
tion it  doubled  the  former  majority  for  the  drys,  and 
the  third  time  it  doubled  the  second  majority.  There 
is  only  one  empty  store  building  in  the  city,  and  the 
owners  refuse  to  rent  that.  Illicit  sale  of  liquor  is 
very  small.  A dry  town  is  better  for  every  business 
but  the  saloon  business.” — Mr.  F.  D.  Crane,  bank  presi- 
dent, Mount  Sterling. 

“As  a business  proposition,  the  dry  law  has  been  a 
good  thing.  The  volume  of  banking  business  is  much 
larger.” — Mr.  J.  E.  Allison,  vice-president  Brown  County 
State  Bank,  Mount  Sterling. 

“All  lines  of  business  are  healthier  and  better.” — 
Mr.  J.  D.  Donovan,  Woodstock. 

Mr.  E.  E.  Richards,  president  of  the  State  Bank  of 
Woodstock,  and  also  the  officials  of  the  Farmers’  Ex- 
change Bank,  declare  that  prohibition  has  not  injured 
their  business  in  the  slightest. 

“The  abolition  of  saloons  has  been  beneficial  in  a 
great  many  respects  here.” — Mr.  Albert  H.  Sears,  pro- 
prietor Sears  Bank,  Plano. 

“The  dry  law,  in  my  judgment,  is  the  only  salvation 
for  our  poorer  classes  particularly.” — Mr.  John  M. 
Crebs,  Carmi. 

“There  is  no  doubt  of  the  beneficial  effects  of  the 
dry  law  on  the  general  business  of  the  community.  We 
have,  so  far,  no  evidence  of  violation.” — Mr.  S.  A. 
Clark,  cashier  Farmers’  National  Bank  of  Warren. 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 


299 


“The  dry  law  has  been  of  great  benefit  to  all  busi- 
ness other  than  the  liquor  business.  There  is  more 
money  for  the  merchants  and  that  makes  more  for  the 
bankers.” — Mr.  O.  W.  Hoyt,  president  of  the  First 
National  Bank,  Geneseo. 

"Customers  Are  More  Reliable” 

“Our  customers  have  more  money  and  are  more  re- 
liable than  v\rhen  they  could  get  booze.  The  dry  law 
has  a good  effect  on  business.” — Mr.  E.  A.  Brown, 
banker,  Ava. 

“The  actual  direct  effect  of  no-license  is  positively 
beneficial  to  industrial  classes  and  mercantile  concerns. 
There  has  been  a decided  improvement  in  the  credit 
system  among  merchants.” — Mr.  H.  B.  Heald,  cashier 
Canton  National  Bank,  Canton. 

“The  effect  is  good  in  every  way.” — ^The  First  Na- 
tional Bank  of  Canton. 

“There  is  no  doubt  of  the  effect  of  the  dry  law  as  to 
the  betterment  of  social  and  economic  conditions.” — 
Mr.  Edward  McWilliams,  president  Bank  of  Dwight, 
Dwight. 

“There  has  been  a gain  in  new  accounts  since  the 
inauguration  of  prohibition  here.  We  are  successfully 
prosecuting  every  man  who  undertakes  to  sell  liquor 
in  any  form.” — H.  D.  Wagner  & Co.,  bankers,  Hinck- 
ley. 

“Under  prohibition  there  is  a larger  number  who  start 
savings  accounts,  and  some  men  who  formerly  drank  to 
excess  are  giving  their  business  better  attention.” — 
Mr.  F.  W.  Anderson,  president  First  National  Bank, 
Taylorville. 

“Nothing  lost,  everything  gained.” — P.  S.  Rindes- 
bacher  & Co.,  bankers,  Stockton. 

“We  can  see  no  difference  in  our  business.  We  had 
to  prosecute  a beer  wagon  driver  with  the  wet  house 
he  represented,  but  we  got  -him.  We  still  have  some 
sort  of  place  where  they  get  liquor  under  a club  ar- 
rangement, but  this  will  be  looked  after  soon.” — Mr. 
C.  H.  White,  president  Farmers’  State  Bank,  Somonauk. 

“Since  it  went  dry  the  town  has  been  more  pros- 
perous than  at  any  other  time  in  its  history.” — Mr.  E. 
C.  Curtis,  member  Forty-seventh  Assembly  of  Illinois, 
Grant  Park. 


300 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 


"Old  Soaks  Bleaching  Out” 

“The  old  soaks  and  drunks  here  are  beginning  to 
bleach  out  and  are  now  spending  their  time  at  home 
with  their  wives.  Conditions  in  our  city  are  improv- 
ing.”— Mr.  R.  R.  Meents,  Ashkum  Bank,  Ashkum. 

“The  dry  law  has  helped  our  business  as  well  as  all 
industrial  lines.  The  difference  in  favor  of  a dry  law 
is  very  gratifying  indeed.” — Mr.  Joseph  V.  Capul, 
banker,  Harrisburg. 

“Our  deposits  have  held  up  under  adverse  banking 
conditions.  We  are  satisfied.” — The  Fairbury  Bank, 
Fairbury. 

“We  lost  four  accounts  when  the  town  went  dry — 
those  were  the  accounts  of  the  four  saloons,  that  is 
all.  We  are  not  mourning.” — Mr.  T.  S.  Mosher,  presi- 
dent the  Sandwich  Bank,  Sandwich. 

“Under  bad  business  conditions  we  have  held  our 
own  well.” — Mr.  Leon  Euziere,  grain  and  coal  dealer, 
Manteno. 

"125  New  Savings  Accounts” 

“The  deposits  in  our  bank  have  steadily  increased 
since  the  town  went  dry.  In  the  First  National  Bank, 
of  which  I am  president,  we  have  had  125  new  savings 
accounts  opened,  besides  new  checking  accounts.  The 
merchants  report  business  as  good  as  at  any  time,  and 
collections  better.  Men  who  used  to  frequent  saloons 
and  were  behind  on  the  grocery  bills  are  now  paying 
up  promptly.  The  moral  condition  of  the  town  is  a 
great  deal  better.  We  have  a better  class  of  people 
coming  here  to  buy  property. 

“The  only  adverse  argument  I have  heard  is  that  we 
have  lost  a little  of  the  farmer  business.  There  is  an- 
other town  about  eight  miles  from  here  which  has 
saloons,  and  some  of  the  farmers  living  between  the 
two  towns  who  could  go  either  way  to  transact  their 
business,  I believe  go  to  the  wet  town.  Of  course, 
these  are  farmers  who  want  their  drink  when  the5'  go 
to  town.  This  does  not  amount  to  a very  large  item  in 
a business  way,  and  is  more  than  offset  by  the  better 
conditions  in  the  town  itself.” — Mr.  Benjamin  H.  ^fil- 
ler, attorney,  Libertyville. 

A peculiar  loss  in  business  is  reported  by  Mr.  E. 
Meysenburg,  cashier  of  the  Grafton  Bank.  Grafton. 
Mr.  Meysenburg  says : “We  formerly  derived  consid- 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 


301 


erable  business  from  the  sporting  fraternity  that  cruised 
up  and  down  the  river.  All  of  that  is  gone  now.” 

“The  loafers  are  gone;  there  is  a difference  in  de- 
posits, and  the  town  is  better.” — Mr.  George  W.  Buck, 
banker,  Genoa. 

“Conditions  are  improved  under  the  dry  law.” — The 
Exchange  Bank,  Genoa. 

At  Freeport,  111.,  Mr.  A.  Bidwell,  president  of  the 
First  National  Bank,  was  of  the  opinion  that  the  dry 
regime  was  but  little  different  from  the  wet,  because 
“the  city  administration  is  wet  and  the  law  is  not  strictly 
enforced.”  But  Mr.  D.  F.  Graham,  president  of  the 
Second  National  Bank,  believes  that  when  conditions 
are  taken  into  consideration  the  prohibition  law  can 
yet  be  said  to  have  benefited  the  city  much. 

“Many  of  the  places  occupied  by  saloons  formerly 
are  now  occupied  by  business  of  other  character,”  he 
says.  “There  are  but  few  of  them  vacant.  Out  of  the 
whole  number,  forty-eight,  I do  not  think  there  are 
more  than  five  empty  at  the  present  time  and  two  of 
them  are  owned  by  former  saloon  men  who  will  not 
rent.  In  the  face  of  all , drawbacks  I think  the  de- 
posits in  the  banks  of  the  city  are  fully  as  large,  if  not 
larger,  by  quite  a little,  than  they  were  a year  ago  at 
this  time.” 

PROHIBITION  PARTY— The  national  headquar- 
ters of  the  Prohibition  Party  at  the  present  time  are 
located  at  106  North  La  Salle  Street,  Chicago,  111.  Mr. 
Virgil  Hinshaw  is  chairman  of  the  national  committee. 

The  Prohibition  Party  was  organized  by  a convention 
meeting  in  Chicago  on  September  1,  1869,  with  five 
hundred  delegates  in  attendance.  Its  first  nominating 
convention  was  convened  in  Columbus,  O.,  February 
22,  1872.  The  presidential  candidates  with  the  vote 
polled  by  each  are  given  in  the  table  that  follows : 


Tear  Place  Nominees  Vote 

1872 — Columbus  James  Black,  Pennsylvania  . . 5,607 

John  Russell,  Michigan.  , 

1876 — Cleveland  Green  Clay  Smith,  Kentucky.  . 9,737 

Gideon  T.  Stewart,  O. 

1880 — Cleveland  Neal  Dow,  Maine  10,366 

H.  A.  Thompson,  O. 

1884 — Pittsburgh  John  P.  St.  John,  Kansas  ....  150,626 

William  Daniel,  Maryland. 

1888 — Indianapolis  Clinton  B.  Risk,  New  Jersey.  .249,945 

J.  A.  Brooks,  Missouri. 


302 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 


Year  Place 
1892 — Cincinnati 

1896 — Pittsburgh 
1900 — Chicago 
1904 — Indianapolis 
1908 — Columbus 
1912 — Atlantic  City 


Nominees  Tote 

John  Bidwell,  California  ....270,710 
J.  B.  Cranfill,  Texas. 

Joshua  Levering,  Maryland  ..130,753 
Hale  Johnson,  Illinois. 

John  G.  Woolley,  Illinois  . . . .209,469 
H.  B.  Metcalf,  Rhode  Island. 

S.  C.  Swallow,  Pennsylvania.  .258,205 
Geo.  B.  Carroll,  Texas. 

Eugene  W.  Chafin,  Illinois.  . .263,231 
Aaron  S.  Watkins,  O. 

Eugene  W.  Chafin,  Arizona  . .208,923 
Aaron  S.  Watkins,  0. 


The  party  suffered  from  a split  in  1896,  the  dividing 
issues  being  free  silver  and  woman  suffrage. 

The  principle  upon  which  the  Prohibition  Party  is 
founded  is  that  this  is  a government  of  political  parties, 
and  that  the  executive,  judicial,  and  legislative  branches 
as  well  as  the  state  and  federal  government  cannot  be 
united  in  opposition  to  the  liquor  traffic  except  by  the 
victory  of  a political  party  pledged  to  the  prohibition 
policy. 

The  influence  of  the  Prohibition  Party  upon  the 
movement  in  America  has  been  much  larger  than  its 
vote.  In  1884  it  prevented  the  election  of  James  G. 
Blaine  to  the  presidency,  and  ever  since  it  has  been 
considered  by  other  parties  as  a menace.  Frequently, 
a slight  increase  in  the  vote  for  the  Prohibition  Party 
state  candidates  has  resulted  in  substantial  concessions 
by  the  old  parties  to  prohibition  sentiment. 

The  Prohibition  Party  has  the  distinct  honor  of 
having  been  the  first  political  party  to  advocate  in  its 
platform  a great  number  of  measures  commonly  called 
“progressive.”  These  measures  include  such  proposi- 
tions as  universal  suffrage,  civil  service  reform,  direct 
election,  reduction  of  letter  postage,  international  arbi- 
tration, prohibition  of  polygamy,  uniformity  in  marriage 
and  divorce  laws,  a permanent  tariff  commission,  income 
tax,  federal  prohibition  of  child  labor,  conservation  of 
resources,  etc. 


PSYCHOLOGY  OF  INTEMPERANCE— In  the 
field  of  psychological  investigation,  emphasis  is  laid 
on  the  manner  in  which  alcohol  intoxicates  and  thus 
causes  the  many  and  varied  results  which  we  so  long 
have  observed.  Its  action  on  nerve  tissue  and  brain 
cells  has  been  studied  with  a view  to  showing  how  it 
affects  mental  states  and  physical  action.  The  method 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 


303 


of  arriving  at  these  results  has  been  the  modern  labora- 
tory method — actual  investigation  and  classification  of 
the  phenomena  concerned.  The  actual  results  of  this 
work  can  best  be  summarized  under  the  following 
heads : 

1.  The  whole  fallacy  of  the  so-called  “stimulating” 
power  of  alcohol  has  been  exploded.  (See  STIMULA- 
TION.) 

2.  It  has  shown  us  that  the  alcohol  habit  is  largely 
mental  rather  than  physical.  The  old  belief  was  that 
a man’s  stomach  cried  out  for  alcohol.  The  new 
knowledge  shows  us  that  it  is  a man’s  mind  that  points 
back  to  the  lethal  pleasures  of  the  bowl  and  tells  him 
that  his  nerves  tingle  for  the  intoxicating  effects  of 
alcohol.  The  effect  of  this  drug  is  to  give  a person 
a temporary  “surcease  of  sorrow”  through  the  nar- 
cotization of  the  higher  brain  centers,  which  releases 
the  cruder,  more  primitive  impulses,  and  emotions  and 
turns  a man  into  a care-free  animal.  This  is  unques- 
tionably a pleasant  sensation  and  is  soon  developed  into 
a mental  habit. 

From  a practical  standpoint  this  is  a source  of  great 
hope.  It  is  easier  to  make  a man’s  mind  think  than  to 
control  the  appetites  of  his  stomach.  If  the  motive  con- 
sists in  the  knowledge  that  alcohol  “makes  him  feel 
good,”  then  the  remedy  consists  in  putting  a motive 
for  sobriety  into  his  mind  that  will  outweigh  the  motive 
toward  intoxication.  We  have  this  ready  to  hand.  It 
is  absolutely  certain  that  the  benefit  derived  from  intox- 
ication is  very  temporary  and  that  there  are  evil  re- 
sults that  far  outweigh  the  supposed  benefits.  Make  a 
man  know  this  and  his  personal  problem  is  largely 
solved. 

The  notion  has  long  prevailed  that  to  take  liquor 
away  from  people  intensifies  their  desire  and  determina- 
tion to  get  it.  The  natural  supposition  is  that  if  the 
habit  is  a mental  one,  the  knowledge  that  alcohol  can 
no  longer  be  obtained  would  be  a help  to  sobriety 
rather  than  an  inducement  toward  intemperance.  The 
investigations  of  workers  in  the  psychological  field 
show  this  to  be  entirely  true.  For  instance,  Mr.  G.  E. 
Partridge,  Ph.D.,  made  many  studies  among  men  de- 
tained in  hospitals  and  prisons  for  drunkenness.  He 
found  that  almost  invariably,  even  in  the  most  con- 
firmed cases,  the  appetite  wholly  ceased  as  soon  as  the 


304 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 


subject  realized  absolutely  that  alcohol  could  no  longer 
be  obtained.  Thus,  the  facts,  instead  of  presenting  an 
argument  against  prohibition,  are  urgent  in  their  in- 
sistence upon  the  advisability  of  that  principle.  It 
further  follows  that  the  more  complete  we  make  pro- 
hibition the  more  thorough  will  be  the  suppression  of 
the  alcohol  habit. 

3.  Another  important  result  of  this  work  is  the 
light  that  it  has  thrown  upon  the  relation  of  intem- 
perance to  crime.  For  a long  time  we  knew  very  little 
about  “how”  alcohol  increases  a man’s  tendency  toward 
criminaiit3^  The  common  thought  was  that  a drunken 
man  commits  crime  “because  he  doesn’t  know  what  he’s 
doing.”  Psychological  research  has  proven  that  to  say 
a man  commits  crime  “because  he  doesn’t  care  what 
he’s  doing”  is  a much  truer  statement.  The  results  of 
“a  million  years  of  evolution”  are  temporarily  swept 
away  by  a drunken  debauch.  Brain  centers  and  thought 
association  circuits  are  broken  up  so  that  he  becomes 
actually  “de-civilized.”  Those  higher  ideals  of  social 
and  ethical  conduct  which  make  a man  different  from 
an  animal  are  for  the  time  being  surrendered.  Is  it 
any  wonder  that  a man  in  such  condition  is  more  apt 
to  commit  crime? 

4.  The  knowledge  that  the  alcohol  habit  is  not 
handed  down  from  father  to  son  is  another  result  of 
the  psychological  study  of  intemperance.  True,  a 
drinker’s  children  are  apt  to  inherit  weakened  bodies 
and  nervous  systems  which  are  highly  susceptible  to 
alcohol  or  other  drugs;  but  that  the  actual  craving  for 
such  is  handed  down  to  them  is  thoroughly  disproven. 
(See  STIMULATION  IMPULSE.) 

5.  Perhaps  the  most  important  result  of  this  line  of 
study,  from  a practical  standpoint,  is  the  emphasis 
placed  upon  the  knowledge  that  drinking  customs  are 
almost  entirely  social.  This,  in  addition  to  the  fact 
that  the  habit  is  mental  rather  than  physical,  is  bound 
to  be  productive  of  large  results  in  working  out  meth- 
ods of  handling  the  situation  after  we  achieve  prohibi- 
tion— in  helping  the  social  temperance  forces  to  provide 
“substitutes”  (not  competitors)  for  saloons.  See  “The 
Psychology  of  Intemperance,”  by  Partridge,  and  “The 
Psychology  of  Alcoholism,”  by  Cutten. 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 


305 


PUBLICITY — The  agents  commonly  used  by  both 
parties  to  the  prohibition  fight  in  America  are  addresses 
in  churches  and  city  halls,  street  speaking,  the  circu- 
lation of  literature,  the  securing  of  space  in  publica- 
tions, and  the  use  of  posters. 

In  the  use  of  at  least  two  of  these  methods  of 
reaching  the  people — the  circulation  of  leaflets  and  the 
securing  of  space  in  publications — the  Temperance  So- 
ciety of  the  Methodist  Church  now  occupies  first  place. 
While  its  speaking  force  is  still  somewhat  limited,  it 
has  the  services  of  the  General  Secretary  himself.  Dr. 
Clarence  True  Wilson,  and  the  Extension  Secretary, 
Rev.  Harry  G.  McCain.  Numerous  speakers  have  been 
employed  on  occasion,  and  efforts  have  been  made  to 
reach  special  classes,  such  as  the  Negroes.  Posters  are 
furnished  to  Methodist  pastors  and  others  at  cost.  The 
peculiar  situation  of  the  society  as  a church  benevo- 
lence has  given  it  access  to  the  columns  of  hundreds  of 
newspapers  which  accept  its  bulletins  as  reliable  and 
important. 

Newspapers  Do  Not  Always  Know 

The  importance  of  this  work  is  tremendous  not  only 
because  it  affords  an  opportunity  of  getting  accurate 
prohibition  news  and  information  before  the  people, 
but  because  of  its  educational  influence  upon  editorial 
opinion.  Perhaps  the  editors  of  the  country  constitute 
one  of  the  most  intelligent  classes,  yet  the  best  of  them 
sometimes  show  a woeful  lack  of  information  on  the 
prohibition  issue.  A great  Pennsylvania  daily  several 
years  ago  assailed  the  prohibitionists  for  asserting  that 
the  per  capita  consumption  of  alcoholic  beverages  in 
the  United  States  was,' at  that  time,  twenty-one  gallons. 
“The  statement  is  absurd.  It  is  not  one  tenth  of  that.” 
The  statement  seemed  absurd  to  that  writer,  but,  as  a 
matter  of  fact,  it  was  based  upon  United  States  returns 
and  was  unassailable.  On  November  S,  1914,  the  Tren- 
ton (N.  J.)  Times,  in  an  editorial  upon  the  death  of 
some  men  in  Bristol,  Vt.,  said:  ‘Wermont  is  a dry  state, 
but  some  of  the  residents  have  a thirst,  etc.”  The 
Trenton  Times  is  a splendid  paper,  well  edited,  and  yet 
this  editorial  writer  did  not  know  that  Vermont  was 
at  that  time  a license,  not  a prohibition,  state.  This 
instance  is  an  illustration  of  how  frequently  newspapers 
which  depend  solely  upon  the  general  news  agencies  for 


306 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 


information  in  regard  to  the  temperance  and  prohibi- 
tion question  fall  down.  The  Chicago  Tribune,  one  of 
the  greatest  newspapers  in  the  world,  immediately  after 
the  election  of  November  3,  1914,  said  that  “thirteen 
states  now  have  prohibition.”  The  number  was  at  that 
time  fourteen,  not  thirteen.  It  further  said,  “That  part 
of  Oklahoma  that  was  Indian  Territory  is  under  prohi- 
bition.” In  reality,  all  of  Oklahoma  is  under  constitu- 
tional prohibition.  Because  of  the  fact  that  the  large 
news  agencies  only  handle  temperance  news  of  unusual 
importance  and  therefore  even  the  best  newspapers 
seldom  have  available  any  temperance  or  prohibition 
news  except  that  which  arises  locally  or  is  of  suffi- 
cient importance  to  be  handled  by  the  news  agencies, 
the  Temperance  Society  of  the  Methodist  Church  is 
supplying  a weekly  review  of  news  and  argument  cov- 
ering the  entire  field.  This  bulletin  has  been  wonder- 
fully well  received  by  the  press. 

The  Importance  of  Opinion 

The  value  of  issuing  bulletins  that  can  command  re- 
•spect  not  only  to  secure  space  for  matter,  but  to  influ- 
ence editorial  opinion,  is  recognized  by  the  liquor  inter- 
ests and  other  interests  as  well.  During  the  Colorado 
coal  troubles  the  operators  issued  a bulletin  that  went 
not  only  to  newspapers,  but  to  prominent  men  in  all 
parts  of  the  country.  They  had  no  hope  of  securing 
space  for  what  they  said,  but  they  desired  to  shape 
influential  opinion. 

The  liquor  interests  do  not  secure  one  tenth  the  free 
space  secured  by  the  Temperance  Society,  but  they  pay 
large  salaries,  station  leading  newspaper  men  in  big 
cities,  buy  advertising  space,  and,  the  whisky  people 
especially,  issue  a vast  quantity  of  bureau  matter.  The 
brewers  are  also  taking  up  this  work. 

“During  the  past  year,”  said  Edward  A.  Schmidt, 
president  of  the  Brewers’  Association,  in  his  address 
to  that  convention  in  New  Orleans,  “a  department  of 
publicity  has  been  organized  in  a modest  way,  the  wis- 
dom of  which  has  already  shown  itself.  I am  firmly 
convinced  that  the  work  of  this  department  will  have 
to  expand  and  grow  to  very  large  proportions  during 
the  ensuing  year,  as  it  is  clearly  indicated  that  only 
through  educational  and  publicity  channels  can  we  look 
for  permanent  success  in  winning  the  good  will  of  the 
people  of  this  country.” 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance  307 

Mida’s  Criterion,  the  standard  liquor  magazine,  under 
date  of  December  16,  1914,  summed  up  the  whole  neces- 
sity from  the  standpoint  of  both  parties  to  the  war 
when  it  said: 

“The  education  of  the  public  by  means  of  literature 
ready  for  distribution  broadcast,  as  well  as  a steady 
fire  kept  up  in  the  press,  even  if  space  has  to  be  paid 
for,  must  be  a part  of  our  work.” 

There  is  particular  need  at  this  time  to  reach  Ameri- 
cans speaking  foreign  languages  with  literature  and 
speakers  of  their  own  tongues.  In  this  connection  see 
Temperance  Society  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church ; 
Street  Speaking;  Leaflets,  Posters,  etc. 

PUBLIC  SENTIMENT— The  relation  of  prohibi- 
tion to  public  sentiment  is  twofold.  It  must  register 
the  conviction  of  a sufficient  proportion  of  the  peo- 
ple to  make  it  effective,  and  it  must  contribute  toward 
the  education  of  the  remainder  of  the  population.  Its 
importance  as  an  educational  factor  must  not  be  mini- 
mized. Few  people  could  be  found  in  the  United 
States  to-day  who  would  deny  the  good  fortune  of  the 
establishment  of  American  independence,  but  if  Wash- 
ington had  been  defeated,  it  is  probable  that  the  entire 
population  would  say,  “Washington  was  a good  man 
and  meant  well,  but  see  what  a great  nation  we  have 
now  and  what  a calamity  it  would  have  been  if  the 
Revolution  had  succeeded  and  the  political  power  of 
the  Anglo-Saxon  race  had  been  divided !” 

Existing  conditions  exert  a powerful  influence  upon 
existing  beliefs,  and,  therefore,  it  is  highly  important 
that  the  conditions  should  be  in  accord  with  right  prin- 
ciples. 

RACE  SUICIDE— The  use  of  alcohol  does  not  de- 
crease the  birth  rate,  but  it  does  increase  infant  and 
adult  mortality.  According  to  T.  Alexander  Mac- 
Nicholl,  the  eminent  surgeon  of  New  York,  the  birth 
rate  in  the  United  States  has  fallen  off  thirty-three 
per  cent  within  the  past  few  years.  The  necessity, 
therefore,  of  conserving  life  and  conserving  the  racial 
good  qualities  is  apparent.  (See  Child  Welfare;  Hered- 
ity; etc.) 


■308 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 


RAILROADS — Practically  every  railroad  in  the 
United  States  operates  under  this  rule: 

“The  use  of  intoxicants  by  employees  while  on  duty 
is  prohibited.  Their  use  or  the  frequenting  of  places 
where  they  are  sold  is  sufficient  cause  for  dismissal.” 

This  rule  has  very  generally  been  extended  now  to 
prohibit  the  use  of  intoxicants  on  or  off  duty,  and  ob- 
servation by  the  Pennsylvania  Railroad  and  others 
shows  that  the  rule  is  rarely  violated.  Railroads  are 
also  beginning  to  manifest  their  hostility  by  discontin- 
uing the  sale  of  liquor  in  their  stations  and  on  dining 
cars. 

Applications  for  positions  very  frequently  must  bear 
a pledge  against  the  use  of  liquors,  and  almost  all 
agreements,  general  regulations,  etc.,  embody  a prohi- 
bition clause. 

RECHABITES — The  Rechabites  of  Bible  times 
were  descended  from  Jonadab,  the  son  of  Rechab.  As 
a clan  and  religious  order  they  wholly  abstained  from 
wine.  They  were  finally  admitted  into  the  tribe  of  Levi. 
The  Independent  Order  of  Rechabites  is  a modem  fra- 
ternity, especially  strong  in  England.  The  English 
branch  was  founded  in  August,  1835,  and  the  order  was 
established  in  America  August  2,  1842.  The  Rechabites 
of  England  constitute  the  oldest  of  the  modern  secret 
temperance  societies. 

RECTIFICATION — Rectification  consists  of  re- 
peating the  process  of  distillation  for  the  purpose  of 
concentrating  alcoholic  spirits.  The  number  of  recti- 
fiers paying  the  federal  tax  in  the  year  ending  June  30. 
1914,  was  2,369. 

REPUBLICAN  PARTY— This  party  has  been 
more  inclined  to  favor  temperance  and  prohibition  meas- 
ures in  the  North  than  the  Democratic  Party.  In  the 
South  the  contrary  is  true,  although  there  is  hardly 
enough  of  the  Republican  Party  in  the  South  to  bear 
the  opprobrium.  (For  the  vote  of  the  Republican  con- 
gressmen on  the  national  prohibition  bill  see  Hobson- 
Sheppard  Bill.) 

REVENUE — The  total  net  federal  revenue  from  the 
manufacture  and  sale  of  distilled  spirits  for  the  year 
ending  June  30,  1914,  was  $159,068,025.36.  The  net  rev- 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 


309 


enue  from  the  manufacture  and  sale  of  fermented  liq- 
uors was  $67,073,331.38,  making  a total  of  $226,141,356.74. 
This  revenue  was  derived  from  the  following  taxes 


levied  during  the  fiscal  year  of  1914: 

Brewers  of  less  than  500  barrels $ 50.00 

Brewers  of  500  barrels  or  more 100.00 

Rectifiers  of  less  than  500  barrels  100.00 

Rectifiers  of  500  barrels  or  more  200.00 

Dealers,  retail  liquor  25.00 

Dealers,  wholesale  liquor 100.00 

Dealers  in  malt  liquors,  wholesale  50.00 

Dealers  in  malt  liquors  only,  retail  20.00 

Manufacturers  of  stills 50.00 

And  for  each  still  manufactured  20.00 

And  for  each  worm  manufactured  20.00 

Distilled  spirits,  per  gallon  1.10 

Wines,  imitation,  pint  bottle  .10 

Wines,  imitation,  quart  bottle  .20 

Fermented  liquor  (beer),  per  barrel  of  31  gal 1.00 


The  revenue  from  spirit  and  allied  taxes  was  $14,- 
478,477.94  smaller  for  the  fiscal  year  1915  than  for  the 
fiscal  year  1914.  There  was  an  increase  in  the  revenue 
taxes  on  beer  of  $12,247,434.27,  due  to  the  addition  of 
fifty  cents  per  barrel  to  the  tax  in  1915.  But  for  this 
increase  in  the  tax,  the  revenue  from  this  source  would 
show  a decrease  of  $6,358,743.56. 

In  a bulletin  issued  by  the  Census  Bureau  on  Wealth, 
Debt,  and  Taxation,  the  statistics  for  the  year  1913 
show  that  the  liquor  revenue  received  by  state,  county, 
and  municipal  governments  amounted  to  only  $79,516,- 
989,  or  a per  capita  of  eighty-two  cents.  This  includes 
all  incorporated  places  of  2,500  people  and  oVer.  This 
liquor  revenue  constituted  only  4.3  per  cent  of  the  total 
state,  county,  and  municipal  revenues,  $1,845,901,128.  To 
put  it  simply,  the  states,  counties,  and  cities  got  a total 
revenue  of  $19  per  capita  and  a liquor  revenue  of  only 
eighty-two  cents. 

If  prohibition  wiped  out  the  liquor  revenue  entirely 
and  there  were  no  compensating  features  to  decrease 
the  total  of  revenue  needed,  the  general  property  tax 
alone,  if  increased  7.3  per  cent,  would  take  care  of  the 
loss. 

Inasmuch  as  the  per  capita  drink  bill  of  the  Ameri- 
can people  is  in  excess  of  $23,  it  is  apparent  that  we 
spend  about  $1.00  for  every  three  and  one-half  cents 
returned  to  the  states,  counties,  and  cities  by  the  liquor 
traffic. 


310 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 


A consideration  of  the  federal  figures  will  also  tend 
to  allay  the  alarm  of  anyone  who  is  agitated  by  the 
problem,  “What  can  we  do  when  the  government  loses 
the  liquor  revenue?”  The  volume  on  Wealth,  Debt,  and 
Taxation  referred  to  above  showed  the  wealth  of  the 
American  people  in  1912  to  be  $175,425,551,588,  with 
wealth  exempted  from  taxation  to  the  amount  of  $12,- 
000,000,  and  more,  A tax  rate  of  one  and  one-half 
mills,  or  an  average  tax  payment  of  $1,50  upon  every 
thousand  dollars  of  taxable  property  of  the  American 
people,  would  replace  the  liquor  revenue  in  the  federal 
treasury.  The  amount  could  be  easily  secured  by  the 
imposition  of  inheritance  and  increased  income  rates. 

Through  a long  period  of  America’s  histoiyq  with 
infinitely  less  of  resources  to  draw  upon,  our  federal 
affairs  were  administered  without  a cent  of  revenue 
from  the  liquor  traffic. 

Two  additional  facts  should  be  borne  in  mind  in  the 
consideration  of  this  question : There  is  no  proof  what- 
ever that  prohibition  would  result  in  permanently  in- 
creased taxation.  There  is  not  on  record  a case  where 
the  loss  of  revenue  from  state  or  local  prohibition  has 
resulted  in  an  increase  in  the  tax  rate.  (See  Taxes.) 
In  the  second  place,  the  consumer  pays  the  tax.  We 
may  quote  the  National  Liquor  Dealers’  Journal  to  this 
effect.  It  says : 

“The  consumers  pay  all  of  it  without  complaints.  The 
consumers  pay  the  more  than  $300,000,000  of  taxes,  the 
consumers  pay  the  profits  made  by  the  manufacturers, 
the  jobbers  and  retailers.  You  say  the  taxes  are  only 
$300,000,000  and  the  poor  consumers  have  to  paj'  to 
these  retailers,  to  the  saloon  men  about  seven  times  as 
much.  (They  don’t  have  to  if  they  don’t  want  to;  no- 
body is  compelled  to  pay  one  cent  for  liquors.)” 

This  statement  is  true  except  in  its  assertion  that 
“nobody  is  compelled  to  spend  one  cent  for  liquors.” 
A very  large  part  of  the  liquor  bought  is  bought  under 
the  compulsion  of  an  abnormal  appetite,  against  which 
its  victim  is  as  powerless  as  the  patient  is  powerless 
against  disease  germs — an  appetite  which  the  traffic 
creates,  fosters,  and  tempts  and  depends  upon  as  its 
most  valuable  asset. 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 


311 


RHODE  ISLAND — Seven  dry  and  thirty-one  wet 
towns.  During  the  past  two  years  one  dry  town  has 
been  added  and  one  lost. 

ROMAN  CATHOLIC  CHURCH— See  Catholic 
Temperance  Societies. 

ROOSEVELT.  THEODORE— Ur.  Roosevelt  has 
never  claimed  to  be  a total  abstainer  nor  a prohibi- 
tionist, but  when  the  state-wide  prohibition  campaign 
was  on  in  Ohio  in  the  fall  of  1914  he  declared,  “If  I 
were  a voter  in  this  state  I would  vote  for  prohibition.” 
Mr.  Roosevelt  declared  further,  “It  is  now  a ques- 
tion of  whether  the  liquor  interests  are  to  dominate 
your  parties,  dominate  your  public  life,  and  dominate 
your  government.”  In  Kansas  City,  just  previous  to 
his  Ohio  declaration,  he  said:  “It  is  strange  that  we 
always  find  whisky  and  crooked  politics  hand  in  hand.” 

During  the  state-wide  prohibition  campaign  in  1914 
in  the  West  the  liquor  people  attempted  to  use  Mr. 
Roosevelt’s  name  in  opposing  prohibition.  Mr.  Roose- 
velt took  notice  of  this  in  a letter  to  Mr.  W.  E.  Johnson, 
dated  October  2,  1914,  in  which  he  said: 

“I  am  informed  that  my  name  is  being  used  by  cer- 
tain saloon  leagues  and  other  organizations  against 
the  cause  of  temperance,  and  that  statements  purporting 
to  come  from  me  are  quoted  to  give  the  impression 
that  I have  declared  against  state-wide  prohibition  in 
various  states  where  the  issue  is  up  this  fall. 

“I  have  made  no  statements  of  any  kind  or  sort 
to  warrant  such  use  of  my  name.  Where  I have  spoken 
at  all  on  the  subject  it  has  been  with  reference  to  the 
special  needs  of  the  state  in  which  I have  spoken,  and 
the  utterances  which  I have  made  are  public  and  ac- 
cessible to  everyone.” 

In  a letter  to  Mr.  Charles  Stelzle,  Mr.  Roosevelt  said : 

“There  is  nothing  more  absurd  than  the  belief  that 
the  closing  of  the  saloon  will  cause  working  men  to 
lose  their  jobs.  There  are  few  things  more  important 
to  our  social  advancement  than  the  loosening  of  the 
grip  of  the  liquor  interests  upon  the  labor  movement. 
The  saloon  represents  economic  loss.” 

ROUMANIA — See  Balkan  Countries. 

ROYAL  TEMPLARS  OF  TEMPERANCE— The 

purpose  of  the  Royal  Templars  of  Temperance  was  to 


312 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 


form  a league  of  members  who  belonged  to  the  Good 
Templars,  Sons  of  Templars,  and  Templars  of  Honor. 
It  was  organized  in  Buffalo,  N.  Y.,  in  1869,  to  do  a 
purely  educational  work  along  total  abstinence  lines. 
It  was  never  intended  to  be  more  than  a local  organ- 
ization, no  attempt  being  made  to  organize  it  in  other 
places.  In  1877  it  was  reorganized  as  a beneficiary  so- 
ciety, and  contains  two  classes  of  members — beneficiary 
and  honorary. 

RUM — This  drink  is  distilled  from  the  juice  of  the 
sugar  cane,  from  molasses,  or  other  sugar  cane  prod- 
ucts. The  name  is  derived  from  “rumbullion,”  pro- 
vincial English  for  “a  great  tumult.”  (See  Brewers; 
Capital;  Cost  of  the  Liquor  Traffic,  etc.) 

RUSH,  BENJAMIN,  M.Z).— 1745-1813,  one  of  the 
signers  of  the  Declaration  of  Independence  and  a mem- 
ber of  the  Constitutional  Convention  of  1787,  is  gen- 
erally recognized  as  the  father  of  the  antiliquor  move- 
ment in  the  United  States.  Dr.  Rush  was  one  of  the 
most  prominent  physicians  of  his  time  and  a professor 
in  the  Philadelphia  Medical  College  which  was  consoli- 
dated with  the  University  of  Pennsylvania  in  1791. 
He  was  also  prominent  in  social  and  political  circles. 
In  1799  he  was  chosen  Treasurer  of  the  United  States 
mint,  which  position-  he  held  to  his  death  in  1813. 

Dr.  Rush’s  essay  on  “The  Effects  of  Ardent  Spirits 
on  the  Human  Body  and  Mind.”  published  in  1785, 
marks  the  beginning  of  the  public  discussion  of  the 
problem  of  intemperance,  at  least  in  English-speaking 
countries.  It  was  read  widely,  having  run  through  many 
editions  besides  appearing  in  several  prominent  news- 
papers and  magazines.  This  article  uncompromisingly 
condemned  all  beverage  use  of  distilled  liquors  but.  in 
accordance  with  the  popular  belief  of  the  time,  allowed 
the  use  of  malt  liquors.  Dr.  Rush  even  supposing  them 
to  contain  valuable  food  qualities.  It  is  especially  in- 
teresting to  notice  that  Dr.  Rush  recommended  sub- 
stitutes for  the  help  of  the  man  suddenly  breaking  off 
the  liquor  habit.  Among  these  the  one  most  promi- 
nently mentioned  is  opium.  Other  opiates  were  also 
fully  recommended.  This  shows  most  strikingly  the 
ignorance  of  the  time  on  this  whole  question.  Dr.  Rush 
did  not  create  an  organized  following. 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 


313 


RUSSIA — The  startling  action  of  Russia  in  abso- 
lutely prohibiting  the  sale  of  alcoholic  liquors  during 
the  war  and  in  permanently  abandoning  the  govern- 
ment sale  of  vodka  is  all  the  more  amazing  because  of 
the  suddenness  of  the  reform. 

A few  years  ago  there  was  in  Petersburg  and  Mos- 
cow, Russia,  an  association  called  “The  Brethren  of 
Abstinence.”  At  Moscow  the  leaders  of  -the  union 
were  arrested  and  detained  in  jail  eighteen  months 
without  trial.  Finally  two  were  condemned  to  eight 
months  of  hard  labor.  Many  girl  members  of  the 
order  were  arrested,  submitted  to  an  odious  examina- 
tion, and  set  free  after  several  months  of  arbitrary  de- 
tention because  the  physicians  who  examined  them  de- 
clared them  innocent  of  immorality.  So  it  was.  Now 
Russia  is  a prohibition  country.  So  it  is. 

The  Russian  prohibition  extends  not  only  to  the  fiery 
vodka,  but  to  light  wines  and  beers.  It  was  held  by 
the  military  authorities  that  the  wealthier  classes  should 
not  be  allowed  to  drink  champagne  while  the  peasants 
were  deprived  of  their  stronger  liquors.  The  falsity  of 
the  claim  that  light  liquors  drive  out  the  stronger 
beverages  had  been  fully  demonstrated.  While  the 
consumption  of  beer  increased  in  Russia  nearly  fifty 
per  cent  between  1901  and  1913,  the  consumption  of 
spirits  also  increased  by  fourteen  per  cent. 

By  its  action  the  Russian  Government  wiped  out  an 
annual  revenue  of  $403,019,945  at  the  moment  when 
money  was  sorely  needed  for  the  prosecution  of  the 
war.  “The  prosperity  of  the  national  treasury  must 
not  be  made  dependent  upon  the  moral  and  material 
ruin  of  my  people,”  said  Czar  Nicholas  II. 

Prohibition  Paid  in  Russia 

But  if  the  Russian  Government  thought  that  it  was 
making  a great  sacrifice  with  a probability  of  benefit 
only  to  the  peasants  themselves,  there  is  now  reason 
for  a different  opinion.  Not  only  did  the  antidrink 
rule  enable  the  Russian  army  to  complete  mobilization 
which,  for  its  rapidity  and  thoroughness,  astonished 
the  world,  but  it  has  been  responsible  for  a large  part 
of  the  unexpected  efficiency  in  the  operation  of  the 
Russian  war  machine  and  of  efficiency  in  the  labor  of 
the  industrial  classes  remaining  at  home. 


314 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 


This  wonderful  increase  in  efficiency  in  labor  was 
noted  by  Lloyd-George,  chancellor  of  England,  in  an 
address  before  the  British  Parliament.  He  said : “Rus- 
sia has,  since  the  war  began,  enormously  increased  her 
resources  by  suppressing  the  sale  of  alcoholic  liquors. 
By  that  means  alone  she  has  increased  the  productiv- 
ity of  her  labor  by  something  between  thirty  and  fifty 
per  cent.” 

There  is  no  doubt  that  prohibition  in  Russia  worked 
and  works.  The  Russian  correspondent  of  the  London 
Times,  Mr.  Stephen  Graham,  writing  from  Moscow 
soon  after  the  outbreak  of  war,  declared  that  “all  vodka 
shops  have  been  closed  for  a month,  and  Russia,  at  a 
word  from  the  Czar  has  taken  on  the  appearance  of 
sobriety.  It  has  been  impossible  to  obtain  alcoholic 
liquors  of  any  kind,  and  as  a consequence  drunkenness 
has  disappeared  from  the  streets,  and  with  it  a great 
army  of  beggars  who  only  beg  that  they  may  gather 
twenty  kopeks  for  a bottle.  The  absence  of  vodka  has 
made  a great  blank  in  the  peasants’  lives,  but  that  blank 
has  been  filled  up  by  the  war  and  the  interest  of  the 
war.  Ordinarily  the  peasants  feel  they  have  nothing 
to  do  but  drink,  but  now  it  is  otherwise.”  In  a previous 
issue  of  the  Times  is  given  the  following  message 
from  the  St.  Petersburg  correspondent:  “The  appear- 
ance of  the  streets  of  St.  Petersburg  on  Sunday  was 
remarkable  for  the  entire  absence  of  inebriates.  Rus- 
sia has  been  dead  sober  now  for  four  weeks.  It  is 
impossible  to  obtain  beer  or  wine  except  at  first-class 
restaurants.” 

Statistics  also  testify  to  the  efficiency  of  Russian  pro- 
hibition. In  September,  1913,  the  receipts  from  the 
sale  of  liquors  amounted  to  $38,298,215.  In  September, 
1914,  they  amounted  to  $852,000.  (See  War.) 

SALOONS — See  Liquor  Dealers. 

SCIENTIFIC  BASIS  FOR  TEMPERANCE— 

See  Alcohol,  Effects  of. 

SCIENTIFIC  TEMPERANCE  FEDERATION 
— This  organization  has  headquarters  in  Boston,  Mass., 
and  is  engaged  in  the  compilation  of  temperance  facts 
and  figures  from  scientific  sources. 

SCIENTIFIC  TEMPERANCE  INSTRUCTION 

— See  Educational  Laws. 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 


315 


SCOTLAND— See  “Great  Britain.” 

SHERRY — A strong,  amber-colored  wine.  It  de- 
rives its  name  from  Xeres,  Spain. 

SIZE  OF  THE  PROBLEM— The  L9ndon  Times 
remarked  a great  many  years  ago  that  if  the  liquor 
trade  is  doing  harm  its  magnitude  is  the  greatest  argu- 
ment against  it. 

It  is  important  not  to  underestimate  or  overestimate 
the  economic  magnitude  of  the  question.  Even  if  there 
were  no  compensating  features,  the  entire  liquor  traffic 
could  be  wiped  out  without  any  possibility  of  disaster. 
But  as  is  shown  under  the  head,  “Cost  of  the  Liquor 
Traffic,”  it  is  of  sufficient  size  to  outweigh  greatly  any 
other  public  question  now  before  the  American  people. 

SOCIAL  PURITY— See  Vice. 

SOFT  DRINKS — Undoubtedly,  prohibition  increases 
the  use  of  harmless  soft  drinks.  In  prohibition  com- 
munities frequently  the  drug  stores  and  confectionery 
shops  take  on  many  appearances  of  social  centers.  Be- 
cause of  their  usual  cleanliness,  the  constant  presence 
of  respectable  women,  etc.,  they  offer  much  of  the 
legitimate  appeal  now  offered  in  part  by  the  saloon. 

Within  five  blocks  on  Kansas  Avenue,  the  principal 
street  of  Topeka,  Kan.,  are  fifteen  places  which  sell 
buttermilk,  and  some  of  these  stores  average  from  sixty 
to  ninety  gallons  a day  during  the  hot  season.  A specu- 
lative “soda-jerker”  hazarded  the  opinion  that  Kansas 
Avenue  dispenses  a thousand  gallons  of  buttermilk 
daily  to  citizens  of  this  little  town  during  the  hot 
season. 

Police  court  records  fail  to  reveal  any  fights  due  to 
buttermilk.  A recent  survey  of  the  city  made  no  charge 
that  buttermilk  causes  a large  percentage  of  the  pov- 
erty in  the  city,  or  that  it  has  sent  any  to  the  insane 
asylums,  and  it  is  said  that  not  a doctor  in  Topeka  has 
found  a single  case  of  cirrhosis  of  the  liver  due  to 
the  buttermilk  habit. 

A Similar  Tale  from  Virginia 

When  Virginia  voted  on  state-wide  prohibition  the 
saloons  were  closed  for  several  days,  and  the  soft 
drink  places  were  overwhelmed  with  thirsty  crowds. 


316 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 


“Believe  me,  I am  going  to  quit  this  job  right  flat  on 
its  syrup  when  Virginia  goes  dry,”  said  one  jaded  dis- 
penser of  soft  drinks  on  a day  when  saloons  were 
closed. 

“Why?  Because  I am  not  equal  to  standing  the 
strain  like  we  have  been  through  since  the  bars  closed 
Saturday  night.  Why,  I have  served  more  of  this 
soft  stuff  the  past  three  days  than  I did  the  whole  of 
the  hottest  week  we  have  had  this  summer.  Men  who 
have  not  been  regular  customers  have  been  frequent 
visitors  since  Monday  morning.  Buttermilk  has  al- 
most poured  over  the  counter.  You  would  laugh  to 
see  how  the  old  left  foot  begins  to  paw  for  the  rail 
the  minute  they  line  up  at  the  counter.  When  it  fails 
to  find  its  usual  resting  place  there  comes  stealing  a 
most  surprised  look  over  their  faces — the  customers’ 
not  the  feet’s  faces — and  it  is  all  they  can  do  to  keep 
from  setting  ’em  up  by  the  round  system. 

“No 'soda  fountain  job  for  mine  if  this  state  goes 
dry.  There’s  too  much  work  about  it,”  and  he  took  the 
orders  of  two  men  whoses  noses  did  not  look  as  if 
soda  water  had  been  their  regular  drink. 

SONS  OF  JONADAB—On  September  13,  1867, 
seven  gentlemen  met  in  the  city  of  Washington.  D.  C.. 
and  organized  the  order  of  the  “Sons  of  Jonadab.” 
Only  two  of  them  remained  firm  and  true  to  their 
vows,  therefore  the  order  has  perpetuated  the  names 
of  James  Croggon  and  Samuel  G.  Mills  with  honor 

In  the  organization  of  the  sovereign  council  of  the 
Sons  of  Jonadab  two  fundamental  and  unchangeable 
principles  were  laid  down:  (1)  Membership  shall  be 
confined  to  white  male  individuals  over  sixteen  years 
of  age ; (2)  persons  becoming  members  of  the  order 
must  subscribe  to  a pledge  and  oath  to  abstain  from 
the  use,  manufacture,  and  sale  of  all  intoxicating  drinks 
for  life.  It  is  a secret  order  and  has  a beneficial  so- 
ciety known  as  the  Jonadab  Beneficial  Societj'.  Its 
work  is  strictly  fraternal  and  educational.  Its  present 
headquarters  are  located  in  Washington,^  D.  C. 

SONS  OF  TEMPERANCE— \yhfn  the  order  of 
Sons  of  Temperance  was  formed  in  the  city  of  New 
York  on  the  twenty-ninth  of  September,  1842,  its  ob- 
jects were  declared  to  be  threefold:  (1)  To  shield  its 
members  from  the  evils  of  intemperance;  (2)  to  fur- 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 


317 


nish  mutual  assistance  in  case  of  sickness;  (3)  to  ele- 
vate them  as  men.  A total  abstinence  pledge  was 
adopted  at  that  time  which  has  never  since  been 
changed. 

Prior  to  1866  membership  in  the  order  was  confined 
to  men,  but  that  year  at  the  twenty-second  session,  held 
at  Montreal,  the  door  was  opened  wide  to  women  and 
the  words,  “as  a man,”  were  eliminated  from  the 
pledge. 

The  order  has  ever  taken  great  interest  in  enrolling 
boys  and  girls  in  the  total  abstinence  armv,  and  numer- 
ous plans  for  effective  work  in  this  direction  have  from 
time  to  time  been  put  into  effect.  In  1890  at  Ocean 
Grove,  N.  J.,  the  national  division  called  into  exis- 
tence “The  Toyal  Crusader”  for  boys  and  girls  up  to 
thirteen  years  of  age.  Various  other  juvenile  branches 
of  the  work  have  been  formed  under  such  names  as 
Bands  of  Hope,  etc. 

In  1910  an  effort  was  made  to  consolidate  all  the 
different  juvenile  divisions  of  the  order  into  one  so- 
ciety to  be  known  as  “Crusaders  of  Temperance,”  and 
a system  of  rules  and  regulations  governing  the  new 
organization  was  adopted.  The  pledge  is  fourfold 
in  terms  and  provides  (1)  that  no  member  shall  make, 
buy,  sell,  or  use  as  a beverage  any  intoxicating  liquors; 
(2)  to  abstain  from  the  use  of  profane  or  vulgar  lan- 
guage; (3)  to  abstain  from  the  use  of  cigarettes;  (4) 
to  abstain  from  tobacco  in  every  form. 

The  total  membership  in  North  America  of  all  classes 
at  the  last  report  was  over  twenty  thousand.  It  is  a 
nonpartisan,  total  abstinence  society  for  all  and  its 
work  is  confined  to  an  educational  propaganda. 

SOUTH  AMERICA — There  is  a small  but  active 
temperance  movement  in  various  countries  of  South 
America,  especially  in  the  Argentine.  In  British  Guiana 
the  sale  of  liquor  to  the  Indians  is  prohibited,  and  in 
Chile  some  steps  have  been  taken  by  the  government 
to  curb  the  consumption  of  liquors.  In  Colombia  the 
United  States  Brewing  Company  has  a large  brewery  at 
Colombia,  but  in  the  Canal  Zone  the  policy  is  hostile 
to  the  sale  and  consumption  of  liquors.  In  various 
parts  of  South  America  the  United  States  liquor  inter- 
ests are  pushing  their  traffic.  This  is  especially  true  in 
Ecuador. 


318  Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 

SOUTH  CAROLINA— On  September  14,  1915, 
South  Carolina  voted  for  state-wide  prohibition  by  41,- 
735  to  16,809.  The  law  becomes  effective  December 
31,  1915. 

SOUTH  DAKOTA — Twenty  counties  dry,  twelve 
have  only  one  saloon  town,  and  thirty-three  have  more 
than  one  saloon  town.  Of  the  2,235  incorporated  towns 
where  the  sale  of  liquor  might  be  legalized,  only  ninety 
places  do  legalize  it.  In  the  no-license  elections  last 
spring  forty-three  wet  towns  voted  dry,  and  eight  towns 
voted  wet.  A constitutional  amendment  for  state-wide 
prohibition  has  been  submitted  to  a vote  and  will  be 
decided  November  7,  1916. 

SPECIAL  TAXPAYERS— Set  Revenue;  also  Liq- 
uor Dealers. 

SPIRITUOUS  LIQUORS — A term  usually  applied 
to  liquors  produced  by  distillation.  See  Alcoholic  Bev- 
erages ; also  Distillation. 

STATE  PROHIBITION—Stt  Kansas;  North 
Carolina;  West  Virginia. 

STATES  RIGHTS — See  National  Prohibition. 

STATUTORY  PROHIBITION— Proh\h\\.\on  by 
act  of  Legislature. 

STIMULANTS — See  Stimulation  Impulse;  Psychol- 
ogy of  Intemperance;  etc. 

STIMULATION — When  a person  takes  alcohol  he 
feels  stronger.  Certain  physical  processes  are  tem- 
porarily quickened.  This  has.  until  quite  recently,  been 
interpreted  to  mean  that  alcohol  is  a stimulant.  It  was 
thought  to  have  a real  food  value.  But  in  view  of  the 
many  recent  careful  experiments  this  view  is  no  longer 
tenable. 

Alcohol  is  an  irritant,  narcotic  poison.  (There  are 
bills  pending  before  state  Legislatures  at  the  present 
time  to  require  such  a label  to  be  put  on  every  bottle 
containing  alcoholic  liquors.)  It  narcotizes  nerve  cen- 
ters which  control  mental  and  physical  activities.  Thus 
the  process  may  be  summarized ; alcohol  is  taken  into 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance  319 

the  stomach.  It  is  carried  to  the  brain  and  at  once 
has  a stupefying  effect  upon  nerve  centers.  These 
nerve  centers  are  the  dispatchers  that  control  the  move- 
ments of  the  muscles.  When  they  are  stupefied  they 
are,  of  course,  forced  to  release  their  control  over 
muscular  activity'.  This  allows  muscular  force  to  run 
wild.  Thus,  the  first  apparent  effect  is  one  of  stimula- 
tion, but,  as  a matter  of  fact,  no  real  power  has  been 
gained.  It  is  as  if  the  governor  on  a steam  engine 
should  become  disabled.  The  first  probable  effect  would 
be  a speeding  up.  But  anyone  who  knows  a b c about 
a steam  engine  realizes  that  the  engine’s  power  would 
not  be  increased.  The  only  way  to  do  that  would  be 
to  put  more  wood  in  the  furnace.  So  it  is ; alcohol  does 
not  put  wood  into  the  human  furnace — it  only  smashes 
the  governor. 

STIMULATION  IMPULSE— This  is  often  spoken 
of  as  the  “intoxication  impulse,”  but  the  term  should 
be  avoided  on  account  of  the  false  impression  it  creates. 
Many  people  have  come  to  understand  the  term,  “in- 
toxication impulse,”  as  meaning  that  there  is  in  human 
nature  an  inherent  desire  for  intoxicants.  Nothing  is 
farther  from  the  truth.  A close  examination  will  show 
that  very  few  psychologists  use  the  term  in  that  sense, 
although  a few  do  seem  to  do  so.  At  least  three  rea- 
sons may  be  given  as  proving  conclusively  that  there 
is  no  such  thing  as  an  “inherent  intoxication  impulse” : 

1.  Alcohol  is  an  artificial  product  not  found  nor- 
mally in  nature.  It  is  true  that  processes  of  decay  some- 
times give  rise  to  alcohol  without  man’s  aid,  but  rarely 
indeed.  Few,  if  any,  would  deny  that  in  all  probability 
it  was  long  ages  after  man  appeared  on  the  earth  that 
he  discovered  the  process  of  making  alcohol.  It  does 
not  seem  reasonable  to  suppose  that  he  came  with  an 
“inherent”  inclination  to  use  something  which  did  not, 
for  him,  exist.  Furthermore,  in  the  times  when  he 
knew  little  or  nothing  of  controlling  the  forces  of 
nature,  man  was  shaped  to  his  environment  rather  than 
shaping  his  environment  to  himself. 

2.  Another  proof  of  this  contention  is  that  every 
drinker  is  forced  to  learn  to  like  alcohol,  and  often 
against  a terrific  resistance  of  this  very  nature  which 
is  said  to  have  an  inherent  drift  toward  the  process  of 
intoxication.  Jack  London  in  “John  Barleycorn”  tells 


320 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 


what  stubborn  persistence  was  required  in  his  case  to 
acquire  the  taste  for  alcohol.  A careful  study  of  the 
experiences  of  drinking  people  will  convince  anyone  that 
Jack  London’s  is  not  an  exaggerated  case.  Human 
nature  rebels  against  this  poison.  Surely  there  is  little 
comfort  here  for  those  who  prate  about  the  human 
body’s  need  of  alcohol. 

3.  A third  fact  and  one  that  strongly  substantiates 
the  proof  just  given  is  that  the  liquor  appetite  is  not 
inherited.  If  it  were  natural  or  inherent,  it  would  be. 
It  is  only  “acquired  characteristics’’  that  are  not  passed 
down  from  generation  to  generation. 

The  root  of  this  whole  matter  lies  just  here;  human 
nature  demands  recreation ; we  want  something,  at 
times,  to  cause  us  to  forget  the  cares  and  duties  of 
life.  Our  very  nature  cries  out  for  relaxation.  In 
other  words,  there  is  a “stimulation  impulse.”  Some- 
how primitive  man  discovered  alcohol  and  found  that 
it  has  a seeming  power  to  fill  this  need;  he  knew  noth- 
ing whatever  about  it  except  that  it  made  him  “feel 
good.”  He  used  it  and  it  has  been  used  ever  since. 
Its  use  has  been  handed  down  by  social  custom  and 
deepened  by  commercialized  greed.  Thus  we  have  the 
liquor  problem  of  to-day.  But  be  not  deceived ; when 
the  liquor  traffic  is  destroyed  man  will  be  deprived  of 
nothing  that  his  nature  demands. 

STREET  MEETINGS — Almost  the  most  effective 
campaigning  that  has  been  done  in  the  temperance  re- 
form has  been  done  at  out-of-door  meetings.  The 
history  of  street  preaching  and  campaigning  is  one  full 
of  incidents  and  thrilling  adventure.  One  of  the  most 
famous  stories  is  that  of  the  seven  years’  street  preach- 
ing, by  William  Taylor  in  the  parks  and  streets  of 
San  Francisco.  He  would  open  his  meetings  by  sing- 
ing, “Hear  the  Royal  Proclamation,”  and  soon  collect 
a throng  of  hearers.  Then  with  all  kinds  of  men. 
gamblers,  sports,  cutthroats,  around  him,  men  fresh 
from  the  mining  camps  and  the  ships,  and  men  at  their 
work,  he  would  begin  to  preach  the  gospel  of  Christ. 
California  Methodism  owes  its  start  to  this  effective 
work  by  William  Taylor,  whose  work  for  temperance 
and  the  gospel  in  California,  Australia,  India,  and  South 
Africa  has  made  a complete  history  on  four  continents. 
Then  came  the  days  of  the  abandonment  of  this  work. 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance  321 

but  the  camp  meetings  continued  it  and  then  the  Chau- 
tauqua. 

Reviving  the  Practice 

The  credit  of  reinaugurating  the  custom  and  reviv- 
ing the  popularity  of  street  meetings  for  the  promotion 
of  the  temperance  cause  belongs  to  Dr.  Clarence  True 
Wilson,  who,  when  five  years  ago  elected  the  General 
Secretary  of  the  Temperance  Society  of  the  Methodist 
Episcopal  Church,  found  that  there  was  so  much  preju- 
dice against  an  additional  benevolence  that  it  was  diffi- 
cult to  get  into  the  churches  of  Chicago  anywhere. 
He  then  went  on  the  streets  and  held  great  temperance 
meetings  in  practically  all  the  big  cities  of  the  con- 
tinent. Three  hundred  thousand  men  signed  the  pledge. 
In  connection  with  his  visiting  the  annual  conferences, 
he  would  go  out  on  the  streets  in  the  early  part  of  the 
evening,  hold  a great  street  meeting,  and  then  march 
the  street  congregation  into  the'  church,  in  many  cases 
filling  the  church  to  overflowing  for  the  evening  mass 
meeting.  Nine  tenths  of  all  these  meetings  have  been 
as  orderly  and  quiet  as  they  would  have  been  in  the 
church. 

But  he  had  some  of  the  other  kind  of  experiences, 
too. 

Once  on  Labor  Day  in  a mining  camp  town  of  Colo- 
rado the  liquor  men  sent  a group  of  drunken  men  out 
to  break  up  his  meeting.  Dr.  Wilson  went  on  with  his 
speech  until  he  had  been  interrupted  a third  time,  and 
then  pointing  to  the  open  mouth  of  the  loudest  talker, 
said : “Don’t  you  know  you  violate  the  law  of  this  state 
every  time  you  open  your  mouth?”  “No,”  said  the 
man.  “Yes,  you  open  that  rum  hole  without  a license.” 
Then  some  of  the  man’s  friends  hissed.  He  remarked: 
“I  see  another  old  red  nose  has  got  into  cold  water. 
You  can  hear  it  sizz.”  There  were  no  more  interrup- 
tions that  day. 

On  another  occasion  he  was  speaking  in  a town  in 
Idaho.  A great  throng  had  gathered  for  Sunday  after- 
noon to  hear  the  address.  His  box  had  been  put  on  the 
sidewalk.  One  of  the  wettest  police  officers  in  that 
notoriously  wet  “no-license”  town  appeared.  Dr.  Wil- 
son proceeded  with  his  speech  for  about  five  minutes 
and  had  the  attention  of  everybody,  when  this  big 
policeman  came  up  and  said : “You’re  violating  the 
ordinance  of  this  city  in  blocking  this  sidewalk.  That 


322  Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 

box  has  got  to  get  off  of  the  sidewalk.”  Dr.  Wilson 
politely  stepped  down,  picked  the  box  up,  moved  it  with- 
out a word  into  the  street,  and  mounting  it  again, 
said:  “I  wish  to  commend  this  officer  of  the  law  for 
his  fidelity  in  enforcing  the  ordinance  of  the  city.  You 
people  are  to  be  congratulated  upon  having  such  a faith- 
ful officer  and  I daresay  that  a man  who  would  break 
up  a temperance  meeting  attended  by  a thousand  people 
sooner  than  deviate  from  his  oath  of  office  one  iota 
by  permitting  the  ordinance  to  be  violated  to  the  extent 
of  the  delivery  of  a speech  on  a sidewalk  would  never 
allow  a blind  pig  to  be  established  here  to  ruin  your 
boys.”  This  officer,  known  as  a perjured  scoundrel 
who  was  then  doing  his  utmost  to  make  the  local  option 
law  of  none  effect,  sneaked  away  amid  the  applause  and 
laughter  of  the  people.  Dr.  Wilson  went  on  with  his 
meeting  undisturbed. 

And  This  One  Also  Shut  Up 

On  another  occasion  a wet  attorney  stepped  up  and 
said:  “You  know  that  if  local  option  prevailed,  there 
would  be  more  liquor  sold  here  than  ever.”  Dr.  Wil- 
son replied : “Friend,  don’t  you  think  the  saloon  keepers 
of  this  town  are  selling  all  the  liquor  they  can  now?” 
“Why,  yes,  I suppose  they  are,”  was  the  answer.  “Xow, 
ladies  and  gentlemen,”  replied  the  speaker,  “I  want  to 
show  you  how  this  liquor  attorney  reasons.  I want 
to  give  you  a sample  of  his  logic.  He  has  declared 
here  that  the  liquor  dealers  of  this  town  are  selling  all 
the  liquor  they  can  now,  but  he  says  that  if  you  enact 
prohibition  they  will  sell  more  than  they  can.”  The 
lawyer  retreated  amid  the  hooting  laughter  of  the 
crowd. 

During  the  campaigns  conducted  for  prohibition  on 
the  Pacific  Coast,  the  Temperance  Society  of  the  Meth- 
odist Church  purchased  an  automobile,  which  became 
famous  as  the  “Oregon  Water  Wagon.”  It  was  manned 
by  Clarence  True  Wilson,  Harry  G.  McCain,  and  Mr. 
M.  C.  Reed,  a Portland  business  man,  and  was  driven 
by  Dr.  Wilson’s  little  girl,  Virginia,  fifteen  years  of 
age,  for  about  five  thousand  miles.  More  than  four 
hundred  and  sixty  addresses  were  delivered  from  this 
platform  on  wheels  and  the  auto  will  be  known  in 
future  histories  of  the  temperance  reform  as  the  agency 
that  did  more  than  any  other  one  thing  to  carry  Oregon 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 


323 


dry.  It  became  famous  as  the  “Oregon  Water  Wagon” 
and  all  the  towns  of  the  state  were  on  the  lookout  for 
it  to  appear  in  their  community  with  its  three  speakers 
and  its  load  of  free  literature.  After  two  or  three  ad- 
dresses, volunteers  would  be  secured  to  divide  the 
whole  town  up  immediately  and  go  down  the  streets, 
leaving  literature  in  every  house. 

This  means  of  campaigning  must  come  into  vogue. 
It  secures  the  greatest  number  of  hearers  under  the 
freest  and  most  auspicious  circumstances  at  the  least 
possible  cost  and  utilizes  the  speakers’  time  by  giving 
them  five  times  as  many  meetings  as  they  could  schedule 
in  the  old  way  of  conducting  their  services  in  the 
churches  and  halls.  It  saves  all  hall  rent  and  advertis- 
ing bills.  Above  all,  it  prevents  the  folly  of  expecting 
to  win  prohibition  victories  by  making  sentiment  among 
the  good  men  and  women  at  the  church  services,  where 
all  are  already  committed  to  the  no-license  policy. 

There  are  few  preachers  who  could  not  more  than 
double  their  efficiency  and  multiply  the  number  of  the 
people  reached  by  their  ministry  if  they  would  spend 
Wo  nights  a week  on  the  crowded  streets  addressing, 
man-fashion,  the  throngs  of  men  who  are  always  will- 
ing to  listen  to  sensible  talk  from  manly  men  and  who 
have  been  too  long  given  over  to  the  irresponsibles  who 
talk  anarchy  and  teach  disrespect  for  every  institution 
in  that  five-ply  fabric  of  American  civilization — the 
home,  the  church,  the  school,  the  press,  and  the  voting 
booth.  In  a recent  campaign  the  Temperance  Society 
had  as  many  as  forty-two  men  at  one  time  engaged 
in  the  campaigns  on  the  streets  of  the  five  Western 
states  that  voted  on  prohibition.  Not  an  unpleasant  in- 
cident was  recorded.  Dr.  Wilson,  the  General  Secre- 
tary, had  a few  rules  that  he  insisted  upon: 

Don’t  go  with  a group  of  singers.  This  will  involve 
taking  women  on  the  street  and  street  work  is  not 
women’s  work. 

Don’t  ring  hells,  blow  horns,  or  beat  drums;  the  hu- 
man voice  in  earnest  conversation  will  draw  better  than 
all  other  attractions. 

Don’t  he  noisy  on  the  street.  Talk  so  low  that  the 
people  will  have  to  come  to  you  to  hear  and  so  kindly 
that  they  zvill  want  to  come. 

When  you  have  a great  throng  on  the  street,  give 
them  your  best  message  then  and  there.  Don’t  try  to 


324 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 


lead  them  away  to  a church  to  hear  the  best,  for  you 
lose  the  very  men  who  need  your  message  most. 

Never  denounce  the  saloon  or  the  saloon  keeper  on 
the  street.  The  men  who  are  listening  to  you  know  ten 
times  as  much  about  both  as  you  do  and  will  resent 
your  exaggeration  of  the  evils  of  either. 

E.  H.  Anderson,  Treasurer. 

• 

STRONG  DRINKS — A term  often  applied  to  dis- 
tilled liquors. 

SUBSTITUTES  FOR  THE  S/lLOOiV— Substitu- 
tion as  a factor  in  eliminating  the  saloon  involves  some 
recognition  of  the  fact  that  the  saloon  has  good  as  well 
as  bad  features.  There  has  not  been  in  America  any 
attempt  to  offer  substitutes  for  the  saloon  in  any  gen- 
eral or  aggressive  way. 

Mr.  Frank  Charles  Laubach,  in  the  Survey,  has  dis- 
cussed the  question : “What  the  Church  May  Learn 
from  the  Saloon.”  This  article,  while  confining  itself 
to  one  side  of  the  question,  is  of  vast  significance  to 
the  student,  and  we  republish  it  herewith : 

What  the  Saloon  Teaches 

Unquestionably  the  saloon  has  succeeded.  In  New 
York  City  alone  over  $1,000,000  a day  is  spent  for 
drink.  That  is  enough  money  to  buy  for  twenty  mil- 
lion people  a five-cent  beer,  with  a free  lunch  thrown 
in.  It  would  purchase  twenty-five  cents’  worth  of  liquor 
for  every  man  and  woman  in  the  city.  Between  one  and 
two  million  men  spend  a part  of  every  day  in  saloons 
Thirteen  thousand  bars  are  supported  by  this  vast 
army. 

Is  thirst  alone  what  all  these  men  are  seeking  to 
satisfy?  If  it  were,  there  would  not  be  a saloon  in 
the  city.  Every  grocery  would  sell  liquor.  Men  would 
order  their  drinks  by  telephone. 

The  saloon  exists  because  liquor  is  not  all  men  want 
Three  fourths  of  the  saloon’s  patrons  are  impelled  by 
one  of  the  finest  cravings  of  the  soul,  the  craving  for 
human  fellowship. 

This  demand  cannot  and  ought  not  to  be  repressed. 
It  is  the  most  wholesotne  thing  in  the  world.  The 
saloon,  or  something  which  will  afford  a comradeship 
as  free  and  democratic,  is  becoming  more  indispensable 
every  day. 


Cyclopedia  oi  Temperance 


325 


Quite  the  opposite  is  true  of  drinking.  The  craving 
for  alcoholic  stimulant  is  a disease.  It  betrays  an  un- 
sound condition,  a dull  brain  to  be  lashed,  a weary 
body  to  be  stupefied,  a coward’s  heart  to  be  made  brazen, 
a conscience  to  be  drugged,  trouble  to  be  drowned. 
Education  is  rapidly  showing  the  younger  generation 
the  folly  of  its  use.  As  our  schools  become  more  prac- 
tical and  efficient  the  use  of  liquor  will  diminish. 

Seeing  this  curious  combination  of  virtue  and  vice, 
there  have  been  many  people  .within  the  last  few  years 
who  have  believed  it  possible  to  remove  the  vice  of 
selling  strong  drinks  and  leave  the  saloon. 

Is  the  saloon  really  proving  of  service  to  the  com- 
munity? If  it  is,  who  are  the  people  whom  it  serves? 
What  functions  would  the  saloon  still  perform  if  it 
were  liquorless  and  viceless?  These  are  the  questions 
which  we  must  answer  if  we  are  to  consider  such  a 
suggestion.  We  will  try  to  give  them  a partial  answer. 

On  the  streets  of  every  large  city  a^re  innumerable 
gangs  of  boys  and  young  men.  There  is  one  aspiration 
which  they  hold  in  common.  It  is  that  they  may  have 
club  rooms  of  their  own.  Like  other  people  they  want 
the  best  they  can  get  for  the  least  money.  Now  the 
saloon  keeper  offers  club  rooms  for  less  than  anyone 
else  in  the  community,  and  frequently  the  rooms  are 
free.  As  a matter  of  course,  the  boys  expect  and  are 
expected  to  patronize  the  man  who  has  afforded  them 
a meeting  place. 

The  rival  bidders  for  the  patronage  of  boys  and 
men's  clubs  are  church  houses  and  social  settlements. 
Yet  they  are  at  such  a disadvantage  that  they  are  to 
be  commended  for  doing  as  well  as  they  do. 

They  are  at  a disadvantage,  in  the  first  place,  from 
the  inadequacy  of  their  numbers.  A study  of  the 
charities  directory  reveals  that  there  are  not  over  six 
hundred  social  organizations  in  New  York  seriously 
going  after  these  clubs,  most  of  them  as  a side  issue. 
What  outcome  can  be  expected  in  a contest  in  which 
the  numbers  are  six  hundred  on  one  side  and  13,000 
on  the  other? 

It  is  enlightening  to  compare  a saloon  and  a “sub- 
stitute.” The  majority  of  church  houses  have  steps 
leading  up  to  the  door — the  saloon  avoids  even  a door- 
step. The  “substitute”  is  seldom  conspicuous,  and  often 
has  a little  sign  so  modestly  unobtrusive  that  one  may 


326  Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 

pass  it  twice,  and  then  ask  a policeman  where  it  is. 
If  he  knows,  you  are  fortunate.  The  saloon  dazzles 
with  lights  and  glitters  with  advertisements  of  liquor. 
The  policeman  knows  where  it  is.  The  door  of  the 
“substitute”  is  locked,  and  you  wait  in  the  cold  until 
someone  with  three  other  jobs  lets  you  in,  looks  you 
over  to  determine  whether  you  have  come  to  beg  or 
donate,  and  asks  your  business.  The  saloon  has  a 
push-door;  touch  it,  you  are  inside,  and  nobody  asks 
your  business.  Ring  the  bell  at  the  door  of  most 
churches  on  Monday  morning  and  you  will  wait  until 
Wednesday  night  for  an  answer.  The  saloon  is  open 
every  hour  the  law  will  allow,  to  say  the  least. 

A rich  man  may  take  his  car  to  his  private  club  or 
entertain  at  home.  The  poor  man  has  hardly  room  in 
his  flat  for  his  family,  and  he  cannot  afford  to  be  a 
member  of  any  private  club.  He  goes  to  the  public 
club — the  saloon.  Here  he  finds  other  men  who  under- 
stand him  because  they  are  in  the  same  position,  just 
as  glad  as  he  to  get  away  from  an  overcrowded  home 
and  a nerve-wrecked  wife,  and  just  as  glad  to  forget 
their  troubles  over  a social  glass.  In  a church  he  would 
feel  out  of  place  with  his  threadbare  and  greasy  clothes. 
Here  he  is  dressed  like  the  other  men.  He  treats  his 
friends,  talks  with  a glibness  that  surprises  even  him- 
self, hears  the  news,  and  goes  home  feeling  warm  and 
oblivious  to  the  hard  facts  of  reality. 

At  noon  he  wants  something  to  eat,  and  wants  it 
cheap.  He  buys  a beer  at  the  saloon  which  is  always 
nearer  than  the  nearest  lunch  room,  and  gets  a first- 
rate  free  lunch. 

While  saloons  have  been  little  embarrassed  by  the 
competition  of  churches,  they  are  running  close  compe- 
tition with  each  other.  This  competition  has  driven 
them  to  resort  to  many  other  expedients  besides  the 
low  rental  of  club  rooms  and  free  lunches.  Without 
realizing  it  they  have  become  experiment  stations  for 
trying  out  games  and  amusements.  Many  saloons  have 
bowling  alleys,  and  find  them  extremely  popular.  But 
they  also  found  that  the  game  became  so  engrossing 
that  the  men  forgot  to  drink,  and  bowling  alleys  are 
not  so  popular  with  the  saloon  keepers  as  with  patrons. 
About  one  saloon  in  six  has  billiard  and  pool  tables. 
The  crowds  which  may  be  seen  about  them  every  even- 
ing attest  their  popularity. 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 


327 


Eleven  saloons  out  of  twelve  furnish  tables  and  chairs, 
located  either  in  a rear  room  or  in  attractive  alcoves. 
These  are  much  used  for  card  games.  They  are  more 
used  for  chats  over  the  glass.  About  these  tables  and 
over  the  bars,  the  ruling  political  opinions  of  our  large 
cities  are  being  created  and  disseminated.  The  poli- 
tics of  large  municipalities  are  as  good  as  their  sources, 
no  better,  no  worse. 

One  saloon  in  ten  is  closely  connected  with  a dance 
hall.  Two  things  stand  out  clearly  to  a spectator  of 
the  tremendous  patronage  of  these  places — the  preva- 
lence of  the  passion  for  dancing,  and  the  peril  of 
mixing  dancing  with  liquor. 

Every  saloon  has  a toilet.  The  traveling  man  finds 
the  ubiquitous  saloon  indispensable  for  washing,  hav- 
ing his  shoes  blacked,  consulting  a directory  or  a 
tirne  table,  asking  some  necessary  questions  about  the 
community,  telephoning,  getting  a $20  bill  changed — 
who  has  not  found  that  the  saloon  keeper  is  the  only 
man  willing  to  take  large  bills!  You  may  preach  the 
abolition  of  the  saloon  to  your  heart’s  content  and  then 
in  certain  parts  of  the  city,  miles  from  home,  you  may 
find  the  saloon  the  only  friend  you  have.  . 

What  would  that  vast  army  of  draymen,  delivery 
men,  cab  drivers,  chauffeurs,  and  messengers  do  if  they 
could  not  go  to  the  saloon  and  thaw  out  their  benumbed 
fingers,  or  inquire  an  address,  the  best  road  to  travel, 
or  the  nearest  repair  shop? 

Daily  there  pours  into  eveFy  large  city  a stream  of 
horsemen,  cattlemen,  lumbermen,  farm  hands,  mill  men, 
sailors,  laborers,  of  every  variety,  who  have  a few  hours 
off,  and  are  looking  for  diversion.  It  is  too  cold  to 
walk  the  streets,  they  do  not  appreciate  art,  they  are 
unacquainted  with  the  city,  they  are  not  well  dressed. 
Where  shall  they  go?  The  brightest  lighted  and  most 
convenient  place  they  see  is  always  a saloon.  There 
the  stranger  need  only  buy  a drink  or  a cigar,  and  he 
may  talk  for  an  hour  about  the  wonders  of  the  city, 
its  crime,  its  shows,  its  wealth,  its  secrets. 

The  poor  man  does  not  need  to  be  told  the  evils  of 
alcoholism.  They  are  before  his  eyes  every  day.  But 
to  lose  the  saloon,  the  sine  qua  non  of  his  social  life, 
seems  a more  intolerable  evil.  The  poor  man  holds  the 
majority  vote.  Never  can  liquor  be  abolished  until 
we  give  ample  guarantee  that  the  integrity  of  the  most 


328  Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 

precious  thing  in  the  laborer’s  life  will  be  preserved. 
The  moment  other  means  are  provided  for  satisfying 
the  universal  instincts  for  social  life  and  recreation,  so 
that  the  millions  of  men  who  now  rely  upon  the  saloon 
may  satisfy  their  social  impulses  without  buying  liquor, 
that  moment  the  backbone  of  the  saloon’s  power  will 
be  broken. 

SUMPTUARY  LAWS — Whenever  a proposition  is 
made  looking  to  the  protection  of  the  American  people 
from  the  liquor  traffic,  a cry  comes  out  of  every  snake 
hole  of  America:  “This  is  Sumptuary  Legislation!” 
What  is  Sumptuary  Legislation?  Centuries  ago  among 
the  Spartans,  Greeks,  and  even  the  Romans,  it  became 
customary  to  regulate  absolutely  private  matters  by 
law.  In  England  the  law  undertook  to  regulate  woman’s 
wardrobe,  and  state  that  the  working  class  should  eat 
meats  only  once  a day,  that  shoes  should  only  have  so 
much  point,  and  hats  could  not  be  above  a certain 
height. 

Prohibitionists  have  always  been  opposed  to  this,  and 
no  man  in  public  life  to-day  who  is  not  either  ignorant 
or  mendacious  would  say  that  the  regulation  of  the 
public  traffic  in  liquors  bears  the  slightest  resemblance 
to  Sumptuary  Legislation.  Sumptuary  law  is  any  legis- 
lation that  limits  or  regulates  the  private  or  personal 
expenditures  of  any  individual  or  fixes  the  price  of 
commodities  or  wages.  The  temperance  reform  has 
never  advocated  such  legislation  and  is  as  much  opposed 
to  it  as  the  wettest  dripping  orator  brewery  money  ever 
sent  out.  C.  T.  W. 

SUNDAY  CLOSING— See  Cities. 

SUNDAY  SCHOOLS— The  Sunday  School  army  is 
the  reserve  force  from  which  the  prohibition  battle 
line  must  draw  its  future  material.  This  publication 
cannot  give  sufficient  space  to  a discussion  of  tem- 
perance in  the  Sunday  School  to  do  justice  to  the 
subject.  The  Temperance  Society  has  published  “What 
to  Do  on  Temperance  Sunday,”  which  will  be  fur- 
nished free  to  any  Methodist  pastor,  Sunday  School 
superintendent,  or  teacher  who  will  ask  for  it,  although 
it  regularly  sells  in  revised  form  for  ten  cents.  It 
gives  suggestions  for  teaching  the  temperance  lessons 
and  for  adapting  the  exposition  to  the  different  grades, 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance  329 

in  addition  to  a great  deal  of  information,  material 
for  talks,  experiments,  and  illustrations.  During  1915 
the  Society  carried  forward  a church-wide,  year- 
long campaign  with  the  object  of  unifying  the  four 
quarterly  Temperance  Sundays  into  one  broad  and 
general  discussion  of  the  problem. 

Suggestions  and  Demonstrations  for  Practical  Use 

“What  is  sauce  for  the  goose”  may  be  “sauce  for  the 
gander,”  but  what  is  good  for  the  adult  Bible  classes 
doesn’t  do  at  all  for  the  little  tots.  In  these  days  of 
efficiency,  grading  is  vitally  important  in  the  Sunday 
School.  Considered  broadly,  the  temperance  lesson 
should  be  adapted  to  three  different  ages: 

First,  those  between  six  and  twelve  should  be  taught 
the  simpler  properties  of  alcohol  and  its  effect  on  the 
body. 

Second,  those  between  twelve  and  twenty  should  hear 
more  as  to  the  effect  of  alcohol  upon  the  physical  and 
mental  being,  with  a special  stress  made  upon  athletics, 
scientific  conclusions,  etc. 

Third,  the  classes  for  young  men  and  classes  for 
young  women  as  well  as  adult  Bible  classes  should  con- 
sider the  effect  of  alcohol  upon  the  race,  the  vital  social 
aspects  of  the  problem,  such  as  the  relation  of  the  liquor 
traffic  to  business,  to  social  delinquency  and  to  the  work 
of  the  Church,  and  the  duty  of  fighting  it  in  the  name 
of  patriotism. 

The  Temperance  Society  frequently  gets  requests  for 
simple  outlines  for  talks  to  children,  Sunday  Schools, 
and  young  people’s  meetings,  with  demonstrations  that 
will  appeal  to  the  eye.  We  give  below  a suggested 
lesson  for  use  before  the  entire  Sunday  School,  in  the 
class  room,  or  among  any  group  of  young  people : 
Scope  of  Lesson : 

(1)  To  teach  some  of  the  simpler  properties  of  al- 

cohol. 

(2)  To  contrast  water  and  alcohol  showing  that 

water  is  beneficial  and  that  alcohol  is  injurious. 

(3)  To  show  how  water  helps  the  work  of  the  body. 
Apparatus : 

Glass  cylinders  or  test  tubes,  salt,  sugar,  an  egg,  al- 
cohol, aniline,  wood  alcohol,  specimens  pre- 
served in  alcohol. 


330 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 


Notes  of  Ivcsson : 

Elicit  from  the  children  some  of  the  uses  of  water  as 
follows : 

(a)  To  quench  thirst. 

(b)  To  sustain  life. 

(c)  To  remove  waste  material  from  the  body. 

(d)  To  soften  food. 

(e)  To  keep  the  body  moist  and  cool. 

(f)  To  cleanse  the  body  outside. 

Teach  the  following  facts: 

(1)  That  we  cannot  live  without  water. 

(2)  That  water  forms  a part  of  all  the  tissues  of  the 

body. 

(3)  That  water  is  an  important  food. 

(4)  That  so  necessary  is  it,  that  from  three  and  one 

fourth  to  five  pints  are  required  by  an  adult 
every  day. 

(5)  That  water  is  present  in  nearly  every'  kind  of 

food. 

Next  point  out: 

(1)  That  we  can  live  without  alcohol.  Millions  of 

abstainers,  if  we  may  judge  from  Insurance 
statistics,  are  living  longer  and  healthier  lives 
without  it,  than  those  who  use  it.  All  the 
animal  world  lives  without  it. 

(2)  That  alcohol  does  not  form  any  part  of  the 

tissues  of  the  body.  It  cannot  build  up  bone, 
or  brain,  or  blood,  or  muscle. 

(3)  That  alcohol  is  not  a food. 

(4)  That  it  is  never  needed  by  the  healthy  body. 

(5)  That  it  is  not  present  in  any  natural  and  whole- 

some food. 

(6)  That  it  is  no  substitute  for  water. 

Water  dissolves  certain  foods  and  helps  in  the  solu- 
tion of  all  foods  and  in  this  respect  it  is  our  friend. 
Illustrate  the  differences  between  water  and  alcohol  in 
the  following  way : 

Experiment — Into  two  tubes,  place  pieces  of  salt,  and 
into  two  others  some  white  of  egg.  Add  to  one  of  each 
of  the  sets  of  tubes  water,  and  shake.  Add  to  the  re- 
maining tubes  of  each  set  alcohol,  and  shake. 

In  every  case  the  water  will  break  down  the  substance, 
and  in  every  case  the  alcohol  will  harden  it. 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 


331 


Another  experiment  may  be  shown  as  follows : 

Attach  two  pieces  of  sugar  to  pieces  of  string  and 
suspend  them  in  two  glasses.  Saturate  each  piece  of 
sugar  with  a little  aniline  dye;  this  will  penetrate  the 
sugar  through  and  through.  To  one  glass  add  alcohol, 
to  the  other  glass  add  water,  and  let  both  stand  for 
five  or  six  minutes.  In  each  case  the  liquid  will  become 
colored  by  the  aniline,  but  with  this  difference:  whereas 
in  the  first  glass  the  sugar  remains  intact  and  is  simply 
washed  cleaner  by  the  alcohol,  the  sugar  in  the  glass 
with  the  water  will  disappear.  The  water  has  not  only 
washed  out  the  aniline,  but  it  has  also  done  its  natural 
work  of  dissolving  the  sugar.  It  must  be  remembered 
that  the  alcohol  not  only  came  into  contact  with  the 
outer  surface  of  the  sugar,  but  penetrated  it  thoroughly 
and  surrounded  every  tiny  crystal  and  yet  had  no  solvent 
effect.  This  is  a striking  illustration  of  the  difference 
between  water  and  alcohol. 

A further  experiment  shows  that  alcohol  not  only 
prevents  food  substances  from  dissolving  in  water,  but 
it  has  the  power  of  throwing  substances  out  of  their 
solutions.  Make  a saturated  solution  of  salt  and  water. 
A solution  is  saturated  when  it  cannot  further  dis- 
solve any  particular  substances.  To  make  a saturated 
solution  of  salt,  put  two  or  three  lumps  of  salt  in  a 
boiling  tube.  Add  water  and  boil.  If  all  the  salt  dis- 
solves, add  more  until  it  is  found  that  some  remains  at 
the  bottom  of  the  glass  undissolved,  no  matter  how 
much  it  is  stirred;  cool  the  liquid.  The  clear  water 
above  is  a saturated  solution  of  salt  in  water.  Pour 
some  of  this  clear  solution  off  into  a test  tube  and  add 
alcohol.  As  the  alcohol  is  added  the  salt  will  be  thrown 
out  of  solution  and  precipitated  to  the  bottom  of  the 
tube.  The  same  kind  of  experiment  can  be  shown  with 
a solution  of  lime,  thus  showing  that  although  the 
water  had  done  its  work  of  solution  that  work  is  undone 
by  the  addition  of  alcohol. 

Then  show  specimens  of  substances  preserved  in  alco- 
hol, such  as  meat,  bread,  fish,  etc. 

It  has  been  remarked  that  alcohol  can  preserve  a 
dead  body,  but  it  can  also  kill  a living  one. 

As  water  is  both  good  and  necessary  and  we  see 
that  the  properties  of  alcohol  are  just  the  opposite  of 
water,  it  follows  that  it  cannot  be  good  and  necessary 
too. 


332 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 


Our  lesson  shows  the  valuable  properties  of  water  and 
teaches  us  that  it  is  not  only  itself  a food,  but  that  it 
helps  us  to  get  value  from  other  foods,  and  in  many 
ways  it  helps  the  body  to  live  and  to  grow.  Alcohol 
acts  in  the  opposite  way  and  we  are  justified  therefore 
in  speaking  of  water  as  our  friend,  and  alcohol  as  our 
foe. 

End  with  a Blackboard  Summary. 

SWEDEN — Sweden  was  the  birthplace  of  the  Goth- 
enburg movement  for  public  ownership  of  the  liquor 
traffic.  The  system  has  completely  broken  down  in  the 
country  of  its  origin  and  the  movement  for  national 
prohibition  is  gaining  great  headway.  The  Crown 
Prince  of  Sweden  has  declared : 

“I  do  not  hesitate  to  say  that  the  people  which  first 
frees  itself  from  the  influence  of  alcohol  will  in  this 
way  acquire  a distinct  advantage  over  other  nations  in 
the  peaceful  yet  intense  struggle.  I hope  it  will  be  our 
own  people  who  will  be  the  first  to  win  this  start  over 
the  others.” 

This  statement  is  all  the  more  significant  in  view  of 
the  fact  that  prior  to  the  year  1800  the  Swedish  royal 
family  were  granted  a monopoly  of  the  native  spirit. 
Branvin.  Later  this  monopoly  was  abolished  and  private 
citizens  allowed  to  manufacture  on  payment  of  a small 
fee.  By  1827  there  were  173.124  domestic  spirit  stills; 
the  country  was  consuming  forty-six  liters  per  capita, 
and  Sweden  was  on  the  brink  of  a disaster.  In  1835 
the  Riksdag  abolished  the  domestic  spirit  stills  and 
within  ten  years  the  consumption  fell  to  twenty-two 
liters  per  head. 

An  eminent  commission  was  appointed  some  3'ears 
ago  to  study  the  liquor  problem  and  provide  for  reduc- 
tion in  the  consumption  of  liquors  and  for  final  prohibi- 
tion. There  is  no  doubt  whatever  that  prohibition  has 
the  support  of  a vast  majority  of  the  people  and  is 
inevitable.  In  1914  the  total  consumption  of  spirituous 
liquors  was  only  2.979.682  liters,  compared  with  5.004.- 
642  liters  for  the  year  before.  The  decrease  in  1915 
has  been  even  more  marked. 

SWITZERLAND — Switzerland  prohibited  absinthe 
in  1908  by  a vote  of  241.078  to  138.669.  The  member- 
ship of  total  abstinence  organizations  has  increased  from 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 


333 


about  6,000  in  1891  to  more  than  100,000  at  the  present 
time.  The  probability  is  that  the  country  will  adopt 
a system  of  local  option  in  the  very  near  future. 


TAX — The  federal  tax  on  liquors  is  discussed  under 
the  head  “Revenue.” 


TAXES  /IS  AFFECTED  BY  PROHIBITION 

— There  is  not  a case  upon  record  where  state  or  local 
prohibition,  enforced  by  honest  officials,  has  increased 
the  tax  rate  even  slightly,  while  in  innumerable  cases 
it  has  resulted  in  a decreased  levy. 

According  to  the  latest  volume  on  Wealth,  Debt,  and 
Taxation  issued  by  the  federal  government,  there  are 
only  two  states  having  a lower  tax  rate  for  state  pur- 
poses than  Kansas,  and  one  of  these  is  the  prohibition 
state  of  West  Virginia.  The  tax  rate  for  each  state 
as  given  by  that  volume  is  as  follows: 

Average  Tax 

Geographic  Rate  per 

Division  $100  of  Assessed 

and  State  Valuation. 


Total  

New  England  

Maine  

New  Hampshire  .... 

Vermont  

Massachusetts  

Rhode  Island  

Connecticut  

Middle  Atlantic  

New  York 

New  Jersey 

Pennsylvania  

East  North  Central  . . . 

Ohio 

Indiana  

Illinois  

Michigan 

Wisconsin  

West  North  Central  . . 

Minnesota  

Iowa  

Missouri  

North  Dakota  

South  Dakota  

Nebraska  

Kansas  

South  Atlantic  

Delaware  

Maryland  

District  of  Columbia 

Virginia  

West  Virginia  


1912 

$1.94 

1.69 

2.16 

1.59 
1.81 
1.72 
1.32 

1.58 
1.95 
1.99 
1.98 
1.84 
1.88 
1.18 
2.40 
3.62 
2.07 

1.49 
2.23 

2.58 
4.05 

.1.91 

4.05 

3.03 

4.27 

1.20 

1.57 

1.91 

1.32 

1.50 

1.60 
.86 


334 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 


Geographic 
Division 
and  State 

North  Carolina  . 
South  Carolina  . 

Georgia  

Florida  

East  South  Central 

Kentucky  

Tennessee  

Alahanta  

Mississippi  

West  South  Central 

Arkansas  

Louisiana  

Oklahoma  

Texas  

Mountain  

Montana  

Idaho  

Wyoming  

Colorado  

New  Mexico  . . . 

Arizona  

Utah  

Nevada  

Pacific  

Washington  . . . . 

Oregon  

California  


Average  Tax 
Rate  per 
$100  of  Assessed 
Valuation. 

$1.34 

2.37 

2.19 

3.96 

1.96 

1.71 

2.26 

1.76 

2.41 

1.65 

2.48 

2.62 

1.65 

1.30 

3.33 

3.24 

4.15 

1.44 

4.01 

4.73 

3.11 

3.26 

2.25 

2.30 

3.10 

1.89 

2.15 


The  people  of  Arizona  were  preparing  to  vote  on 
November  3,  1914,  and  during  the  campaign  Mr.  G.  F. 
Rinehart  of  Phoenix  called  attention  to  a specific  case, 
showing  how  the  liquor  traffic  increases  taxes.  Mr. 
James  McKisson,  now  a resident  of  Peoria,  Ariz., 
showed  Mr.  Rinehart  a tax  receipt  for  $20.90  on  land 
in  Kansas.  This  land  had  been  traded  for  land  at 
Peoria,  Ariz.,  even  exchange  of  value.  The  tax  receipt 
for  the  assessment  on  the  Peoria  land  was  $105.73,  or 
five  times  as  much  in  wet  Arizona  as  in  dry  Kansas. 

Mr.  Ora  R.  Weed  also  traded  140  acres  of  Kansas 
land  for  120  acres  near  Peoria,  Ariz.,  the  two  lots 
being  of  practically  the  same  valuation.  The  tax  on 
the  Kansas  land  was  $17.42,  and  on  the  Arizona  land 
$136.55. 

Arizona  got  wise  to  these  things  and  voted  dry  on 
November  3. 


Cities  Show  the  Same  Thing 
The  same  thing  is  true  in  regard  to  cities.  At  the 
very  time  when  the  liquor  people  were  preaching  in 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 


335 


Seattle  that  prohibition  would  raise  the  tax  rate,  the 
total  of  state,  county,  and  city  taxes  piled  up  a rate  of 
42.56,  while  in  Topeka,  Kan.,  the  rate  was  just  one 
third  of  that  figure.  In  Portland,  Ore.,  in  1913-14,  the 
city  tax  rate  was  7.7,  but  in  the  very  face  of  the  “dis- 
astrous action”  of  the  voters  in  favor  of  prohibition 
at  the  polls  on  November  3,  1914,  the  rate  was  lowered 
for  the  following  year  to  7.5,  and  the  entire  rate  in 
Multnomah  County,  which  contains  Portland,  was  re- 
duced from  twenty-seven  mills  to  22.5  mills. 

A recently  issued  census  bulletin  giving  the  financial 
statistics  of  all  cities  having  a population  of  30,000  or 
over  affords  a striking  refutation  of  the  theory  that 
prohibition  increases  the  tax  rate. 

A comparison  of  all  towns  between  45,000  and  60,000 
in  population  embraces  the  two  cities  of  Topeka  and 
Wichita,  Kan.  These  two  cities  are  the  only  towns  in 
this  group  which  are  located  in  prohibition  states, 
Wichita  having  59,222  (by  census  bureau  estimate, 
1912),  and  Topeka  45,478. 

Only  eight  of  the  cities  in  license  states  have  a less 
rate  than  Wichita,  and  only  five  have  a less  rate  than 
the  rate  given  for  Topeka. 

Only  one  city  in  the  entire  list,  and  that  Atlantic 
City,  N.  J.,  with  its  great  hotels,  reports  a larger  as- 
sessed valuation  than  Wichita,  which  certainly  does 
not  indicate  a lack  of  business  prosperity  due  to  prohibi- 
tion, and  although  Topeka  stands  at  the  bottom  of  the. 
list  in  population,  only  two  license  cities  report  a larger 
assessed  valuation  of  property. 

Just  three  cities  spend  less  than  Topeka  on  their 
police  departments,  indicating  that  the  dry  policy  of 
the  Kansas  capital  affords  a noticeable  saving  at  this 
point,  and  although  Wichita  has  a larger  population 
than  any  of  the  other  cities  considered,  there  are  six 
that  spend  more  for  police  protection. 

Only  five  license  cities  spend  more  than  Wichita  on 
conservation  of  health  and  sanitation,  and  only  five 
use  larger  sums  than  Topeka  for  this  purpose,  in  spite 
of  Topeka’s  place  at  the  foot  of  the  list  in  the  number 
of  inhabitants. 

In  the  matter  of  schools  and  recreation  the  two  pro- 
hibition cities  also  show  up  well,  even  though  their  tax 
rate  is  low.  Only  seven  license  cities  exceed  Wichita 
in  the  item  of  schools,  and  only  six  exceed  Topeka. 


336 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 

For  recreation,  Wichita  spends  annually  $17,490,  and 
Topeka  $22,866,  and  only  six  cities  lead  the  former 
prohibition  town  in  this  matter,  only  four  exceeding 
Topeka. 

According  to  the  Presbyterian  Board  of  Temperance, 
the  comptroller  of  the  state  of  California,  by  his  report 
of  1912,  shows  the  following  tax  rates: 

Wet  Towns 


Oakland  $1,75 

Stockton  1.62 

Bakersfield  1.71 

Santa  Bosa 1.35 

Monterey  1.45 

Marysville  1.80 

Eureka  1.10 

Femdale  1.30 

Blue  Lake 1.25 

Areata 97 

Average  $1.43 

Dry  Towns 

Berkeley  $ .97 

Pasadena  1.11 

Long  Beach  . 1.30 

Santa  Ana  1.20 

Alhambra  1.15 

Palo  Alto  95 

Woodland  1.26 

Los  Gatos  1.20 

National  City 1.10 

Fortuna  1.26 

Average  $1.15 


The  above  figures  include  the  bonded  debts  of  the 
cities.  Substracting  these  debts,  which  are  usually 
for  permanent  improvements,  the  average  of  the  above 


cities  is : 

FOR  THE  TEN  WET  TOWNS  $1.10 

FOR  THE  TEN  DRY  TOWNS  89 


Official  figures  of  all  license  and  no-license  cities  in 
Massachusetts  for  twenty-five  years  show  that,  with  a 
slightly  lower  average  tax  rate,  the  no-license  cities : 
Had  8 per  cent  smaller  debt. 

Spent  22  per  cent  less  for  police. 

Spent  48  per  cent  less  for  poverty. 

Spent  25  per  cent  more  for  good  streets. 

Spent  41  per  cent  more  for  education. 

Increased  66  per  cent  more  in  taxable  property. 

Increased  79  per  cent  more  in  industry. 

Increased  90  per  cent  more  in  population. 

Rockford,  111.,  is  the  largest  dry  town  in  that  state. 
It  has  50.000  population.  On  a valuation  of  $3,000  a 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 


337 


citizen  of  Rockford,  in  1914,  paid  taxes  of  $45.56.  If 
he  lived  in  the  wet  city  of  Quincy  he  would  have  to 
pay  $46.10;  in  Springfield,  $53.10;  in  Joliet,  $64.70;  and 
in  East  St.  Louis,  $70.20.  Galesburg,  111.,  once  dry,  in- 
creased its  tax  rate  after  going  wet. 

A comparison  of  eleven  dry  cities  in  Indiana  having  a 
population  of  107,429  with  eleven  wet  cities  having  a 
population  of  107,527  showed  a tax  rate  for  the  prohibi- 
tion communities  of  $2.85,  and  for  the  license  communi- 
ties of  $3.36. 

TEMPERANCE — The  true  definition  of  temperance 
would  be  “moderation  in  the  use  of  everything  good, 
abstinence  from  the  use  of  everything  bad.” 

TEMPERANCE  COMMISSION  OF  THE  FED- 
ERAL COUNCIL  OF  CHURCHES  OF  CHRIST 
IN  AMERICA — Represents  thirty  denominations  with 
17,000,000  communicants.  The  last  meeting  of  the  ex- 
ecutive committee  of  the  Commission  was  held  in 
Washington,  D.  C.,  January  29,  1915.  The  Hon.  Alonzo 
E.  Wilson  of  Chicago  represented  the  Temperance  So- 
ciety of  the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church  at  this  meeting. 

TEMPERANCE  SOCIETY  OF  THE  METH- 
ODIST EPISCOPAL  CHURCH— This  church 
benevolence,  incorporated,  under  the  laws  of  Kansas 
with  headquarters  at  Topeka,  is  the  outgrowth  of  the 
Permanent  Committee  on  Temperance  and  Prohibition 
established  by  the  General  Conference  in  1888,  of  which 
Dr.  J.  G.  Evans  was  for  many  years  the  efficient  and 
devoted  chairman.  The  General  Conference  of  1904, 
meeting  in  Los  Angeles,  broadened  the  work  and 
changed  the  name  of  this  organization  to  “The  Tem- 
perance Society  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church,” 
and  made  it  one  of  the  benevolent  enterprises,  appoint- 
ing Bishop  William  F.  McDowell  as  the  president  of 
the  organization  with  its  headquarters  in  Chicago.  Vari- 
ous meetings  of  the  newly  appointed  Board  were  held 
during  the  quadrennium,  and  through  the  efficient  co- 
operation with  the  president  of  Mr.  Alonzo  E.  Wilson 
as  treasurer,  sums  of  money  were  raised  to  aid  all  the 
states  having  fights  for  constitutional  amendments. 
But  the  Society  was  left  without  any  regular  means  of 
support;  there  was  no  direct  way  to  secure  funds  and 
the  work  was  greatly  crippled. 


338  Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 

The  General  Conference  of  1908  met  at  Baltimore, 
gave  the  Society  a broader  task  and  requested  every 
minister  in  the  connection  to  present  the  claims  of  the 
Society  and  take  a free-will  offering  of  their  people. 
The  bishops  nominated  Bishop  Robert  McIntyre  to 
serve  as  president  for  the  quadrennium  and  Dr.  W.  A. 
Smith  was  elected  secretary  cmd  Alonzo  E.  Wilson 
treasurer.  The  Board  of  Managers  met  in  Chicago 
semiannually  to  send  aid  where  there  were  special 
calls  for  it.  Numerous  pamphlets  and  leaflets  were 
freely  published  and  sent  out,  some  of  which  have 
become  famous : “Awake,  O Church  of  God,”  by  Bishop 
Berry;  “Who  is  Responsible?”  by  Bishop  Fitzgerald; 
“The  Epworth  League  and  Prohibition,”  by  Dr.  Ward 
Platt ; and  “The  Militant  Church,”  by  President  Samuel 
Dickie.  These  leaflets  have  had  millions  of  circulation 
in  the  United  States  and  have  each  been  translated 
into  more  than  ten  languages  and  are  still  circulating 
around  the  world  through  the  efforts  of  the  Temper- 
ance Society.  When  Oklahoma  was  having  her  fight 
for  state-wide  prohibition,  the  Society  raised  funds  and 
sent  speakers  which  have  generally  been  credited  with 
tipping  the  scales  in  the  right  direction  and  making 
that  state  dry. 

An  Epoch  in  Reform 

But  the  real  history-making  event  of  the  Temperance 
Society  occurred  in  the  May  meeting  of  1910  when  the 
Board  of  Managers  decided  to  elect  two  men  to  devote 
their  time  to  the  temperance  reform  in  the  United 
States.  At  a later  meeting  in  July,  they  elected  as  field 
secretaries  for  the  United  States  Rev.  Clarence  True 
Wilson,  D.D.,  then  closing  his  sixth  year  as  a pastor 
in  Portland,  Ore.,  and  as  assistant  field  secretary  Rev. 
Alfred  Smith,  D.D.,  for  a number  of  years  temperance 
evangelist  of  the  Wilmington  Conference.  These  men 
entered  upon  their  work  without  an  office,  or  a desk, 
or  a cent  of  regular  income,  without  anybody  to  guar- 
antee salary,  or  even  expenses. 

Dr.  Wilson  rented  an  office  in  the  Chicago  Book 
Concern,  furnished  the  room  at  his  own  expense,  pur- 
chased literature  by  the  hundreds  of  thousands  of 
pages,  printed  Sunday  School  programs,  leaflet  litera- 
ture for  campaigning,  and  total  abstinence  pledge  cards. 
He  flew  from  state  to  state,  from  conference  to  con- 
ference, with  incredible  rapidity,  and  for  nearly  two 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 


339 


years  was  responsible  for  every  bill  the  Society  made. 
During  the  two  years  before  the  General  Conference 
met  he  had  visited  three  fourths  of  the  conferences 
of  Methodism,  many  of  them  twice.  He  had  lectured, 
debated  with  liquor  attorneys,  and  made  campaign 
speeches  on  street  corners  and  in  Sunday  Schools  and 
churches  and  halls  of  every  description  in  thirty- four 
states.  Mrs.  Clarence  True  Wilson  had  acted  as  office 
secretary  during  these  two  years,  without  salary  or 
expenses,  and  had  shipped  literature  until  more  than 
twenty  thousand  packages  or  books  had  been  handled 
in  the  office  and  all  the  Sunday  Schools  of  Methodism 
had  been  circularized  to  induce  them  to  use  our  pledge 
cards  and  programs.  The  appointments  of  the  two 
secretaries  had  been  checked  up  and  made  from  the 
office. 

When  the  General  Conference  met  it  was  found  that 
in  two  years  a hundred  thousand  total  abstinence  pledge 
cards  had  been  signed.  Over  forty-five  thousand  men 
had  signed  the  pledge  to  drink  no  liquor  and  always 
to  vote  for  prohibition,  in  Sunday  Schools  and  at  Dr. 
Wilson’s  street  and  campaign  meetings.  Assistance  had 
been  rendered  to  every  state  that  was  voting  on  con- 
stitutional prohibition  and  only  a little  less  than  one 
hundred  cities  and  counties  that  had  the  fight  on,  and 
it  was  said  by  the  Committee  on  Temperance  of  the 
General  Conference  of  1912  that  probably  never  before 
in  the  history  of  reform  had  such  a vast  amount  of 
work  been  accomplished  or  such  definite  results  achieved 
by  the  expenditure  of  ten  times  the  money  that  had 
been  secured  by  the  Temperance  Society. 

The  Society  Strides  Forward 

The  General  Conference  by  an  absolutely  unanimous 
vote  commended  the  administration  for  its  aggressive 
and  wise  policy,  enlarged  its  Board  of  Managers  to 
twenty  members,  moved  its  headquarters  to  Topeka, 
Kan.,  voted  a $50,000  apportionment  as  a yearly  mini- 
mum for  its  support,  commended  the"  Society  to  the 
liberality  of  the  Church,  instructed  it  specifically  to  con- 
duct a campaign  for  total  abstinence,  the  publishing 
and  distribution  of  literature,  the  inculcation  of  prohi- 
bition principles  and  knowledge,  the  creation  of  senti- 
ment among  Sunday  Schools,  Epworth  Leagues,  Junior 
Leagues,  and  our  people  generally,  and  to  cooperate  in 


340 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 


all  wisely  directed  movements  against  the  liquor  traffic. 

For  the  new  quadrennium,  the  Board  of  Bishops  des- 
ignated Bishop  William  O.  Shepard  of  Kansas  City  to 
the  presidency  of  the  Church  Temperance  Society  and 
the  Board  of  Managers  at  once  elected  Clarence  True 
Wilson,  general  secretary,  the  vice-president  of  the 
Board  being  J.  M.  Miller,  the  recording  secretary  Dr. 
Edwin  Locke,  and  the  treasurer  Mr.  E.  H.  Anderson. 

A Vast  Work  Now 

The  Society  is -now  comfortably  located  in  a suite  of 
six  rooms,  Shawnee  Building,  Topeka,  Kan.,  and  each 
year  its  secretaries  travel  more  than  a hundred  thousand 
miles,  average  addresses  at  more  than  a thousand  pub- 
lic meetings  and  circulate  ten  millions  of  pages  of 
literature.  Two  books  have  been  produced  from  the 
office — “Dry  or  Die,”  made  up  of  nine  addresses  by  its 
general  secretary.  Dr.  Wilson,  and  “The  Greatest  Com- 
mon Destroyer,”  a volume  in  the  Epworth  League  study 
course,  prepared  jointly  by  Mr.  Deets  Pickett,  the  re- 
search secretary  of  the  Society,  and  Rev.  Harry  G. 
McCain,  the  extension  secretary.  A library  of  the 
seven  most  noted  volumes  on  the  liquor  problem  is  being 
furnished  for  five  dollars,  express  prepaid,  to  public 
libraries  and  Sunday  School  libraries,  or  to  individuals. 
The  Society  furnishes  attractive  posters  to  be  publicly 
displayed  in  campaigns,  Sunday  School  temperance  pro- 
grams for  each  quarterly  Temperance  Day,  button 
badges  for  those  who  sign  our  pledge,  wall  rolls  suitable 
for  framing  and  hanging  on  the  walls  of  Sunday 
Schools  for  the  names  of  the  pledge  signers,  and  total 
abstinence  pledge  cards,  some  adapted  for  our  Sunday 
Schools,  and  others  adapted  to  the  man  on  the  street. 

In  the  recent  campaign  of  1914,  in  which  seven  states 
voted  on  constitutional  prohibition  and  in  which  all  but 
two  adopted  it  by  overwhelming  majorities,  the  Temper- 
ance Society  played  an  all-important  part.  It  furnished 
a weekly  “clip-sheet”  to  every  daily  and  weekly  paper 
published  in  the  several  states;  it  sent  the  Voice  to 
every  pastor  to  equip  him  for  leading  the  sentiment  in 
his  community;  and  it  circulated  eight  millions  of  leaf- 
lets during  the  campaign.  It  purchased  an  automobile 
to  make  a canvass  of  the  entire  state  of  Oregon,  manned 
it  with  four  workers  and  sent  it  out  over  fortj’-six  hun- 
dred miles  for  more  than  four  hundred  addresses.  At 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 


341 


one  time  the  Temperance  Society  had  fifty-four  men 
speaking  in  Arizona,  California,  Oregon,  Washington, 
and  Colorado,  and  their  work  was  second  to  none  in 
making  four  of  those  states  dry. 

A characteristic  of  the  Society  has  been  its  economy 
of  administration.  It  makes  a given  amount  of  benevo- 
lent money  go  to  the  farthest  limit  possible.  It  has  the 
absolute  devotion  of  the  people  who  are  giving  their 
time  to  the  cause.  During  ten  months  of  the  year  1915 
Dr.  Wilson  visited  fifty  annual  conferences,  addressed 
a number  of  the  greatest  conventions,  traveled  60,000 
miles,  reached  400,000  people,  consulted  with  committees 
of  various  character,  participated  in  campaigns,  and 
stopped  only  long  enough  to  undergo  a double  opera- 
tion. All  of  this,  in  addition  to  the  by  no  means  light 
task  of  directing  the  entire  work  of  the  Society. 

Under  the  immediate  oversight  of  the  General  Secre- 
tary, Rev.  Harry  G.  McCain,  B.D.,  of  the  Extension 
Department,  has  conducted  an  extensive  field  work. 
Men  have  been  addressed  in  railroad  shops,  mines, 
lumber  -camps,  and  sociological  departments  of  colleges. 
Mr.  McCain  has  reached  Epworth  League  conventions, 
institutes,  campaigns,  and  conferences. 

An  especial  effort  has  been  made  during  the  year  to 
extend  organization  work  in  the  Sunday  Schools.  Dis- 
trict Superintendents  have  cooperated  most  heartily 
in  creating  live  lists.  The  Society’s  programs  have 
been  used  more  extensively  than  ever  before  and  vast 
numbers  of  young  Methodists  have  been  pledged  to 
total  abstinence.  Epworth  Leagues  have  continued  to 
organize  study  classes  in  the  liquor  problem,  using  the 
text-book  prepared  in  the  offices  of  the  Temperance 
Society.  Prize  contests  have  been  conducted  among 
college  students.  Foreign  language  leaflets  have  been 
published  and  the  circulation  of  all  leaflets  has  been  so 
large  that  the  total  for  the  quadrennium  will  be  50,000,- 
000.  Seventy-four  thousand  books  have  been  circulated. 

But  perhaps  the  most  far-reaching  work  of  the  Tem- 
perance Society  to-day  is  being  done  by  the  Research 
Department,  under  the  able  direction  of  Mr.  Deets 
Pickett,  who  is  a walking  encyclopedia  of  informing 
facts  and  a diligent^  compiler  of  important  statistics. 
He  edits  our  publication,  the  Voice,  every  month,  which 
goes  to  every  Methodist  preacher  in  the  United  States, 
and  the  “clip-sheet”  which  goes  every  week  to  every 


342 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 


daily  paper  in  the  United  States  and  every  great  period- 
ical, secular  and  religious.  He  has  been  pronounced  by 
a great  national  leader  to  be  the  best-informed  man  on 
the  liquor  problem  in  the  United  States.  Dr.  Wilson 
has  declared  that  Mr.  Pickett  could  easily  dictate  an 
encyclopedia  of  universal  knowledge  on  the  liquor  prob- 
lem that  would  be  as  adequate  and  as  informing  as 
any  extant.  Mr.  Pickett  holds  himself  in  readiness  to 
answer  inquiries  and  replied  to  more  than  a thousand 
such  requests  for  information  last  year.  He  is  writing 
a series  of  temperance  articles  for  our  Sunday  School 
publications,  and  to  vary  his  usual  activity,  keeps  the 
men  in  the  field  informed  as  to  the  changing  front  of 
the  antiliquor  fight. 

The  Research  Department  has  done  an  extensive 
research  and  publicity  work,  making  thorough  investiga- 
tions which  have  added  to  the  permanent  literature  of 
the  reform  and  have  secured  large  publicity  in  the 
newspapers  of  New  York,  Philadelphia,  Pittsburgh,  St. 
Louis,  and  other  large  cities  of  the  country.  Everj’ 
editor  of  a daily  newspaper  in  the  United  States  has 
been  reached  at  least  once  a week  with  prohibition  news 
and  argument,  and  they  have  met  the  advances  of  the 
Society  with  the  greatest  cordiality.  Definite  plans  have 
been  considered  for  great  extension  of  this  successful 
work.  The  Society  also  sent  the  “Pocket  Cyclopedia  of 
Temperance”  free  to  Methodist  pastors.  Thousands  of 
this  little  book  have  been  sold  to  other  parties. 

The  receipts  of  the  Societj'  increased  considerably 
during  the  year.  Pastors  and  officials  of  the  Church 
have  shown  a spirit  of  cooperation  most  highly  appre- 
ciated. The  relations  of  the  Society  with  the  Anti- 
Saloon  League,  the  Woman’s  Christian  Temperance 
Union,  the  Prohibition  Party,  and  other  reform  organ- 
izations have  been  fraternal. 

A great  many  definite  things  were  achieved  during 
the  year.  For  instance,  more  than  eighty  daily  news- 
papers were  induced  to  exclude  liquor  advertising  by 
the  work  of  the  Society,  bringing  the  total  of  such  “ab- 
staining” newspapers  to  more  than  six  hundred.  Great 
magazines  also  took  this  step  under  the  Societ3i’’s  influ- 
ence. A score  of  similar  victories  were  won  by  the 
eflForts  of  this  Methodist  organization. 

The  Society  maintains  a department  for  work  among 
the  colored  people  of  the  South,  with  Rev.  J.  N.  C. 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 


343 


Coggin,  D.D.,  of  Covington,  Ga.,  as  the  field  secretary. 
The  Society  has  also  sold  more  than  forty  thousand 
books  in  the  last  four  years,  secured  the  writing  by 
Dr.  E.  L-  Eaton  of  “Winning  the  Fight  Against  Drink,” 
and  placed  this  work  in  the  conference  course  of  study 
for  young  ministers.  There  are  seven  workers  con- 
stantly employed  at  the  office  besides  the  cooperation 
the  Society  secures  for  many  others  in  the  field  force. 

E.  H.  Anderson,  Treasurer. 

TEMPLARS  OF  HONOR  AND  TEMPER- 
ANCE— This  was  organized  December  5,  1845,  by  mem- 
bers of  the  Sons  of  Temperance  as  a subsidiary  society. 
It  separated  from  that  order  in  1849,  becoming  a secret 
fraternal  order.  It  was  the  first  such  to  admit  women 
into  its  membership,  which  it  began  to  do  on  its  sep- 
aration from  the  Sons  of  Temperance.  It  also  has  the 
distinction  of  being  the  first  temperance  organization 
to  form  a boys’  department,  which  it  did  in  1880.  Its 
work  is  wholly  educational. 

TEMPTATION — The  liquor  interests  say  that  the 
prohibitionists  are  forgetful  of  the  biblical  statement 
that  “Temptation  must  needs  come,”  but,  in  the  words 
of  Dr.  Clarence  True  Wilson,  they  forget  the  other  part 
of  the  declaration,  “But  woe  to  him  by  whom  tempta- 
tion cometh.”  The  liquor  press  frequently  speaks  of 
alcohol  as  a “selective  force”  which  eliminates  the 
weaklings  from  the  race  and  therefore  contributes  to 
the  average  strength  of  character  and  body.  (See 
Liquor  Press.)  It  is  true  that  alcohol  contributes 
somewhat  to  “the  survival  of  the  fittest” — those  that 
are  fittest  for  survival  only.  Instead  of  removing  the 
weaklings  from  the  race  it  frequently  removes  such 
men  as  Robert  Burns,  Edgar  Allen  Poe,  and  others 
whose  names  will  occur  to  any  student  of  history. 

TENNESSEE — Tennessee  became  a prohibition 
state  July  1,  1909,  by  act  of  the  Legislature.  The  law 
was  practically  ignored  in  Nashville,  Memphis,  and 
Chattanooga  until  the  passage  in  1913  of  the  nuisance 
act.  This  legislation  was  further  reenforced  in  1915 
by  the  passage  of  the  Ouster  Bill  for  the  removal  of 
nonenforcing  officials,  and  the  Soft-Drink  Stand  Act. 
These  laws  have  made  Nashville,  Memphis,  and  Chatta- 
nooga dry.  Legislation  will  be  asked  by  the  drys  in 


344 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 


1917  to  close  the  wholesale  liquor  houses  which  ship 
liquors  without  the  state. 

TEXAS — There  are  178  counties  dry  by  vote,  fifty- 
two  are  dry  except  in  one  or  two  places,  and  twenty 
are  totally  wet.  Seven  eighths  of  the  territory  and  prac- 
tically four  fifths  of  the  population  are  dry.  Recent 
legislation  prohibits  the  importation  of  liquors,  the 
intrastate  transportation  of  liquors  into  dry  counties, 
the  solicitation  of  orders  for  liquors,  etc. 

TOTAL  ABSTINENCE — See  Abstinence  and 
Pledges. 

TRAVELING  MEN — “In  the  old  days,”  says  John 
D Rockefeller,  Jr.,  “when  a salesman  applied  for  a job 
he  was  often  asked  to  take  a drink  of  whisky,  and,  in- 
cidentally, he  was  tested  to  see  how  much  he  could 
drink  and  hold  his  wits.  Usually  the  man  who  could 
drink  most  got  the  job.  Now  all  that  is  changed. 
Great  corporations  will  not  employ  men  who  drink,  and 
their  emphasis  is  on  total  abstinence.” 

The  United  Commercial  Travelers  of  Kansas  and 
Oklahoma,  in  session  at  Salina,  Kan.,  gave  endorsement 
to  the  Hobson-Sheppard  prohibition  amendment  bill 
now  before  Congress. 

TREATING — This  is  peculiarly  an  American  cus- 
tom, and  undoubtedly  augments  the  total  consumption 
of  liquors  greatly.  Measures  have  been  proposed  in 
various  Legislatures  and  city  councils  to  prohibit  treat- 
ing, but  they  are  impracticable  and  have  made  no  head- 
way. 

TUBERCULOSIS — A report  of  the  Phipps  Insti- 
tute for  1907-08,  regarding  tuberculous  patients,  showed 
that  of  those  patients  who  had  been  obviously  harmed 
by  alcohol,  29.5  per  cent  improved  under  treatment. 
Of  patients  who  were  abstainers  or  light  drinkers,  49.2 
per  cent  improved. 

Of  patients  whom  alcohol  had  obviously  harmed,  21.8 
per  cent  died.  Of  patients  who  were  abstainers  or  light 
drinkers,  9.9  per  cent  died. 

In  view  of  this  the  popular  superstition  that  whisky  is 
a great  aid  to  the  consumptive  appears  in  its  true  char- 
acter as  a falsehood. 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 


345 


M.  Henri  Schmidt,  Deputy  for  the  Vosges,  in  France, 
is  responsible  for  a recent  statement  coming  from  that 
country  that  in  the  more  sober  districts  of  France  the 
number  of  deaths  from  tuberculosis  is  1.95  per  1,000. 
On  the  other  hand,  in  Western  France,  where  the  con- 
sumption of  alcohol  is  large,  the  proportion  of  deaths 
due  to  tuberculosis  is  2.61  per  1,000;  the  maximum  of 
death  from  tuberculosis — 4.54  per  1,000 — is  attained  by 
the  area  around  Paris,  where  the  influence  of  alcohol 
is  joined  to  that  of  bad  housing  and  exhausting  con- 
ditions of  life.  Tuberculosis  tends  to  increase  in  the 
country,  particularly  in  the  districts  where  the  right 
of  private  distilling  exists.  Mr.  Schmidt  quotes  Dr. 
Brunon  as  saying  that  alcohol  is  in  some  cases  put  into 
babies’  bottles,  especially  in  Normandy,  where  the  larg- 
est number  of  mothers  addicted  to  alcohol  is  found. 

Indeed,  this  is  so  well  understood  in  Europe  at  the 
present  time  that  at  the  International  Convention  on 
Tuberculosis,  at  Paris  in  1905,  the  following  resolu- 
tion was  passed:. 

“In  view  of  the  close  connection  between  alcoholism 
and  tuberculosis,  this  congress  strongly  emphasizes  the 
importance  of  combining  the  fight  against  tuberculosis 
with  the  struggle  against  alcoholism.” 

(See  Medical  Practice.) 

TURKEY— See  Koran. 

UNEMPLOYMENT— See  Labor  and  Liquor. 

UNFERMENTED  WINES— See  Bible  and  Drink; 
and  Communion  Wines. 

UNIONS — The  Committee  of  Fifty,  in  their  exhaus- 
tive study  of  the  liquor  traffic,  found  that  out  of  the 
unions  investigated  one  out  of  every  five  is,  by  its  con- 
stitution, directly  opposed  to  the  saloon,  one  out  of 
every  three  is  at  least  generally  opposed  to  it,  while 
only  about  twenty-five  per  cent  of  all  unions  seem'  to 
have  no  definite  policy  in  relation  to  the  liquor  traffic. 

To  inquiries,  answers  were  received  as  follows; 

Order  of  Railway  Conductors — “We  are  absolutely 
opposed  to  the  saloon,  and  it  is  incorporated  in  our 
laws  that  a man  cannot  engage  in  the  liquor  traffic  and 
remain  a member  of  this  organization.” 


346  Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 

Brotherhood  of  Locomotive  Firemen — “We  oppose 
the  saloon  to  the  extent  that  the  Brotherhood  will  not 
tolerate  a member  being  connected  with  the  sale  of 
liquor.” 

United  Garment  Workers — “Our  organization  is  de- 
cidedly opposed  to  the  saloon.” 

International  Seamen’s  Union — “We  continually  en- 
join sobriety  upon  our  members  by  refusing  to  pub- 
lish advertisements  of  the  saloon,  etc.,  in  the  official 
organ  of  the  union.” 

The  Journeymen  Tailors — “The  officers  of  our  organ- 
ization are  decidedly  opposed  to  the  use  of  intoxicating 
liquors  as  a beverage  and  its  general  secretary  adds : 
T have  not  failed  whenever  the  opportunity  has  pre- 
sented itself,  to  declare  myself  upon  this  question.’  ” 

The  United  Mine  Workers  of  America — “The  offi- 
cers of  the  United  Mine  Workers  of  America  discour- 
age ‘in  every  respect  saloon  business.” 

The  constitution  of  the  Telegraphers  reads — “The  use 
of  alcoholic  liquor  as  a beverage  shall  be  a sufficient 
cause  for  rejecting  any  petition  for  inembership.” 

And  to  crown  it  all,  and  to  prove  that  the  fight 
against  the  saloon  is  not  of  recent  origin,  in  1894 
the  International  Typographical  Union  in  its  conven- 
tion called  for  “the  state  and  national  destruction  of 
the  liquor  traffic.” 

Thos.  L.  Lewis,  president  United  Mine  Workers — 
“If  you  want  to  know  where  the  miners  of  America 
stand  upon  the  temperance  question.  I’ll  tell  you.  In 
our  constitution  we  have  a clause  which  forbids  any 
member  to  sell  intoxicants  even  at  a picnic.  That’s 
what  we  think  of  the  liquor  traffic.  Some  people  say 
that  the  saloon  is  a necessary  evil.  I don’t  believe  in 
that  kind  of  doctrine.  Because  the  liquor  traffic  tends 
to  enslave  the  people,  to  make  them  satisfied  with  im- 
proper conditions,  and  keeps  them  ignorant,  the  leaders 
of  the  trades  unions  are  called  on  to  fight  the  saloon.” 

UNITED  KINGDOM  ALLIANCE— The  organ- 
ization in  England  which  corresponds  to  the  Anti-Sa- 
loon League  in  America. 

UNITED  STATES  GOVERNMENT— See  Fed- 
eral Government  and  the  Liquor  Traffic. 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 


347 


UNITED  STATES  TEMPERANCE  UNION— 

See  American  Temperance  Society. 

UTAH — Utah  is  largely  dry.  Passed  a strong  prohi- 
bition bill  through  the  1915  Legislature  with  only  five 
votes  in  the  House  against  it  and  two  in  the  Senate. 
When  the  governor  found  that  the  bill  could  be  passed 
over  his  veto,  he  held  it  for  action  until  after  the  close 
of  the  Legislature,  and  then  vetoed  it.  In  the  June  local 
option  elections  all  cities  voted  dry  with  larger  majori- 
ties than  before.  A new  governor  will  be  elected  in 
1916  and  Utah  will  undoubtedly  go  dry  in  1917. 

VERMONT — Local  option  law  adopted  1903.  At 
March  elections,  1915,  twenty  towns  voted  for  license, 
226  no-license.  Saloon  licenses  were  taken  out  in  four- 
teen towns.  Total  majority  in  state  against  license 
10,658.  The  Legislature  of  1915  passed  a state-wide 
prohibitory  referendum  law  to  be  voted  on  March  7, 
1916.  If  adopted,  it  goes  into  effect  May  1,  1916. 

VICE — “The  committee  finds  that  the  chief  direct 
cause  of  the  downfall  of  women  and  girls  is  the  close 
connection  between  alcoholic  drink  and  commercialized 
vice,”  says  the  report  of  the  Wisconsin  Legislative 
Committee  appointed  to  investigate  vice. 

The  close  and  vital  relation  of  the  saloon  and  the 
traffic  in  liquors  to  the  trade  in  vicious  service  has 
been  established  beyond  all  controversy  by  the  reports 
of  such  responsible  bodies  as  the  Chicago  Vice  Com- 
mission, which  was  made  up  of  Chicago’s  most  eminent 
citizens,  the  Minneapolis  Commission,  the  Philadelphia 
Commission,  etc. 

“In  the  commission’s  investigations  of  the  social  evil,” 
says  the  report  of  the  Chicago  Commission,  “it  found 
the  most  conspicuous  and  important  element  next  to 
the  house  of  prostitution  itself  was  the  saloon  and  the 
most  important  financial  interest — the  liquor  interest. 
As  a contributory  influence  to  immorality  there  is  no 
other  interest  so  dangerous.  Many  of  the  disorderly 
saloons  are  under  the  control  of  the  brewery  companies, 
which  have  gone  on  record  as  opposed  to  the  sale  of 
liquors  in  connection  with  prostitution.” 

The  research  of  the  Chicago  Commission  included 
an  investigation  of  445  saloons.  “No  less  than  236  of 
these  saloons,”  to  quote  Dean  Sumner,  head  of  the 


348  Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 

commission,  “were  nothing  but  houses  of  prostitution, 
and  in  the  majority  of  cases  their  licenses  were  held  by 
brewery  concerns.  In  445  saloons  investigated  there 
were  counted  928  prostitutes.” 

Children,  girls  whose  innocence  yet  followed  hard 
upon  their  shame,  tiny  boys  and  even  babies,  messen- 
gers far  under  age  and  half-frightened  countrymen  were 
found  in  practically  every  saloon,  while  drunken  women, 
short-skirted  and  blear-eyed,  with  sin  and  disease  writ- 
ten strong  upon  their  faces,  lolled  beside  them  and 
drank  imitation  drinks  for  which  exorbitant  prices  had 
been  charged.  Indecent  exposures  of  the  person  and 
almost  unbelievable  community  freedom  were  prevalent 
in  saloons  of  apparent  exterior  respectability. 

The  report  of  the  Vice  Commission  reveals  conclu- 
sively that  wayward  girls  are  brought  to  their  ruin 
almost  exclusively  through  alcoholic  drinks.  Does  the 
tired  working  girl  seek  recreation  in  the  dance,  sooner 
or  later  she  must  yield  to  the  temptation  to  drink,  and 
then — her  future  is  settled  for  all  time.  Does  the  girl 
beset  with  poverty  seek  “the  easiest  way”?  She  goes 
to  the  nearest  saloon,  where  she  is  met  with  smiles  and 
flattery  and  put  to  work  to  add  to  the  bar’s  receipts. 

The  Saloon  and  Schools 

In  numerous  instances  the  Chicago  investigators  found 
foul  saloons  located  in  proximity  to  schools.  At  one 
place  only  thirty-two  steps  separated  a school  which 
was  daily  filled  with  innocent  children  and  a saloon  in 
which  the  investigator  found  eighteen  prostitutes  drink- 
ing at  one  time.  Five  of  these  women  invited  the  visi- 
tor to  participate  in  immoral  deeds.  Every  effort  to 
secure  the  revocation  of  the  license  was  in  vain. 

The  saloon  pays  the  prostitute’s  fines  and  bails  her 
out  when  arrested,  and  she  returns  the  favor  by  con- 
fining her  activities  to  the  saloon  of  her  “protector.” 

The  investigators  found  beer  on  sale  at  practically 
every  house  of  prostitution,  kept  not  in  the  ice  box, 
but  in  various  filthy  out-of-the-way  places,  because  the 
sale  of  liquors  in  such  places  was  prohibited  in  Chi- 
cago. Who  supplied  the  beer?  Not  the_  brewers,  of 
course,  for  they  are  honorable  men  and  will  yet  “down 
the  dive.” 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 


349 


A “Want  Ad”  clipped  recently  from  the  Chicago 
Tribune  sets  forth  clearly,  indeed,  the  relationship  of 
the  saloon  and  vice.  It  reads: 

SALOON  AND  LICENSE— SOUTH;  AVER- 
ages  $60  a day  receipts ; has  25  furnished 
rooms;  cheap  rent;  will  sell  cheap;  good  trans- 
fer corner ; established  over  26  years.  See 
COGAN,  118  No.  La  Salle  St. 

Note  that  it  says  “twenty-five  furnished  rooms.” 
Good  business  there,  no  doubt.  This  is  one  of  the 
ideal  saloons  the  license  system  promotes. 

It  is  obviously  impossible  to  handle  such  a question 
as  vice  in  a book  for  general  circulation  in  the  frank 
way  that  would  lay  bare  its  connection  with  the  liquor 
problem. 

The  experience  of  Europe  parallels  the  experience  of 
America,  for  segregation  has  failed  as  a remedy  for 
prostitution  there  and  liquor  has  been  found  there,  as 
here,  as  a principal  cause  of  vice. 

Forel,  a scientist  of  high  rank,  found  seventy-five  per 
cent  of  211  cases  of  vicious  disease  due  to  drink. 
Forty-seven  per  cent,  however,  were  only  in  “a  state  of 
slight  exhilaration”  when  they  became  infected. 

According  to  the  1909  report  of  the  inspector  under 
the  inebriate  acts  (Great  Britain),  on  865  immoral 
women  in  British  reformatories,  forty  per  cent  of  the 
immorality  was  found  to  be  due  solely  to  drink. 

VINOUS  LIQUORS — Alcoholic  drinks  produced 
by  fermentation  from  any  vegetable  products  other  than 
grain  are  called  vinous  liquors.  (See  Alcoholic  Bev- 
erages.) 

VIRGINIA — Voted  for  prohibition  in  fall  of  1914. 
Law  will  not  be  passed  until  February,  1916,  and  will 
not  go  into  effect  until  November  1,  1916.  Eighty-four 
counties  out  of  one  hundred  are  already  dry. 

WAR — Below  we  give  a calendar  of  antialcohol  ac- 
tion in  Europe  since  the  outbreak  of  war: 

France 

August,  1914.  A few  days  after  the  outbreak  of  war 
the  military  governors  of  Paris  and  Lyons  prohibited 
the  sale  of  absinthe  in  their  territory. 


350 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 


On  August  16  the  French  Government  enjoined  Pre- 
fects to  take  the  same  step  in  their  departments. 

February  12,  1915.  The  President  of  the  French  Re- 
public issued  a decree  prohibiting  the  sale  of  absinthe 
throughout  France. 

The  French  Chamber  of  Deputies,  by  481  votes  to 
fifty-two,  passed  a bill  suppressing  for  all  time  the 
manufacture,  sale,  and  exportation  of  absinthe.  “Sim- 
ilar drinks”  to  absinthe  were  also  prohibited.  The 
Senate  ratified  the  measure. 

April.  General  Joffre  forbade  the  sale  of  spirits  to 
the  French  army  in  the  war  zone. 

June.  General  Goiran  forbade  the  sale  of  spirits  to 
the  soldiers  of  the  French,  British,  and  Belgian  armies 
in  Normandy. 

July.  General  Gallieni,  military  governor  of  Paris, 
forbade  the  sale  of  spirits  to  the  troops  in  the  Paris 
command. 

October.  The  sale  of  liquor  before  noon  forbidden 
and  sale  to  women  and  children  prohibited.  Right  of 
private  manufacture  of  alcoholic  liquors  repealed. 

“Though  evident  drunkenness  is  unusual  in  France,” 
says  Arno  Dosch,  “in  certain  parts  of  the  country  the 
workmen  are  never  thoroughly  sober.  They  are  always 
under  the  false  stimulation  of  alcohol.” 

Russia 

July  31,  1914.  By  order  of  the  Czar  “all  wine  shops, 
beer  saloons,  and  government  vodka  shops  were  closed” 
during  mobilization.  The  order  prohibited,  during  this 
period,  the  sale  of  all  intoxicants,  except  in  first-class 
hotels  and  restaurants. 

September  16.  A further  order  prohibited  the  sale  of 
vodka  and  all  spirits  until  the  end  of  the  war. 

October  11.  The  Czar,  in  answer  to  a great  petition 
from  the  Russian  people  asking  that  the  prohibition  of 
the  state  sale  of  vodka  should  be  made  permanent,  said: 
“I  have  decided  to  prohibit  forever  in  Russia  the  gov- 
ernment sale  of  vodka.” 

October  23.  Local  government  bodies  throughout 
Russia  were  empowered  to  petition  for  the  prohibition 
of  the  sale  of  all  strong  drinks. 

This  power  of  petition  has  been  freely  used.  Peti- 
tions have  usually  been  granted,  so  that  in  most  of  the 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 


351 


principal  cities  the  sale  of  wines  and  beer  has  been 
severely  restricted  or  prohibited. 

The  Russian  Government  acquired  the  business  of 
selling  vodka  in  1894.  On  February  10,  1915,  M.  Khar- 
itonov, the  Russian  Treasury  Controller,  said  in  the 
Duma : “Russia  has  entered  the  path  of  resolute  conflict 
with  the  ancient  national  curse.  Intemperance,  which 
weakene'd  the  will,  strength,  and  enterprise  of  the  popu- 
lation, and  destroyed  its  well-being.”  On  January  30, 
1914,  the  Czar  had  sent  an  historic  letter  to  M.  Barck, 
the  new  Minister  of  Finance,  in  which  he  said : “It  is 
not  meet  that  the  welfare  of  the  exchequer  should  be 
dependent  upon  the  ruin  of  the  spiritual  and  productive 
energies  of  numbers  of  my  loyal  subjects.” 

Because  of  prohibition,  Russia  was  able  to  complete 
her  initial  mobilization  in  sixteen  days  instead  of  a 
month,  and  was  actually  under  way  weeks  in  advance  of 
the  day  that  either  Germany  or  Austria  had  counted  on. 
In  August,  1915,  Professor  Pares,  the  official  British  eye- 
witness with  the  Russian  forces,  said : “I  can  state  with 
certainty  that  there  is  not  one  case  of  drunkenness  in 
the  whole  Russian  army.” 

In  1913  the  state  savings  banks  of  Russia  showed 
savings  of  38,600,000  rubles,  or  about  half  that  sum  in 
dollars.  In  1914  the  amount  was  95,300,000  rubles.  'In 
the  first  four  months  only  of  1915  the  amount  was  198,- 
900,000  rubles.  The  increase  was  evidently  due  to 
prohibition. 

The  amount  of  revenue  surrendered  by  the  Russian 
Government  was  approximately  $300,000,000.  All 
sources  testify  to  the  benefits  of  the  policy. 

Germany 

It  is  known  that : 

(1)  During  the  first  period  of  mobilization  (i.  e., 
until  August  11,  lOMI  the  sale  of  alcohol  was  forbidden 
in  German  towns.  There  were  wild  scenes  of  intoxi- 
cation when  the  order  was  withdrawn. 

(2)  The  . sale  of  spirits  to  soldiers  in  uniform  has 
been  prohibited  in  certain  areas. 

(3)  For  economic  reasons  local  authorities  were  given 
power  in  March,  1915,  to  limit  the  supply  and  sale  of 
spirits. 

(4)  The  quantity  of  beer  which  can  be  brewed 
throughout  the  German  Empire  has  been  limited  to 


352 


Cyclopedia  oi  Temperance 


forty  per  cent  of  the  average  output,  so  as  to  preserve 
barley  for  bread. 

Great  Britain 

August  12,  1914.  Powers  were  given  to  the  naval  and 
military  authorities  to  close  at  any  time  licensed  prem- 
ises in  or  near  a fortified  place. 

August  31.  Intoxicating  liquor  (temporary  restric- 
tion) act  became  law. 

November  18.  War  tax  on  beer. 

February  28,  1915.  Mr.  Lloyd-George,  as  chancellor 
of  the  Exchequer,  stated  at  Bangor  that  war  work  was 
being  delayed  by  the  drinking  habits  of  a minority  of 
the  workers.  “Drink  is  doing  us  more  damage  in  the 
war  than  all  the  German  submarines  put  together,”  he 
said. 

March  17.  Mr.  Lloyd-George  told  a Conference  of 
Trade  Union  representatives — convened  at  the  request 
of  the  government — that  drinking  habits  were  “gravely 
interfering”  with  the  output  and  transport  of  muni- 
tions of  war. 

March  26.  The  executive  of  the  Transport  Workers’ 
Federation  “in  the  interests  of  national  well-being.” 
urged  the  government  “to  take  immediate  decisive  action 
to  reduce  the  results  of  intemperance  to  a minimum." 

March  29.  A deputation  from  the  Shipbuilding  Em- 
ployers’ Federation  waited  on  the  chancellor  and  urged 
“the  total  prohibition  during  the  period  of  the  war  of 
the  sale  of  excisable  liquors.”  Mr.  Lloyd-George  said 
in  reply,  “Nothing  but  root-and-branch  methods  will 
be  of  the  slightest  avail  in  dealing  with  this  evil.  I 
am  permitted  to  say  that  the  King  is  very  deeply  con- 
cerned on  this  very  question.” 

March  30.  Lord  Stamfordham  wrote  in  the  King’s 
name  to  the  chancellor  expressing  deep  concern  at  the 
delay,  “without  doubt  largely  due  to  drink.”  in  the  out- 
put and  transport  of  munitions.  “The  King  will  be 
prepared,”  he  added,  “to  set  the  example  by  giUng  up  all 
alcoholic  liquor  himself,  and  Issuing  orders  against  its 
consumption  in  the  royal  household,  so  that  no  differ- 
ence shall  be  made  so  far  as  his  majesty  is  concerned 
between  the  treatment  of  the  rich  and  poor  in  this 
question.” 

April  29.  The  Government  Drink  Bill  introduced. 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 


353 


May  2.  An  official  return  published,  setting  out  the 
evidence  of  delays,  attributed  to  drink,  in  the  output 
and  transport  of  munitions. 

May  7.  The  proposed  heavy  taxes  on  liquor  with- 
drawn in  face  of  the  opposition  of  the  liquor  trade. 

May  19.  The  proposals  for  complete  state  control 
of  the  liquor  traffic  in  war  work  areas  became  a law. 

May  26.  A Central  Control  Board  appointed  to  ex- 
ercise the  new  powers  of  the  state  in  war-work  areas. 

June  10.  Powers  of  the  Central  Control  Board  an- 
nounced. These  powers  permit  the  Board  to  deal  with 
the  liquor  situation  in  war-work  areas  absolutely  as 
may  seem  best  to  them. 

On  March  29,  1915,  Hon.  David  Lloyd-George  made 
his  famous  statement:  “We  are  fighting  Germany,  Aus- 
tria, and  Drink,  and  as  far  as  I can  see  the  greatest 
of  these  three  deadly  foes  is  Drink.”  Dord  Kitchener 
warned  the  expeditionary  force  against  wine  and  tem- 
perance propaganda  movements  have  been  numerous 
and  vigorous.  The  majority  of  the  leading  military 
and  naval  men  are  setting  an  example  of  total  ab- 
stinence. 

It  has  been  well  said  that  in  Great  Britain  it  was 
the  normal  drink  evil  which  was  suddenly  seen  to  be 
a great  menace  to  national  safety  and  welfare.  Drink- 
ing was  not  abnormal  after  the  outbreak  of  war.  The 
estimated  national  drink  bill  for  1914  was  $10,000,000 
less  than  for  1913.  Strong  drink,  not  in  exceptional 
quantities,  but  as  Great  Britain  had  used  itself  to  liquor, 
was  threatening  the  life  of  the  nation. 

Neutral  Countries 

In  Denmark  the  sale  of  liquor  to  soldiers  in  certain 
districts  has  been  prohibited  and  the  manufacture  of 
alcohol  frdm  potatoes  and  various  kinds  of  corn  for- 
bidden. 

In  Norway  steps  were  taken  to  curtail  the  consump- 
tion of  liquors,  and  prohibition  is  at  the  present  time  a 
political  issue. 

In  Sweden  the  measures  taken  resulted  in  decreasing 
the  consumption  of  liquor  by  half.  Eventual  prohibition 
is  certain. 

In  Switzerland  the  Federal  Council  prohibited  the  use 
of  grain  and  potatoes  in  the  making  of  spirits. 


354  Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 

WASHINGTON — November  3,  1914.  Washington 
adopted  a drastic  prohibition  law,  by  a majority  of 
18,632,  the  law  to  take  effect  January  1,  1916.  The  law 
prohibits  sale,  manufacture,  giving  away  or  otherwise 
furnishing  or  disposing  of  all  intoxicating  liquor;  or 
having  in  possession  any  intoxicating  liquor,  or  any 
drug  or  medicine,  containing  alcohol,  capable  of  being 
used  as  a beverage. 

The  law  allows  the  importation  of  liquor  for  indi- 
vidual use,  in  quantity  not  exceeding  two  quarts  of 
liquor  other  than  beer,  or  twelve  quarts  or  twentj’-four 
pints  of  beer,  as  often  as  once  every  twenty-  days,  under 
a very  strict  regulation,  which  requires  the  importer 
to  secure  a permit  from  the  county  auditor,  the  permit 
good  for  only  one  shipment,  and  for  only  thirty  days, 
and  shipments  of  liquor  cannot  be  accepted  at  the  state 
line  by  transportation  companies  except  with  this  per- 
mit attached,  cancelled,  and  not  in  larger  quantity  than 
allowed  by  law. 

The  law  was  attacked  in  the  Supreme  Court  by 
the  liquor  people,  case  argued  before  the  Supreme 
Court  on  October  25,  and  a decision  in  favor  of  the 
drys  has  been  rendered. 

The  liquor  people  have  initiated  a license  law  which 
will  come  before  the  people  on  November  7.  1916,  which 
purports  to  allow  the  sale  of  liquor  in  hotels  of  fifty 
rooms  or  more,  in  the  state  of  Washington. 

WASHINGTONIAN  SOCIETY— On  April  6. 
1840,  a temperance  lecturer  visited  the  city  of  Baltimore. 
Through  his  efforts  a drinking  club  consisting  of  six 
men — W.  K.  Mitchell,  a tailor;  J.  F.  Hoss,  a carpenter; 
David  Anderson  and  George  Steers,  blacksmiths;  James 
McCurley,  a coachmaker;  and  .Archibald  Campbell,  a 
silversmith — were  induced  to  leave  off  their  habits  of 
drink  -and  sign  a total  abstinence  pledge. 

This  was  the  beginning  of  the  celebrated  moral  sua- 
sion crusade  known  as  the  Washingtonian  movement, 
the  official  name  of  their  organization  being  the  Wash- 
ington Temperance  Societ3".  Within  a 5’ear  there  were 
seven  hundred  members  in  the  city  of  Baltimore,  and 
under  the  leadership  of  John  H.  W.  Hawkins,  who 
was  probably  the  most  prominent  Washington  agitator, 
the  movement  spread  like  wildfire  through  other  cities 
and  states.  Within  two  years  at  least  100.000  pledges 


Cyclopedia  oi  Temperance 


355 


had  been  signed  and  more  than  one  third  of  them  by 
confirmed  drinkers.  Societies  for  women,  known  as 
Martha  Washington  Societies,  were  inaugurated  in 
1841.  The  order  of  Sons  of  Temperance,  started  by 
six  persons  in  New  York  City,  September  29,  1842,  was 
also  an  offspring  of  this  crusade. 

The  force  of  this  movement  was  spent  by  1843,  but 
its  energy  was  of  great  and  lasting  benefit  to  the  gen- 
eral temperance  movement.  Like  all  similar  moral  sua- 
sion movements,  this  proved  that  propaganda  of  moral 
suasion  is  not  sufficient  to  solve  the  drink  problem. 

WA^TE — See  Cost  of  the  Drink  Traffic. 

WEBB-KENYON  BILL— On  February  28,  1913, 
the  Senate  of  the  United  States  passed  over  the  veto 
of  President  William  H.  Taft  the  Webb-Kenyon  bill 
to  prohibit  the  shipment  of  intoxicating  liquors  into 
any  state  when  they  are  intended  to  be  used  in  viola- 
tion of  state  laws.  The  Senate  vote  was  sixty-three  to 
twenty-one.  On  March  1 the  House  of  Representatives 
also  overrode  the  President’s  veto  by  a vote  of  244  to 
ninety-five. 

The  questions  involved  in  the  passage  of  the  Webb- 
Kenyon  bill  are  delicate.  By  the  Constitution,  all  con- 
trol of  interstate  commerce  is  vested  in  Congress,  and 
Congress  itself  cannot  delegate  such  control  to  the 
states.  Only  an  amendment  to  the  Constitution  can 
empower  the  states  to  assume  control  over  interstate 
shipments.  Therefore,  the  Webb-Kenyon  bill  does  not 
delegate  authority  to  the  states,  but  penalizes  by  direct 
action  of  Congress  itself  all  shipments  intended  for  use 
contrary  to  state  law  by  depriving  them  of  all  the 
rights  and  privileges  of  interstate  commerce. 

Court  decisions,  which  have  been  numerous,  have 
upheld  the  constitutionality  of  state  legislation  enacted 
under  the  Webb-Kenyon  law  many  times  since-  March, 
1913. 

At  the  present  time  no  state  prohibits  the  possession 
or  use  of  intoxicants.  Therefore,  it  is  not  possible  for 
a state  officer  to  interfere  with  a liquor  shipment  when 
it  is  intended  for  the  personal  use  of  the  consignee, 
but  it  is  now,  under  the  Webb-Kenyon  law,  quite  pos- 
sible for  a state,  by  prohibiting  the  delivery  or  posses- 
sion of  intoxicants,  absolutely  to  shut  liquors  out  of 
its  borders. 


356 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 


WESLEY,  JOHN — John  Wesley’s  attitude  toward 
drinking  and  the  drink  traffic  may  be  made  plain  by 
quoting  what  he  said  of  wine  drinking; 

“You  see  the  wine  when  it  sparkles  in  the  cup,  and 
are  going  to  drink  it.  I say,  there  is  poison  in  it,  and 
therefore  beg  you  to  throw  it  away.  If  you  add,  ‘It 
is  not  poison  to  me,  though  it  may  be  to  others’ ; then  I 
say,  Throw  it  away  for  thy  brother’s  sake,  lest  thou 
embolden  him  to  drink  also.  Why  should  thy  strength 
occasion  thy  weak  brother  to  perish,  for  whom  Christ 
died?’’ 

In  1760  he  arraigned  liquor  sellers  in  these  words : 

“All  who  sell  liquors  in  the  common  way, . to  any 
that  will  buy,  are  poisoners  general.  They  murder  His 
Majesty’s  subjects  by  wholesale;  neither  does  their 
eye  pity  or  spare.  They  drive  them  to  hell  like  sheep. 
And  what  is  their  gain?  Is  it  not  the  blood  of  these 
men?  Who,  then,  would  envy  their  large  estates  and 
sumptuous  palaces?  A curse  is  in  the  midst  of  them. 
The  curse  of  God  is  in  their  gardens,  their  groves — a 
fire  that  burns  to  the  nethermost  hell.  Blood,  blood 
is  there!  The  foundation,  the  floors,  walls,  the  roof, 
are  stained  with  blood !’’ 

In  view  of  the  time  in  which  he  lived,  it  is  not  re- 
markable that  he  was  especially  severe  in  speaking  of 
ardent  spirits. 

WEST  VIRGINIA — Under  state-wide  prohibition. 
The  law  provides  in  brief  for  the  following : 

Intoxicating  liquors  defined  to  cover  all  malt  or 
brewed  liquors  whether  intoxicating  or  not,  and  the 
sale,  storing,  or  keeping  of  such  liquors  is  prohibited. 

Liquors  are  prohibited  either  for  personal  use  or 
otherwise  in  certain  designated  places,  to  wit : office 
buildings,  club  houses,  poolrooms,  bowling  alleys,  liverv- 
stables,  parks,  roads,  streets  or  alleys,  or  in  any  public 
buildings. 

They  have  the  search  and  seizure  law  which  makes 
the  finding  of  liquor  a prima  facie  case  against  the 
owner  or  keeper  of  the  place  where  it  is  found. 

It  is  a violation  of  the  law  to  bring  up  children  as 
drinkers.  It  is,  also,  a violation  of  the  law  for  one  to 
receive  intoxicating  liquors  for  any  purpose  whatever 
from  a common  or  other  carrier,  and  all  liquor  which 
is  brought  into  the  state  must,  if  it  consists  of  more 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 


357 


than  two  quarts,  show  by  a display  in  large  English 
letters  on  the  outside  of  the  suitcase  or  receptacle  the 
kind  and  quantity  of  liquor  contained  therein. 

A violation  of  any  of  these  laws  is  punishable  upon 
conviction  by  a fine  of  not  less  than  $100  or  more  than 
$500  and  imprisonment  in  the  county  jail  for  not  less 
than  two  or  more  than  six  months.  For  a second  of- 
fense the  punishment  is  not  less  than  one  year  or  more 
than  three  years  in  the  state  penitentiary. 

A first-hand  investigation  conducted  by  the  Temper- 
ance Society  of  the  Methodist  Church  in  all  parts  of 
the  state  reveals  bankers,  wholesalers,  retailers,  and 
business  men  of  every  class  heartily  favoring  the  dry 
policy  as  “a  great  business  asset.” 

Abandoned  Saloons  Rented  for  Better  Business 

“The  quarters  formerly  occupied  by  the  saloons  have 
been  turned  into  attractive  places  of  legitimate  busi- 
ness,” declares  Mr.  Howard  Hazlett  of  Hazlett  & Son, 
investment  brokers.  Wheeling.  “Some  of  our  brew- 
eries have  been  converted  into  cold  storage  plants.” 

Mr.  E.  J.  Ashworth,  president  of  the  Twentieth 
Street  Bank  of  Huntington,  also  testifies  that  the  voting 
out  of  saloons  was  not  disastrous  to  the  real  estate 
business,  for,  while  “thirty  business  rooms  were  vacated, 
to-day,  four  months  later,  all,  with  one  ^exception,  are 
occupied  by  other  businesses.” 

“The  few  vacant  store  rooms  fast  filled  up  with  busi- 
nesses more  valuable  to  the  state,”  says  Mr.  W.  A. 
McCorkle  of  Charleston. 

Former  Wets  Are  Now  Dry 

“I  am  personally  acquainted  with  quite  a number  of 
former  drinking  men  who  have  reformed  since  pro- 
hibition and  are  now  sober,  aggressive,  good  citizens,” 
says  Mr.  E.  J.  Taylor,  president  of  the  Citizens’  Na- 
tional Bank  of  Pennsboro,  and  Mr.  Kyger,  cashier,  as 
well  as  Mr.  Floyd,  president,  of  the  Central  Banking 
Company,  Huntington,  says  that  “careful  inquiry  among 
our  patrons  who  were  wet  shows  that,  without  excep- 
tion, they  are  thoroughly  convinced  that  business  has 
not  been  hurt  by  prohibition.” 

“I  have  the  first  business  man  yet  to  hear  speak  of 
the  prohibition  law  except  to  say  that  it  is  a great 
help  to  business  and  a great  help  in  many  other  ways,” 


358 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 


says  Mr.  Amos  Bright,  president  of  the  Home  National 
Bank  of  Sutton. 

Many  New  Bank  Accounts  and  Old  Ones  Grow 
“There  has  been  a wonderful  increase  in  savings  ac- 
counts throughout  our  commonwealth,”  says  Mr.  O. 
Jay  Fleming,  cashier  of  the  First  National  Bank  of 
Grafton,  and  he  continues,  “Hundreds  and  thousands 
of  the  laboring  class  who  were  in  the  habit  of  spending 
their  all  across  the  saloon  bar,  leaving  their  families 
in  want,  have  started  savings  accounts.” 

“Men  who  formerly  spent  their  money  for  drink  save 
it  now  and  put  it  in  the  bank,”  declares  Dr.  A.  S. 
Grimm,  president  of  the  Pleasants  County  Bank. 

“Our  bank  has  opened  up  approximately  three  hun- 
dred new  accounts  since  July  1,  a very  large  per  cent 
of  which  came  from  the  laboring  class  who  formerly 
spent  their  money  for  intoxicants,”  asserts  Mr.  P.  M. 
Snyder  of  the  Bank  of  Mount  Hope.  “Deposits  are 
more  than  for  this  period  last  year  and  more  industries 
are  being  installed  or  contemplated,”  says  Mr.  H.  B. 
Rowe  of  the  First  National  Bank,  Alderson.  “There 
are  many  having  bank  accounts  now  who  never  had 
one  before,”  says  Mr.  Jeremiah  Thomas  of  the  Bruce- 
ton  Bank.  “The  drink  money  is  finding  its  way  into 
savings  accounts,”  says  Mr.  John  L.  Ruhl  of  the  Clarks- 
burg Trust  Company. 

Liquor  Mail  Orders  Decrease  in  Number 
Mr.  A.  G.  Mathews  of  the  Bank  of  Grantsville  testi- 
fies that  whereas  many  of  their  customers  formerly 
were  in  the  habit  of  ordering  liquors  from  near-by 
towns  and  paying  with  personal  checks,  “our  cashier 
informs  me  that  since  the  prohibition  amendment  went 
into  effect  but  few  checks  have  been  drawn  in  paj-ment 
of  whisky  bills,  and  the  former  whisky  buyers  naturally 
have  larger  balances.” 

Fuller  Testimony  from  These  Business  Men 
“The  $15,000  per  week  that  went  to  the  support  of 
the  saloons  in  our  city  now  goes  to  other  lines  of  trade. 
“Merchants  report  better  collections. 

“Real  estate  men  report  better  collections  and  a de- 
mand for  better  houses. 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 


359 


“Banks  report  an  increase  in  small  deposits  and  all 
the  factories  in  the  city  are  busy. 

“Gambling  is  reported  as  not  profitable  any  more. 

“Vice  and  immorality  are  on  the  decrease. 

“Children  are  better  clothed  and  better  fed. 

“Taxation  on  account  of  no  licenses  has  NOT  in- 
creased. 

“Real  estate  has  maintained  its  usual  increase.” — Mr. 
L.  J.  Ashworth,  president  of  the  Twentieth  Street 
Bank,  Huntington. 

“If  the  matter  were  submitted  to  West  Virginia  voters 
again  since  we  have  seen  the  results,  the  amendment 
would  carry  by  an  increased  majority.  Conditions 
everywhere  are  better.” — Mr.  John  I.  Bender,  president 
of  the  Burnsville  Exchange  Bank. 

“A  drunken  person  on  our  streets  is  a novelty.  The 
city  workhouse  has  been  practically  abandoned.  Many 
men  who  were  in  the  habit  of  taking  their  dram  when 
the  saloons  were  open  tell  me  they  are  more  than  satis- 
fied with  present  conditions  and  would  vote  for  prohi- 
bition.”— Mr.  Howard  Hazlett  of  Howard  Hazlett  & 
Son,  Wheeling. 

“The  effect  of  prohibition  has  been  fine.  The  volume 
of  business  is  distinctly  larger.  Prohibition  has  been 
of  enormous  benefit  to  the  city  of  Charleston  and  to 
West  Virginia.  This  is  the  consensus  of  opinion  every- 
where in  the  state.” — Mr.  W.  A.  MacCorkle  of  Chilton, 
MacCorkle  & Chilton  of  Charleston. 

“The  financial  interests  of  the  entire  state  are  showing 
a very  decided  improvement  because  of  prohibition.” — 
Reese  Blizzard,  Citizens’  National  Bank,  Parkersburg. 

“Apart  from  the  great  moral  uplift,  there  was  an 
appreciable  improvement  in  business  until  the  great 
European  war  set  in.  One  of  our  leading  bankers 
here  remarked  to  me  this  morning  that  the  change  for 
the  better  in  our  community,  morally  and  in  a business 
way,  since  prohibition  is  most  marked.  He  said  that 
he  regretted  having  voted  against  the  amendment.” — 
Mr.  E.  M.  Gilkeson,  Wood  County  Bank,  Parkersburg. 

“Prohibition  in  this  state  has  been  the  most  advanced 
step  in  prosperity  that  could  have  been  taken.  It  is  a 
money-maker  for  West  Virginia.”— Mr.  O.  Jay  Fleming, 
First  National  Bank,  Grafton. 

“We  need  less  police,  have  fewer  accidents  in  the 
mills,  have  fewer  drunken  men,  no  saloon  flaunting 


360 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 


itself  in  the  face  of  the  public,  temptation  to  drink  is 
largely  removed.”- — Mr.  B.  M.  Spurr,  president  First 
National  Bank,  Moundsville. 

“As  a physician,  as  well  as  president  of  the  Pleasants 
County  Bank,  I will  say  that  industrial  and  economic 
conditions  have  improved  since  the  saloon  was  banished. 
Prohibition  is  a God-send  to  West  Virginia.” — Dr.  A. 
S.  Grimm,  president  Pleasants  County  Bank. 

“Notwithstanding  we  are  just  across  from  a wet  town 
in  Maryland,  there  is  a noticeable  difference  for  good 
since  state-wide  prohibition.” — Mr.  M.  A.  Patrick,  presi- 
dent of  the  First  National  Bank,  Piedmont. 

“The  merchants  are  doing  just  as  much  business  and 
the  people  are  materially  benefited  by  prohibition.” — 
Mr.  R.  B.  Parrish,  cashier  of  the  National  Bank  of 
Commerce,  Williamson. 

“As  a business  proposition  there  can  be  no  doubt  that 
the  legalization  of  the  sale  of  whisky  had  a bad  effect 
wherever  allowed.  In  West  Virginia  the  influence  of 
liquor  in  politics  is  a thing  of  the  past,  and  that  alone 
was  sufficient  to  warrant  the  state’s  going  dry.” — Mr.  D 
H.  Barger,  Bank  of  Metoka. 

“Since  the  state  adopted  prohibition  there  has  been  a 
vast  change.  Business  has  taken  on  new  life.”- — Mr. 
E.  J.  Taylor,  president  Citizens’  National  Bank,  Penns- 
boro. 

“Economically  and  industrially,  conditions  have  im- 
proved since  the  state  went  dry.  The  moral  effect  is 
wonderful.” — Mr.  W.  R.  Floyd,  president;  Mr.  W.  R. 
Kyger,  cashier.  Central  Banking  Company,  Huntington. 

“It  is  the  general  opinion  that  prohibition  has  been 
beneficial  to  business.  Many  coal  operators  tell  me 
their  men  work  more  steadily  and  are  getting  along 
much  better  since  the  state  went  dry.” — Mr.  P.  M.  Sny- 
der, Bank  of  Mount  Hope. 

“The  dry  law  has  been  helpful.  There  is  no  fear 
that  West  Virginia  will  ever  go  back  to  the  sale  of 
intoxicants.” — Mr.  Amos  Bright,  president  of  the  Home 
National  Bank,  Sutton. 

“West  Virginia  is  a great  deal  better  off  economically, 
industrially,  financially.  Arrests  have  been  greatly  re- 
duced. Practically  all  buildings  formerly  occupied  by 
saloons  in  Charleston  are  now  occupied  by  other  indus- 
tries.”— Mr.  C.  J.  Pearson,  St.  Albans. 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 


361 


“Prohibition  has  a telling  effect,  especially  among  the 
people  of  moderate  circumstances.” — Mr.  W.  H.  Vine- 
yard, president  Poca  Valley  Bank,  Walton. 

“Business  conditions  are  very  much  improved.” — Mr. 
H.  B.  Rowe,  First  National  Bank,  Alderson. 

“West  Virginia  would  go  dry  now  if  the  state  voted 
again  by  as  large  or  a larger  majority.” — Mr.  W.  R. 
Reitz,  cashier  of  the  Farmers’  and  Producers’  National 
Bank,  Sistersville. 

“Prohibition  has  certainly  been  a God’s  blessing  to 
the  miners.  They  are  now  working  faithfully,  full  time 
instead  of  half  time.  Industrial  conditions  are  wonder- 
fully improved.” — Mr.  James  T.  McCreery,  president 
National  Bank  of  Summers,  Hinton. 

“There  has  been  a marked  improvement  in  business 
and  industrial  conditions.” — Mr.  Jeremiah  Thomas,  pres- 
ident the  Bruceton  Bank. 

“Deposits  are  increasing  all  the  time.  Our  money  is 
in  demand  because  business  is  better.” — Mr.  J.  S. 
Wickline,  president  of  the  Bank  of  Renick. 

“Prohibition  has  been  helpful  to  business.  Savings 
accounts  from  our  working  population  are  steadily 
increasing.  There  has  been  a marked  decrease  in 
crime.” — Mr.  John  L.  Ruhl  of  the  Clarksburg  Trust 
Company,  Clarksburg. 

“It  is  the  opinion  of  the  officials  of  this  bank  that  the 
prohibition  amendment  has  made  business  conditions 
materially  and  substantially  better.” — Mr.  A.  G. 
Mathews,  president  of  the  Bank  of  Grantsville. 

The  Story  of  a City’s  Regeneration 

Parkersburg  would  not  be  a good  spot  for  one  to  try 
to  prove  that  prohibition  means  vacant  store  buildings. 
As  far  as  an  investigation  could  ascertain,  there  is  not 
a single  room  in  the  city  formerly  occupied  by  a sa- 
loon which  is  not  now  given  over  to  a legitimate  busi- 
ness. Many  of  these  rooms  have  been  remodeled  and 
hold  splendid,  “going”  business  concerns.  At  the 
corner  of  Market  and  Fifth  Streets,  formerly  occupied 
by  the  “Phoenix”  saloon,  there  is  an  up-to-date  jewelry 
establishment.  The  former  “Hofbrau,”  between  Sixth 
and  Seventh  on  Market  Street,  is  now  a bakery.  The 
famous  “Johnson  Corner”  (Julianna  and  Third)  has 
been  repaired  and  remodeled  and  will  be  occupied  by 
a drygoods  store.  Garrity’s  former  saloon  on  lower 


362 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 


Anne  Street  is  now  a restaurant.  Theodore  Hiehle 
now  conducts  a prosperous  restaurant  where  he  had  a 
saloon.  The  former  “Majestic” — Market  and  Seventh — 
is  now  an  auction  room.  The  “Blennerhassett”  is  now 
a restaurant,  the  old  “Garden”  is  now  a feed  store,  the 
former  “Commercial”  bar  is  now  the  location  of  a news 
stand,  the  Chancellor  Hotel  bar  is  now  an  ice  cream 
parlor,  the  former  bar  of  the  Hotel  Monroe  is  a res- 
taurant. The  old  “DuQuesne”  saloon  is  a news  stand. 
Buttermilk  is  now  sold  instead  of  beer  at  Buehler’s. 
There  is  a “Style  Center”  where  Goetz  and  Eyth  for- 
merly dispensed  booze.  And  the  Parkersburg  brewery 
which  formerly  turned  out  beer  is  now  making  ice 
cream. 

What  the  Figures  Show  in  Clarksburg 
Bearing  the  authorization  not  only  of  Rev.  G.  D. 
Smith,  a Methodist  pastor,  but  of  H.  L.  Brooks,  the 
chief  of  police,  the  following  figures  were  furnished 
the  Temperance  Society  in  regard  to  arrests  in  Clarks- 
burg: 


Arrests  for 

Other 

1913 

drunkenness 

arrests 

Total 

July 

138 

69 

207 

August 

143 

100 

243 

September 

117 

163 

285 

October 

189 

91 

280 

1914 

July 

7 

■ 40 

47 

August 

20 

38 

58 

September 

21 

36 

57 

October 

26 

35 

61 

A block  in  Clarksburg  which  formerly  had  eight 
saloons  has  now  been  transformed  into  one  of  the  most 
desirable  business  sections  in  the  city.  Instead  of  the 
saloons  there  is  now  a shoe  store,  the  National  Woolen 
Mills  store,  two  jewelry  stores,  two  or  three  good 
restaurants,  and  a telegraph  office.  The  stores  now 
have  attractive  show  windows  instead  of  screens  to  bar 
the  public  gaze  from  drinking  scenes.  Practically  every' 
coal  company  and  many  other  corporations  in  Clarks- 
burg have  given  glowing  testimony  to  the  benefits  of 
the  state-wide  dry  law. 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 


363 


Wheeling  Figures  Justify  Optimism  of  Its  Bankers 
The  following  table  giving  comparative  showing  as 
to  arrests  and  arrests  for  drunkenness  in  Wheeling 
show  that  the  bankers  of  that  city  are  justified  in  their 
opinion  that  prohibition  pays; 


Arrests  for 

Other 

1913 

drunkenness 

arrests 

Total 

July  ’ 

78 

294 

372 

August 

109 

127 

236 

September 

1914 

115 

171 

286 

July 

15 

88 

103 

August 

42 

162 

204 

September 

25 

73 

98 

It  will  be  observed  that  the  total  number  of  arrests 
for  September,  1914,  is  fewer  than  the  number  of  ar- 
rests for  drunkenness,  in  September,  1913. 

Maximum  number  of  guards  and  employees  at  the 
workhouse  previous  to  July  1,  1914,  fifteen. 

Employees  and  guards  at  the  close  of  July,  1914,  two. 

Average  number  of  prisoners  in  the  workhouse  previ- 
ous to  July  1,  1914,  fifty. 

Number  of  prisoners  in  the  workhouse  at  the  close 
of  July,  1914,  nine. 

Numljer  of  prisoners  in  the  workhouse  at  the  close 
of  September,  1914,  six. 

Previous  to  July  1 there  were  no  policemen  to  per- 
form traffic  duty,  but  since  that  date  policemen  have 
been  doing  duty  at  all  leading  business  corners  in  the 
city. 

Wheeling  has  never  experienced  such  building  opera- 
tions as  since  July  1.  The  total  valuation  of  buildings 
under  construction  at  the  end  of  July  was  about 
$750,000. 

The  former  plant  of  the  Reymann  Brewing  Company 
is  being  converted  into  a packing  house,  improvements 
being  made  to  the  extent  of  $125,000.  In  the  packing 
house  there  will  be  employed  between  200  and  250  men, 
while  the  brewing  company  employed  not  more  than 
seventy-five  men.  In  one  block  in  which  there  were 
fourteen  saloons  a shoe  dealers’  business  has  increased 
thirty-five  per  cent  since  July  1.  Panhandlers  who 
used  to  buy  cast-off  shoes  now  buy  new  shoes.  One 
saloon  in  this  block,  about  which  it  was  necessary 


364  Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 

nearly  all  the  time  to  keep  a policeman  has  been  since 
July  1,  an  orderly  place. 

The  transformation  that  has  been  wrought  in  the 
old  saloon  buildings  is  remarkable.  On  Main  Street 
where  was  the  most  aristocratic  saloon  in  the  city  is 
now  a firm  which  sells  ladies’  and  men’s  furnishings. 
The  three-story  wholesale  liquor  house  extending  from 
Market  through  to  Main  has  been  remodeled  from 
basement  to  roof  and  is  now  occupied  by  the  largest 
wholesale  wall  paper  and  rug  firm  in  the  city.  Im- 
mediately adjoining  it  is  a drug  store  where  formerly 
was  the  old  Palace  saloon.  Immediately  across  the 
street  a former  saloon  has  been  transformed  into  a 
butcher  shop  conducted  by  the  same  man  as  formerly 
rented  the  saloon.  A few  doors  further  down  the 
street  where  another  wholesale  liquor  house  was  is  now 
a shoe  store,  belonging  to  a chain  of  stores  throughout 
the  country.  The  building  that  was  formerly  occupied 
by  the  well-known  White  Front  Cafe,  renting  at  $250 
as  a barroom,  has  been  changed  beyond  recognition  and 
is  now  occupied  by  the  leading  confectionery  of  the 
city  at  a rental  of  $300  per  month.  Another  place 
worthy  of  mention  is  the  old  Senate  saloon.  The 
building  in  which  this  place  was  has  been  torn  down 
and  there  is  now  being  erected  on  this  same  spot  a 
bank  building.  Other  former  saloon  rooms  are  occupied 
as  billiard  rooms,  and  automobile  agencies. 

The  following  was  published  by  the  Wheeling  Tele- 
graph in  its  October  14  edition : 

“There  are  more  restaurants  in  the  city  than  ever 
before,  according  to  a census  just  completed.  There 
are  eighty-four  restaurants  and  fifteen  hotels,  and  if 
they  were  all  to  be  grouped  together  they  would  occupy 
every  building  from  Eleventh  Street  to  Fifteenth  Street 
on  Market,  both  sides  of  the  street  included. 

“The  establishment  of  so  many  new  restaurants  is  an 
outgrowth  of  the  closing  of  the  saloons  where  thou- 
sands were  fed  every  day  at  the  lunch  counters.” 

There  are  twenty-two  real  estate  firms  doing  busi- 
ness in  the  city  and  over  eight  hundred  wagons  are 
daily  in  use.  In  fact,  the  demand  for  wagon  licenses 
was  so  great  that  the  city  exhausted  its  supply  of  tags 
and  is  now  issuing  a substitute  tag  to  teamsters.  The 
number  of  autos  in  the  city  closely  approaches  six  hun- 
dred and  by  spring  it  is  expected  that  at  least  seven 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 


365 


hundred  license  tags  will  have  been  issued.  In  fact,  since 
the  first  of  July  the  city  has  issued  approximately  1,800 
licenses  of  all  kinds  against  a total  of  1,300  licenses 
last  year,  a decided  gain  for  a single  year.  The  amount 
of  license  revenue  collected  this  year  will  surpass,  by 
several  thousands,  collections  for  any  former  years. 

In  one  West  Virginia  town  they  ordered  a new  auto- 
mobile police  patrol  just  before  the  dry  law  went  into 
effect.  It  was  not  delivered  for  some  weeks  and  after 
seeing  the  result  of  prohibition  they  canceled  the  order, 
saying  that  the  ole  hawss  could  do  all  the  work  neces- 
sary. 

WHISKY — The  word  “whisky”  is  from  the  Gaelic 
"Visge-Beatha,”  meaning  “Water  of  Life.”  Its  manu- 
facture in  Scotland  and  Ireland  dates  back  into  the 
Dark  Ages,  which  it  helped  greatly  to  prolong.  The 
smoky  taste  peculiar  to  Scotch  and  Irish  whisky  is  due 
to  the  century-old  process  of  burning  peat-moss  under 
the  drying  ovens  while  preparing  the  malt. 

Almost  any  cereal,  corn,  wheat,  oats,  barley,  or  rye, 
singly  or  in  combination,  will  do  for  the  manufacture  of 
whisky.  The  grain  is  ground  into  a coarse  flour  or  meal 
and  is  then  scalded  to  break  down  the  starch  cells, 
after  which  it  is  called  “mash.”  The  addition  of  yeast 
to  malted  grain  causes  the  mash  to  ferment.  During 
fermentation  the  malt  diastase  converts  the  grain  starch 
into  sugar,  which  in  turn  is  converted  into  ethyl  alcohol. 
The  fermented  mash  is  next  boiled  over  a slow  fire  to 
evaporate  the  alcohol,  which  rises  in  the  form  of  steam 
or  vapor,  floats  away  into  a cold  coil  of  copper  pipe, 
and.  being  condensed  on  its  journey  through  the  pipe, 
finds  lodgment  as  whisky.  The  oak  barrels  which  con- 
tain it  are  usually  charred  on  the  interior.  The  charring 
gives  the  whisky  its  color.  New  whisky  is  colorless  and 
has  a taste  which  is  modified  during  years  of  storage  by 
the  oxidation  of  the  oils  it  contains. 

WHITE  SHIELD  LEAGUE— This  organization 
was  founded  by  the  Rev.  John  T.  McFarland,  D.D.,  late 
editor  of  the  Sunday  School  Publications  of  the  Meth- 
odist Episcopal  Church,  endorsed  by  the  General  Con- 
ference, and  became  the  official  total  abstinence  society 
of  the  denomination.  For  twelve  years  up  to  1912  it  was 
very  effective  in  enlisting  the  young  people  of  our  Sun- 


366 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 


day  Schools  for  total  abstinence.  The  new  pledge  of 
the  Temperance  Society  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal 
Church  reads : “For  Christ  and  Home  and  Country,  I 
hereby  enroll  myself  a member  of  the  Methodist  Tem- 
perance Society  and  promise  with  God’s  help  to  abstain 
from  all  intoxicating  liquors  as  a beverage  and  use 
my  influence  to  abolish  the  drink  habit  and  the  liquor 
traffic.”  It  is  estimated  that  a million  and  a half  have 
signed  this  pledge  since  1912. 

WHITE  SLAVERY—Ste  Vice. 

WILLARD,  FRANCES  Frances  E.  Willard 
was  born  at  Churchville,  N.  Y.,  September  28,  1839. 
She  was  graduated  in  1859  from  what  is  now  the 
Woman’s  College  of  Northwestern  University,  Evans- 
ton, 111.  Traveling  in  Europe  from  1869  to  1870  she 
carefully  studied  the  social  condition  of  woman  in  the 
countries  she  visited. 

Miss  Willard  became  dean  of  the  Woman’s  Depart- 
ment of  Northwestern  University  and  professor  of 
rhetoric  in  a faculty  otherwise  composed  of  men.  She 
organized  the  World’s  Woman’s  Christian  Temperance 
Union  in  1883.  The  same  year  she  and  Miss  Anna  Gor- 
don visited  each  of  the  states  and  territories  of  the 
United  States  on  an  organization  trip. 

Among  her  numerous  books  are  “Woman  and  Tem- 
perance,” “Hints  and  Helps  in  Temperance  Work,”  and 
“Glimpses  of  Fifty  Years,”  an  autobiography  written 
at  the  request  of  the  Woman’s  Christian  Temperance 
Union,  of  which  she  was  president. 

For  sixteen  years  Miss  Willard  traveled  almost  con- 
stantly carrying  on  the  organization  of  the  W.  C.  T.  U. 
In  1888,  at  Washington,  D.  C.,  she  organized,  and  was 
made  president  of,  the  National  Council  of  Women. 
She  died  in  1898. 

WILSON,  WOODROW — President  Wilson  has 
made  only  two  utterances  on  the  liquor  traffic.  In  May, 
1911,  he  wrote  to  Rev.  Thomas  B.  Shannon  of  Newark, 
N.  J.,  as  follows : 

“I  am  in  favor  of  local  option.  I am  a thorough  be- 
liever in  local  self-government  and  believe  that  every 
self-governing  community  which  constitutes  a social  unit 
should  have  the  right  to  control  the  matter  of  the 
regulation  or  the  withholding  of  licenses.  But  the 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 


367 


questions  involved  are  social  and  moral  and  are  not 
susceptible  of  being  made  part  of  a party  program.” 

Subsequent  to  that  he  wrote  to  Mr.  W.  E.  Grogan 
of  Texas,  favoring  state-wide  prohibition  there  in  these 
words : 

“I  believe  that,  for  some  states,  state-wide  prohibition 
is  possible  and  desirable  because  of  their  relative  homo- 
geneity, while  for  others  I think  that  state-wide  prohibi- 
tion is  not  practicable.  I have  no  reason  to  doubt  from 
what  I know  of  the  circumstances  that  state-wide  pro- 
hibition is  both  practicable  and  desirable  in  Texas.” 

WINE — Produced  by  fermentation  of  grape  juice. 
The  alcohol  content  is  frequently  increased  by  the  addi- 
tion of  brandy,  etc.  This  is  called  “fortifying.”  “White 
wines”  are  made  from  white  grapes;  so-called  “li.ght 
wines”  are  relatively  weak  in  alcohol ; “dry  wines”  are 
so  called  because  they  have  a minimum  of  both  sweet- 
ness and  acidity;  “astringent  wines”  have  a strong 
flavor  of  tannic  acid.  Champagne  or  other  sparkling 
or  effervescent  wines  are  impregnated  with  carbonic 
acid  gas.  Wines  that  do  not  effervesce  are  called  “still.” 
The  names  of  the  various  wines  are  usually  derived 
from  the  place  of  manufacture.  For  instance,  Madeira 
comes  from  the  Madeira  Islands ; Port  from  Portugal ; 
Malaga  from  Spain,  etc.  “Sack,”  frequently  mentioned 
in  literature,  is  derived  from  the  French  word,  “sec,” 
meaning  dry.  The  alcohol  percentage  of  wine  varies 
from  seven  to  twenty-four.  (See  “Alcoholic  Bever- 
ages,” etc.) 

WISCONSIN — One  county  entirely  dry.  Other  dry 
territory  covers  more  than  twenty-five  per  cent  of  the 
population.  Thirty-three  incorporated  cities  and  vil- 
lages and  seventeen  townships  changed  from  wet  to 
dry  last  spring.  Only  one  incorporated  village  that  was 
dry  went  wet.  Sixty  thousand  people  voted  to  oust 
saloons  in  sixty-five  incorporated  towns  and  villages  in 
the  last  two  years. 

WOMAN’S  CHRISTIAN  TEMPERANCE 
UNION — The  headquarters  of  the  Woman’s  Chris- 
tian Temperance  Union  are  in  Rest  Cottage,  the  former 
home  of  Frances  E.  Willard  at  Evanston,  111.  The 
general  officers  of  the  organization  are:  Miss  Anna 


368 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 


Gordon,  Evanston,  111.,  president;  Mrs.  Ella  A.  Boole, 
1429  Avenue  H,  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  vice-president-at-large ; 
Mrs.  Frances  P.  Parks,  Evanston,  111.,  corresponding 
secretary;  Mrs.  Elizabeth  P.  Anderson,  Jamestown, 
N.  D.,  recording  secretary ; Mrs.  Sara  H.  Hoge,  Lincoln, 
Va.,  assistant  recording  secretary;  Mrs.  Elizabeth  P. 
Hutchinson,  Evanston,  111.,  treasurer. 

The  World’s  W.  C.  T.  U.,  organized  by  Miss  Willard 
in  November,  1883,  has  a membership  of  over  half  a 
million.  Its  officers  are : Rosalind,  Countess  of  Car- 
lisle, president ; Mrs.  Lillian  M.  N.  Stevens,  vice-presi- 
dent; Miss  Agnes  E.  Slack  and  Miss  Anna  A.  Gordon, 
honorary  secretaries ; and  Mrs.  Mary  E.  Sanderson, 
treasurer. 

The  National  Woman’s  Christian  Temperance  Union, 
“the  sober  second  thought”  of  the  Woman’s  Crusade 
of  1873-74,  was  organized  in  Cleveland,  0.,  in  Novem- 
ber, 1874.  Every  state  and  territory  in  the  United 
States  has  its  state  or  territorial  union  and  they,  in 
turn,  are  made  up  of  district  or  county  unions. 

There  are  many  thousands  of  local  unions  organ- 
ized in  towns  and  cities.  National  organizers,  lecturers, 
and  evangelists  are  kept  constantly  in  the  field,  in  addi- 
tion to  many  who  are  employed  in  the  several  states. 
Nearly  fifty  departments  of  work,  under  the  direction 
of  superintendents,  are  duplicated  in  the  national,  the 
state,  and  the  local  W.  C.  T.  U’s,  although  no  line  of 
work  is  binding  upon  any  local  or  state  union.  Two 
branches  of  work  reach  the  young  people  and  the  chil- 
dren. namely,  the  Young  People’s  Branch  of  the  W.  C. 
T.  U.,  and  the  Loyal  Temperance  Legion. 

WOMEN — The  effect  of  alcohol  upon  women  is  in- 
evitably worse  than  its  effect  upon  men.  Drunkenness 
among  women  in  England,  Scotland,  and  certain  other 
European  countries  is  fearfully  common.  Great  Britain 
especially  has  been  faced  with  a problem  in  controlling 
drunkenness  among  the  wives  of  soldiers  since  the  out- 
break of  the  European  war. 

The  efforts  of  the  brewers  to  increase  drinking  among 
women  in  America  strike  at  the  very  fountain  of  racial 
purity.  Although  they  recommend  beer  for  nursing 
mothers,  such  famous  physicians  as  Dr.  W.  McAddam 
Eccles  of  England  has  said : 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 


369 


“The  amount  of  milk  is  not  increased  by  alcoholic 
beverages,  and  there  is  no  such  thing  as  ‘nourishing 
beer  of  the  greatest  value  to  nursing  mothers.’  Fre- 
quently the  milk  contains  a very  appreciable  amount  of 
the  drug  which  the  mother  has  been  imbibing,  for  al- 
cohol can  be  readily  traced  in  the  mother’s  milk  within 
twenty  minutes  of  its  ingestion  into  her  stomach,  and 
it  may  be  detected  in  it  for  as  long  as  eight  hours  after 
a large  dose.” 

It  is  not  commonly  understood  by  the  layman  that 
the  ability  of  a mother  to  nurse  her  child  is  vitally  con- 
nected with  its  future  health  and  longevity.  It  is  also 
a peculiar  fact  that  when  the  ability  to  nurse  is  lost 
by  a woman  it  is  rarely  present  in  her  daughter.  Once 
it  disappears  from  a family  it  seems  to  be  gone  for- 
ever. 

Dr.  C.  S.  Carr,  writing  in  Physical  Culture,  puts  in 
a very  striking  way  the  effect  of  “moderate”  beer  drink- 
ing upon  women : 

“In  the  office  where  I have  been  for  the  last  twenty- 
five  years,  a number  of  girls  are  employed.  Sometimes 
twenty,  sometimes  over  one  hundred.  I see  these  girls 
without  knowing  their  names  or  having  very  much  ac- 
quaintance with  them. 

“I  recall  one  girl — a beautiful  girl.  Rather  slim,  but 
round.  Mahogany  colored  hair,  with  a skin  as  white  as 
milk  and  beautiful  teeth.  Round,  brown  eyes.  Well,  I 
won’t  attempt  to  describe  her  further  than  by  saying 
she  was  beautiful. 

“She  left  the  office.  Someone  else  took  her  place. 
I heard  that  she  was  married.  Two  years  afterward  I 
met  her.  I did  not  know  her.  She  introduced  herself 
and  reminded  me  that  she  was  the  office  girl  I used  to 
know.  She  was  coarse,  bloated,  pudgy.  The  white  skin 
was  red.  Even  the  hair  had  turned  to  a sort  of  a 
tawny  color.  I pretended  not  to  notice  the  change.  I 
found  afterwards  she  had  married  a convivial  sort  of  a 
fellow,  who  was  employed  in  a beer  bottling  establish- 
ment. She  joined  him  in  his  convivial  habits,  and  be- 
came a constant  beer  drinker.” 

WORLD  ADVANCE — See  Africa,  Australasia, 
Central  America,  Europe,  European  Countries  by  name, 
and  South  America. 


370 


Cyclopedia  of  Temperance 


WYOMING — The  state  is  under  license  and  munici- 
pal council  option  in  incorporated  towns  and  villages, 
while  unincorporated  sections  are  under  prohibition. 
There  is  a Sunday  closing  law.  Sixty-six  per  cent  of 
the  population  reside  under  no-license. 


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Appendix  E 

COMP  ABE  THE  DEINK  BIEL  WITH  OTHER  EXPENDI- 
TXJEBS  IN  1910. 

Population  92,174,515 

National  Debt  Per  Capita $11.85 

Government  Expenditures  per  capita 7.30 

Government  Receipts  per  capita  7.48 

Exports  per  capita  18.28 

Imports  per  capita  16.54 

Total  Wealth $140,000,000,000 

Per  Capita  Wealth $1,517.77 

Circulation  of  Money  per  Capita $34.33 


★ 


Appendix  F 

ADDITIONAL  FIGDEES  FOB  COMPARISON,  FROM  1910 
CENSES. 

Total  National  Debt  $1,046,449,185.25 

Gold  Coined  104,723,735.00 

Silver  Coined  3,740,468.00 

Total  Money  in  Circulation 3,102,355,605.00 

Paid  in  Capital  of  National  Banks 989,567,114.00 

Total  Individual  Deposits  in  all  Banks 15,283,396,254.00 

Total  Government  Receipts 675,511,715.00 

Total  Imports  1,556,947,430.00 

Total  Exports  1,744,984,720.00 

Value  of  Farms  and  Farm  Property 40,991,449,090.00 

Value  of  Farm  Products  8,694,000,000.00 

Total  Value  of  Mineral  Products  in  tJ.  S.  . . 2,003,744,869.00 

^blic  Schools  Total  Expenditures 426,250,434.00 

Failures  in  U.  S.  Amount  of  Liabilities  ....  201,757,097.00 


Index  and  References 

(See  subjects  suggested  in  addition  to  that  for  which  page  is 


given) 

Absinthe 9 

(See  section  entitled  France,  under  head  of  War.) 
Abstinence 9 


(For  reasons  see  Alcohol,  Effects  of:  Alcoholism; 
Appetite;  Beer;  Bible  and  Drink;  Cell  Life;  Diseases 
Caused;  Heredity;  Leucocytes;  Medical  Practice;  Mor- 
tality from  Alcohol;  Nursing;  Nutrition;  Parentage; 


and  Stimulation  Impulse.) 

Accidents  9 

(See  Alcohol,  Effects  of;  and  Industry.) 

Adulteration  ' 9 

Advertising,  Liquor  in  Magazines  11 

Advertising,  Liquor  in  Newspapers  13 

(See  Publicity.) 

Africa  17 

Alabama 18 

Alaska  18 

Alcohol 19 

Alcohol,  Effects  of  19 

(See  all  subjects  mentioned  under  Abstinence.) 

Alcoholic  Beverages  27 

Alcoholism  28 

Ale  30 

(See  Brewing.) 

Amendments,  Constitutional  30 

(See  Legislative  History  of  Prohibition.) 

American  Temperance  Union  31 

American  Temperance  Society  and  Union 31 

Anti-Prohibition  31 


(See  Blue  Laws;  Brewers;  Business  Organizations,  Fake; 
Liquor  Dealers;  Liquor  Press;  and  Logic,  Liquor.  To 
combat  fallacies  of,  see  all  subjects,  but  especially  to  com- 
bat false  figures  and  arguments  see  all  subjects,  but  es- 
pecially Alcoholism:  Arrests  for  Drunkenness;  Blind 
Pigs;  Capital;  Compensation;  Consumption  of  Liquors: 
Crime;  Divorce;  Drugs;  Effects  of  Prohibition;  all 
prohibition  states  by  head;  Prohibition,  Local;  Food 
Value;  Illicit  Distilleries:  Insanity;  Juvenile  Delin- 
quency: Koran;  Labor;  Light  Drinks;  Lincoln,  Abra- 
ham; Medical  Practice;  Moderation;  Mortality  from 
Alcohol;  Objections  to  Prohibition:  Pauperism;  Pro- 
hibition, General  Principles  of : Revenue ; Sumptuary 
Laws;  Taxes  as  Affected  by  Prohibition;  and  Vice.) 


Anti-Saloon  League 36 

Appetite  38 

Appleton,  James  39 

Arizona  39 

Arkansas  39 

Army  40 

(See  Alcohol,  Effects  of;  Navy;  and  Var.) 

Arrests  for  Drunkenness  41 

Artman,  Samuel  44 

Asia  44 

Athletics  44 

(See  Alcohol,  Effects  of.) 


376 


Index  and  References 


377 


Australasia  47 

Austria-Hungary  49 

(See  Europe  and  references  under  that  head.) 

Bacchus  49 

Balkan  Countries  50 

(See  Europe  and  references  under  that  head.) 

Bands  of  Hope  50 

Bank  Deposits 50 

(See  Kansas;  North  Dakota;  Prohibition,  Local;  and 
West  Virginia.) 

Beer  50 

(See  Brewing;  and  Brewers.) 

Belgium  56 

(See  Europe  and  references  under  that  head.) 

Benefits  of  Prohibition  56 

(See  all  subjects  under  Anti-Prohibition.) 

Bible  and  Drink  57 

Bible  Wines  63 

Bibliography  63 

Blind  Pigs 67 

(See  Illicit  Distilleries.) 

Blue  Laws  70 

Blue  Ribbon  Movement  71 

Boards  71 

Booze  74 

Brain  74 

(See  Alcohol,  Effects  of;  Diseases  Caused;  and  Stimu- 
lation Impulse.) 

Brandy 74 

(See  Alcoholic  Beverages.) 

Brewers  74 

(See  Beer;  Brewing;  Lawlessness;  Business  Organi- 
zations, Pake;  and  Liquor  Press.) 

Brewing  80 

(See  all  subjects  under  Brewers.) 

Bribery  81 

(See  Brewers;  and  Lawlessness.) 

Bryan,  William  Jennings  81 

Bulgaria  81 

(See  Balkan  Countries;  and  Europe  and  references 
under  that  head.) 

Business  81 

(See  all  prohibition  states  by  subject  for  proofs  of 
prosperity;  also.  Capital,  Prohibition,  Local;  Industry; 
Taxes  as  Affected  by  Prohibition;  and  Revenue.) 

Business  Organizations,  Pake  82 

California  83 

Canada  83 

Capital  84 

(See  Business  and  all  references  under  that  head.) 

Catch-My-Pal  Movement  84 

Catholic  Temperance  Societies  86 

Cell  Life  87 

(See  Alcohol,  Effects  of;  and  Leucocytes.) 

Central  America  87 

Champagne  87 

(See  Alcoholic  Beverages;  and  Wine.) 

Chesterfield,  Lord 88 


i 


378 


Index  and  References 


Child  Welfare  88 

(See  Heredity;  Diseases  Caused;  Nursing;  Parentage; 
and  Women.) 

China  91 

(See  Asia.) 

Churches  91 

(See  Methodist  Episcopal  Church;  Methodist  Episcopal 
Church,  South;  Methodist  Protestant  Church;  Catholic 
Temperance  Societies;  and  Temperance  Society  of  the 
Methodist  Episcopal  Church.) 

Cider  92 

(See  Alcoholic  Beverages.) 

Cities  92 

(See  Brewers;  Blind  Pigs;  and  Lawlessness.) 

Civil  Damage  Acts  93 

Claret  93 

(See  Alcoholic  Beverages.) 

Clark,  Billy  James  93 

Cocaine  94 

(See  Drugs.) 

Coffee-Houses  94 

(See  Substitutes.) 

Colleges  94 

Colorado  96 

Commercial  Temperance  League  96 

Committee  of  Fifty  96 

Communion  Wine  97 

(See  Bible  and  Drink.) 

Comparisons  97 

(See  Anti-Prohibition  and  all  cross-references  under 
that  subject.) 

Compensation  97 

Confiscation  99 

(See  Compensation.) 

Congress  100 

(See  Hobson-Sheppard  Bill.) 

Congressional  Temperance  Society  100 

Connecticut  100 

Constitutional  Prohibition  100 

(See  Amendments,  Constitutional;  and  Legislative  His- 
tory of  Prohibition.) 

Consumption  of  Liquors  100 

(See  Blind  Pigs;  Illicit  Distilleries;  and  Immigra- 
tion.) 

Convicts 108 

(See  Crime;  and  Cost  of  the  Liquor  Traffic.) 

Cost  of  the  Liquor  Traffic  Ill 

(See  Alcohol,  Effects  of;  Diseases  Caused;  Divorce; 
Industry;  Insanity;  Juvenile  Delinquency;  Mortality 
from  Alcohol;  Pauperism;  and  Taxes  as  Affected  by 
Prohibition.) 

Cost  of  Living  115 

(See  all  cross  references  under  Cost  of  the  Liquor 
Traffic.) 

Courts  IIG 

(See  Compensation.) 

Crime  119 

(See  Convicts.) 

Crusade  123 


Index  and  References 


379 


Deaths  from  Drink 

(See  Alcoholism;  Diseases  Caused;  and  Mortality  from 
Alcohol.) 

Delaware  

Delirium  Tremens 

(See  Alcoholism;  and  Dipsomania.) 

Democratic  Party  

(See  Wilson,  Woodrow;  and  Bryan,  William  Jen- 
nings.) 

Denatured  Alcohol  

Denmark  

(See  Europe  and  references  under  that  head.) 

Dipsomania  

(See  Alcoholism;  and  Delirium  Tremens.) 

Direct  Veto  

Diseases  Caused  

(See  Alcoholism;  Alcohol,  Effects  of;  Delirium  Tre- 
mens; and  Dipsomania.) 

Distillation  

(See  Alcoholic  Beverages;  Distilled  Liquors;  and 
Whisky.) 

Distilled  Liquors  

(See  Alcoholic  Beverages;  Distillation;  and  Whisky.) 

District  of  Columbia  

Divorce  

Dow,  Neal  

(See  Appleton,  James;  and  Maine.) 

Drinking  Customs 

(See  History  of  the  Temperance  Reform;  Psychology 
of  Intemperance;  and  Stimulation  Impulse.) 

Drugs  

Drunkenness  

(See  Arrests  for  Drunkenness;  Alcoholism;  Delirium 
Tremens;  and  Dipsomania.) 

Educational  Laws  

Effects  of  High  License  

Effects  of  Prohibition  

(See  all  references  under  Anti-Prohibition.) 

England  

(See  Great  Britain;  also  Europe  and  references  under 
that  head.) 

Epworth  League  

Ether  

Europe  

(See  Austria-Hungary;  Belgium;  Balkan  Countries; 
Denmark ; Germany ; France ; Finland ; Great  Britain ; 
Holland;  Italy;  Norway;  Portugal;  Russia;  Sweden; 
Switzerland;  and  War.) 

Excise  

(See  Lic.ense ; Revenue;  Tax;  and  Federal  Govern- 
ment.) 

Farmers  

(See  Grain.) 

Federal  Government  

(See  all  references  under  Excise.) 

Fermentation  

(See  Brewing.) 

Fermented  Liquors  

(See  Alcoholic  Beverages;  and  Brewing.) 


123 

123 

123 

123 


123 

124 

124 

124 

124 


125 


126 


126 

126 

128 


130 

132 


132 

132 

132 

132 


132 

135 

135 


136 

136 

138 

140 

140 


380 


Index  and  References 


Finland  

(See  Europe  and  references  under  that  head.) 

Florida  140 

Flying  Squadron  of  America  140 

Food  Value  

France  

(See  Europe  and  references  under  that  head.) 

Fraternities  143 

Gambrinus  

Georgia  144 

Germany  144 

(See  Europe  and  references  under  that  head.) 

Gin  Act  147 

(See  History  of  Temperance  Reform.) 

Gladstone,  William  E 147 

Good  Templars  148 

Gothenburg  System 149 

(See  Sweden.) 

Gough,  John  Bartholomew  : 150 

Grain  150 

(See  Farmers.) 

Great  Britain  _ 150 

Greeley,  Horace  ’ 152 

Growth  of  the  Trade  152 

(See  Consumption  of  Liquors;  Beer;  and  Federal 
Government.) 

Hasheesh  152 

(See  Beer.) 

Hawaii  152 

Heredity  152 

(See  all  references  under  Child  Welfare.) 

Heroes  and  Martyrs  155 

High  License  ■ 162 

(See  License;  Federal  Government;  Revenue;  and 
Tax.) 

History  of  the  Temperance  Reform  162 

(See  Legislative  History  of  Prohibition.) 

Hohson-Sheppard  Bill  167 

Holland  174 

(See  Europe  and  references  under  that  head.) 

Home  Rule  175 

(See  Objections  to  Prohibition.) 

Hospitals  175 

(See  Diseases  Caused;  and  Medical  Practice.) 

Idaho  175 

Illicit  Distilleries  175 

(See  Blind  Pigs.) 

Illinois  176 

(See  Prohibition,  Local.) 

Immigration 176 

(See  Europe  and  references  under  that  head.) 

Indiana  179 

Indians  179 

Industry  180 

(See  Business  and  references  under  that  head.) 

Injunction  Laws  190 

Insanity  190 

Insurance  192 

(See  Diseases  Caused;  and  Mortality  from  Alcohol.) 


Index  and  References  381 

Internal  Bevenue  192 

(See  Bevenue  and  references  under  that  head.) 

International  Congress  on  Alcoholism  192 

Interstate  TrafSo  192 

(See  Wehh-Kenyon  Bill.) 

Intoxicants  192 

(See  Alcoholic  Beverages;  Ale;  Beer;  Whisky;  and 
Wine.) 

Iowa  192 

Ireland 193 

(See  Catch-My-Pal  Movement;  and  Great  Britain.) 

Italy 193 

(See  Europe  and  references  under  that  head.) 

Juvenile  Delinquency  194 

(See  Child  Welfare  and  references  under  that  head.) 

Kansas  195 

(See  Anti-Prohibition  and  references  under  that  head.) 

Kentucky  , 203 

Knights  of  Temperance  204 

Koran 204 

Labor  205 

Law  and  Order  Leagues  209 

Law,  Ideal  Form  of  209 

Lawlessness  209 

(See  Brewers  and  references  under  that  head.) 

Leaflets  211 

Leaflets,  Where  Secured  216 

Legislative  History  of  Prohibition  218 

Leucocytes  220 

(See  Alcohol,  Effects  of;  and  Cell  Life.) 

License  221 

(See  High  License  and  all  references  under  that  head.) 

Light  Drinks  224 

(See  Brewers;  Prance;  Germany;  Italy;  and  Modera- 
tion.) 

Lincoln,  Abraham  225 

Liqueurs  229 

Liquor  229 

(See  Alcoholic  Beverages.) 

Liquor  Dealers  229 

Liquor  Press  230 

Liquor  Traffic  232 

(See  Brewers  and  all  references  under  that  head.) 

Local  Option  232 

(See  Prohibition,  Local;  and  National  Prohibition.) 

Logic,  Liquor  233 

(See  Anti-Prohibition  and  references  under  that  head.) 

Longevity  233 

(See  Alcohol,  Effects  of;  Diseases  Caused;  and  Mor- 
tality from  Alcohol.) 

Louisiana  233 

Loyal  Temperance  Legion  233 

Maine  234 

(See  Appleton,  James;  and  Dow,  Neal.) 

Malt  234 

(See  Brewing  and  references  under  that  head.) 

Malt  Liquors 234 

(See  Alcoholic  Beverages;  Ale;  Brewing,  and  refer- 
ences under  that  head.) 


382 


Index  and  References 


Martyrs  234 

(See  Heroes  and  Martyrs.) 

Maryland  234 

Massachusetts  234 

Medical  Practice  235 

(See  Diseases  Caused.) 

Medicine  240 

(See  Diseases  Caused;  and  Medical  Practice.) 

Methodist  Episcopal  Church  240 

(See  Epworth  League;  Sunday  School;  Temperance 
Society  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church;  and  Wes- 
ley, John.) 

Methodist  Episcopal  Church,  South  242 

Methodist  Protestant  Church  242 

Michigan  242 

Minnesota  243 

Missions  243 

(See  Africa  and  Asia.) 

Mississippi  243 

Missouri  243 

Moderation  244 

(See  Light  Drinks  and  references  under  that  head.) 

Mohammedans  244 

(See  Koran.) 

Montana  244 

Montenegro  244 

(See  Balkan  Countries;  also  Europe  and  references 
under  that  head.) 

Moonshine  Whisky  244 

(See  Illicit  Distilleries.) 

Moral  Suasion  244 

(See  Prohibition,  General  Principles  of.) 

Mortality  from  Alcohol  244 

(See  Diseases  Caused;  and  Medical  Practice.) 

Narcotics  247 

(See  Alcohol;  and  Beer.) 

National  Prohibition  247 

(See  Amendments,  Constitutional;  Hobson-Sheppard 
Bill ; also,  Anti-Prohibition  and  references  under  that 
head.) 

National  Temperance  Society  250 

Navy  251 

(See  Army  and  references  under  that  head.) 

Nazarite  253 

Nebraska  253 

(See  Anti-Prohibition.) 

Negroes  253 

Nevada  255 

New  Hampshire  255 

New  Jersey  255 

New  Mexico 256 

Newspapers  ...256 

(See  Advertising,  Liquor  in  Newspapers;  and  Public- 
ity.) 

New  York  256 

North  Carolina  256 

North  Dakota  262 

Norway  .266 

(See  Europe  and  references  under  that  head.) 


Index  and  References  383 

Nuisance  267 

(See  Compensation;  and  Injunction  Laws.) 

Nursing  267 

(See  Child  Welfare  and  references  under  that  head.) 

Nutrition  267 

(See  Food  Value.) 

Objections  to  Prohibition  267 

(See  Anti-Prohibition  and  references  under  that  head.) 

Ohio  281 

Oklahoma 281 

Opium  282 

(See  Drugs.) 

Oregon  282 

Original  Packages 282 

Palestine  282 

(See  Bible  and  Drink.) 

Parentage  283 

(See  Child  Welfare  and  references  under  that  head.) 

Pauperism  283 

Penalties  285 

Pennsylvania  286 

Personal  Liberty  286 

(See  Objections  to  Prohibition.) 

Petitions  287 

Physical  Training 287 

(See  Alcohol,  Effects  of;  Athletics  and  references 
under  that  head.) 

Pledges  287 

(See  History  of  the  Temperance  Reform.) 

Poisons  287 

(See  Alcohol;  and  Drugs.) 

Political  Action  290 

Political  Evils  290 

Poor  Man’s  Club  290 

(See  Substitutes.) 

Popular  Fallacies  291 

(See  Objections  to  Prohibition.) 

Port  291 

(See  Alcoholic  Beverages;  and  Wine.) 

Portugal  291 

(See  Europe  and  references  under  that  head.) 

Posters  291 

Profits  of  the  Liquor  Traffic  292 

(See  Cost  of  the  Liquor  Traffic.) 

Progressive  Party  293 

(See  Roosevelt,  Theodore.) 

Prohibition,  Benefits  of  293 

(See  Benefits  of  Prohibition  and  references  under  that 
head.) 

Prohibition,  General  Principles  of  293 

. Prohibition,  Local  296' 

(See  Local  Option.) 

Prohibition  Party  301 

Psychology  of  Intemperance  302 

(See  Stimulation  Impulse.) 

Publicity  305 

(See  Leaflets;  and  Posters.) 

Public  Sentiment  307 


384 


Index  and  References 


Race  Suicide  

(See  Child  Welfare  and  references  under  that  head.) 

Railroads  

(See  Industry.) 

Rechahites  

Rectification  

(See  Distillation;  Distilled  Liquors;  and  Whisky.) 

Republican  Party  

Revenue  

(See  Federal  Government;  and  Taxes  as  Affected  by 
Prohibition.) 

Rhode  Island  

Roman  Catholic  Church  

(See  Catholic  Temperance  Societies.) 

Roosevelt,  Theodore  

(See  Progressive  Party.) 

Roumania  

(See  Balkan  Countries;  also  Europe  and  references 
under  that  head.) 

Royal  Templars  of  Temperance  

Rum  

(See  Alcoholic  Beverages.) 

Rush.  Benjamin  

(See  History  of  the  Temperance  Reform.) 

Russia  

(See  Europe  and  references  under  that  head.) 

Saloons  

Scientific  Basis  for  Temperance  

(See  Alcohol,  Effects  of.) 

Scientific  Temperance  Federation  

Scientific  Temperance  Instruction  

Scotland  

(See  Great  Britain.) 

Sherry  

(See  Alcoholic  Beverages;  and  Wine.) 

Size  of  the  Problem 

Social  Purity  

(See  Vice.) 

Soft  Drinks 

Sons  of  Jonadab  

Sons  of  Temperance  

South  America  

South  Carolina  

South  Dakota  

(See  North  Dakota.) 

Special  Taxpayers  

Spirituous  Liquors  

(See  Alcoholic  Beverages;  Liqueurs;  and  Whisky.) 

State  Prohibition  

(See  Benefits  of  Prohibition  and  references  under  that 
head.) 

States  Rights  

Statutory  Prohibition  ■ 

(See  Amendments,  Constitutional;  and  Legislative  His- 
tory of  Prohibition.) 

Stimulants  

Stimulation  

Stimulation  Impulse  

(See  Psychology  of  Intemperance.) 


307 

308 

308 

308 

308 

308 


311 

311 

311 

311 


311 

312 

312 

313 

314 
314 

314 

314 

315 

315 

315 

315 

315 

316 

316 

317 

318 
318 

318 

318 

.318 


318 

313 


318 
313 

319 


Index  and  References  385 

street  Meetings 320 

Strong  Drinks  324 

(See  Alcoholic  Beverages.) 

Substitutes  for  the  Saloon 324 

Sumptuary  Laws  328 

Sunday  Closing  328 

(See  Cities.) 

Sunday  Schools  328 

Sweden  332 

(See  Europe  and  references  under  that  head.) 

Switzerland  332 

(See  Europe  and  references  under  that  head.) 

Tax  333 

(See  Revenue:  and  Federal  Government.) 

Taxes  as  Affected  by  Prohibition  333 

Temperance  337 

Temperance  Commission  of  the  Federal  Council  of  Churches 

of  Christ  in  America  337 

Temperance  Society  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church... 337 

(See  Methodist  Episcopal  Church  and  references  under 
that  head.) 

Templars  of  Honor  and  Temperance  343 

Temptation  343 

Tennessee  343 

Texas  344 

Total  Abstinence  344 

(See  Abstinence  and  references  under  that  head.) 

Traveling  Men  344 

Treating  344 

Tuberculosis  344 

Turkey  345 

(See  Koran;  also  Europe  and  reference  under  that 
head.) 

Unemployment  345 

(See  Labor.) 

Unfermented  Wines  345 

(See  Bible  and  Drink;  and  Communion  Wines.) 

Unions  345 

(See  Labor.) 

United  Kingdom  Alliance  346 

(See  Great  Britain.) 

United  States  Government 346 

(See  Federal  Government.) 

United  States  Temperance  Union  347 

Utah  347 

Vermont 347 

Vice  347 

Vinous  Liquors  349 

(See  Alcoholic  Beverages;  and  Wine.) 

Virginia  349 

War  349 

(See  Europe  and  references  under  that  head;  Army; 
and  Navy.) 

Washington  354 

Washingtonian  Society  354 

Waste 355 

Webb-Kenyon  Bill  355 

Wesley,  John  f 356 


(See  Methodist  Episcopal  Church  and  references  under 
that  head.) 


386 


Index  and  References 


West  Virginia  356 

Whisky  365 

(See  Alcoholic  Beverages.) 

White  Shield  League  365 

White  Slavery  ,..366 

Willard,  Frances  E 366 

Wilson,  Woodrow  366 

(See  Democratic  Party;  and  Bryan,  William  Jennings.) 

Wine  367 

(See  Alcoholic  Beverages.) 

Wisconsin  367 

Woman’s  Christian  Temperance  Union  367 

Women 368 

(See  Brewers;  Child  Welfare  and  references  under  that 
head.) 

World  Advance  369 

(See  Europe  and  references  under  that  head;  the 
various  states ; Asia ; Central  America ; South  America  ; 
Australasia;  Africa;  and  War.) 

Wyoming  370 


the  subject,  “Leaflets,  Where 
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